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Statistical bias in linear regressions
Regression dilution, also known as regression attenuation, is the biasing of the linear regression slope towards zero (the underestimation of its absolute
Regression_dilution
Statistical phenomenon
In statistics, regression toward the mean (also called regression to the mean, reversion to the mean, and reversion to mediocrity) is the phenomenon where
Regression_toward_the_mean
Algorithm for the line of best fit for a two-dimensional dataset
property. The York regression extends Deming regression by allowing correlated errors in x and y. Line fitting Regression dilution Notes Linnet 1993.
Deming_regression
Linear regression model with a single explanatory variable
In statistics, simple linear regression (SLR) is a linear regression model with a single explanatory variable. That is, it concerns two-dimensional sample
Simple_linear_regression
Statistical parameter needed for a model but not of primary interest
interval estimate of the regression slope, calculate p-values, hypothesis test on the slope's value; see regression dilution. Nuisance parameters are
Nuisance_parameter
Measure of linear correlation
sets of stochastic variables is nontrivial. This issue is known as regression dilution. Under the classical test theory, the correction is ρ x ′ y ′ = ρ
Pearson correlation coefficient
Pearson_correlation_coefficient
Statistics concept
distinction is most important in regression analysis, where the concepts are sometimes called the regression errors and regression residuals and where they lead
Errors_and_residuals
Difference between a measured value of a quantity and its true value
models Instrument error Measurement uncertainty Metrology Outlier Regression dilution Dodge, Y. (2003) The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms, OUP
Observational_error
Regression models accounting for possible errors in independent variables
error model is a regression model that accounts for measurement errors in the independent variables. In contrast, standard regression models assume that
Errors-in-variables_model
Statistical method for fitting a line
rank correlation coefficient. Theil–Sen regression has several advantages over Ordinary least squares regression. It is insensitive to outliers. It can
Theil–Sen_estimator
Statistical technique
taken into account. It is a generalization of Deming regression and also of orthogonal regression, and can be applied to both linear and non-linear models
Total_least_squares
Statistical estimator
although rarely used concept of consistency for the estimators Regression dilution Statistical hypothesis testing Instrumental variables estimation
Consistent_estimator
Process of mapping a continuous set to a countable set
Posterization Pulse-code modulation Quantile Quantization (image processing) Regression dilution – a bias in parameter estimates caused by errors such as quantization
Quantization (signal processing)
Quantization_(signal_processing)
Index of articles associated with the same name
Linear least squares Linear segmented regression Linear trend estimation Polynomial regression Regression dilution "Fitting lines", chap.1 in LN. Chernov
Line_fitting
Pseudoscientific system of alternative medicine
Homeopathic preparations are termed remedies and are made using homeopathic dilution. In this process, the selected substance is repeatedly diluted until the
Homeopathy
Regression diagnostic Regression dilution Regression discontinuity design Regression estimation Regression fallacy Regression-kriging Regression model validation
List_of_statistics_articles
Topics referred to by the same term
scatters light at a given wavelength, per unit mass Regression attenuation or Regression dilution, a cause of statistical bias The process of producing
Attenuation_(disambiguation)
English statistician and epidemiologist (born 1943)
blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias". Lancet. 335 (8692): 765–74. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90878-9
Richard_Peto
Founder of The George Institute for Global Health
blood pressure: Prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias". The Lancet. 335 (8692): 765–774. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)90878-9
Stephen_MacMahon
Act of determining or expressing a quantity
are preferred. [citation needed] Calibration Internal standard Isotope dilution Physical quantity Quantitative analysis (chemistry) Standard addition Cattell
Quantification_(science)
1986 United States Supreme Court case
"vote dilution", in which the strength or effectiveness of a person's vote is diminished. Most Section 2 litigation has concerned vote dilution, especially
Thornburg_v._Gingles
Value accounting for thermodynamic non-ideality of mixtures
}=1\;.} In other words: Pure liquids represent the ideal case. At infinite dilution, the activity coefficient approaches its limiting value, γ B {\displaystyle
Activity_coefficient
Method in analytical chemistry
plotted, with concentration on the x-axis and the signal on the y-axis. A regression line is calculated through least squares analysis and the x-intercept
Standard_addition
Venture capitalist
Angel investments bear extremely high risks and are usually subject to dilution from future investment rounds. As such, they require a very high return
Angel_investor
Method for determining the concentration of a substance in an unknown sample
in clonogenic assay) Color Curve fitting Linear regression Logarithmic scale Protein Serial dilution "Worksheet for analytical calibration curve". umd
Calibration_curve
Nonparametric test of the null hypothesis
groups are in fact identical. If a test of medians is required, quantile regression explicitly tests this. Under this location shift assumption, we can also
Mann–Whitney_U_test
Refuted theory behind homeopathic remedies
substances previously dissolved in it even after an arbitrary number of serial dilutions. It has been claimed to be a mechanism by which homeopathic remedies work
Water_memory
US federal legislation that prohibits racial discrimination in voting
significantly weakened Section 2, increasing the requirements for vote dilution claims and stating that said claims must be decoupled from permissible
Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965
Type of microbiology test
reference agar dilution procedure. The correlation between zone sizes and MIC values was then assessed using regression analysis and regression lines were
Etest
Thermodynamic model for the estimation of limiting activity coefficients
activity coefficients (also known as activity coefficient at infinite dilution). From a historical point of view MOSCED can be regarded as an improved
MOSCED
Range of indoor air temperatures preferred by most people
through regression analysis between thermal sensation votes and indoor temperature. The neutral temperature is the solution of the resulting regression model
Room_temperature
Prediction of water pollution using mathematical simulation techniques
models PCLake (eutrophication model) Stochastic Empirical Loading and Dilution Model Storm Water Management Model Streeter–Phelps equation Wastewater
Water_quality_modelling
Measurement of the heat of living organisms through indirect means
collected must be analysed for volume and composition. Canopy (dilution): The dilution technique is considered the gold standard technology for Resting
Indirect_calorimetry
Scientific procedure performed to validate a hypothesis
Students could make several positive control samples containing various dilutions of the protein standard. Negative control samples would contain all of
Experiment
Process of progressive accumulation in food chain
the antilogarithm of the regression slope. A TMF > 1 indicates biomagnification, while a TMF < 1 indicates trophic dilution. The TMF is derived from field
Biomagnification
Type of microbiology test
intercept of a linear regression fit through the data. The intercept itself is the logarithm of the MIC. The slope of the regression line is related to the
Disk_diffusion_test
N-th root of the product of n numbers
reflectance curve for paint mixtures (of equal tinting strength, opacity and dilution) is approximately the geometric mean of the paints' individual reflectance
Geometric_mean
Pulmonary function test
spirometry, but it can be measured with a plethysmograph or dilution tests (for example, helium dilution test). Forced vital capacity (FVC) is the volume of air
Spirometry
support the idea of dilution increasing potency, but the dose-response relationship outside the zone of hormesis declines with dilution as normal, and nonlinear
Evidence and efficacy of homeopathy
Evidence_and_efficacy_of_homeopathy
Simple strategies or mental processes involved in making quick decisions
has been shown that it can often predict better than regression models, classification-and-regression trees, neural networks, and support vector machines
Heuristic_(psychology)
Method to determine protein concentration
often making dilutions of a sample necessary before analysis. In making these dilutions, error in one dilution is compounded in further dilutions resulting
Bradford_protein_assay
Analytical method
blood volume by near-infrared spectroscopy and indocyanine greene dye dilution". NeuroImage. 20 (2): 828–839. doi:10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00315-X. PMID 14568455
Near-infrared_spectroscopy
Contagious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2
Recirculation and mixing should be avoided because recirculation prevents dilution of harmful particles and redistributes possibly contaminated air, and mixing
COVID-19
Area of research which persists despite being widely discredited
of Martin Fleischmann's cold fusion and Jacques Benveniste's "infinite dilution". In 1989, Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons announced the discovery
Pathological_science
Philosophical argument for the existence of God
suggest that cosmic volume could increase with each cycle, causing entropy dilution sufficient to avert heat death. Vilenkin notes, however, that this would
Kalam_cosmological_argument
Fine-grained sediment that accumulates on the floor of the open ocean
first factor is the distance from major landmasses, which affects their dilution by terrigenous, or land-derived, sediment. The second factor is water depth
Pelagic_sediment
2025 American political controversy
held accountable for their ancestors' actions and warned against the 'dilution' of the German people resulting from multiculturalism. According to The
Elon_Musk_salute_controversy
Mass migration of Cubans to the US in 1980
groups in Miami at the time. This can be attributed exclusively to the "dilution" of the group with the new, less-experienced, and lower-earning Mariel
Mariel_boatlift
Model in physical chemistry
outside the range of regressed data. The limiting activity coefficients, also known as the activity coefficients at infinite dilution, are calculated by:
Non-random_two-liquid_model
Level of water-borne toxins in an organism
from the respiratory surface, growth dilution, fecal excretion, and metabolic biotransformation. Growth dilution is not an actual process of excretion
Bioconcentration
Former population control policy in China
children scored higher on intelligence and achievement – due to a lack of "dilution of resources". Some 30 delegates called on the government in the Chinese
One-child_policy
function of path length. See sample plot to the right: By taking a linear regression of the linear plot above an expression relating Absorbance, A, slope,
Variable_pathlength_cell
Laboratory technique of molecular biology
with serial dilutions of DNA template to create a standard curve of the change in (Cq) with each dilution. The slope of the linear regression is then used
Real-time polymerase chain reaction
Real-time_polymerase_chain_reaction
Chemotherapy medication
previously blocked the apoptotic inducing mechanism, leading to tumour regression. Enhanced effects of radiation therapy when combined with docetaxel has
Docetaxel
Determining heat transfer in a system by measuring its other properties
production can be predicted from oxygen consumption this way, using multiple regression. The dynamic energy budget theory explains why this procedure is correct
Calorimetry
Simulation of the sense of smell
signal-preprocessing, feature extraction, feature selection, classification, regression, clustering, and validation. Another challenge in current research on
Machine_olfaction
Unscientific healthcare practices
effect); the natural recovery from or the cyclical nature of an illness (the regression fallacy) gets misattributed to an alternative medicine being taken; a
Alternative_medicine
Device that vaporizes a liquid nicotine solution for inhalation
Benzoic Acid and Benzyl Alcohol in E-Liquids (JUULTM Pods) by Isotopic Dilution High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Tandem Mass Spectrometry". Contributions
Electronic_cigarette
Robust and nonparametric estimator of a population's location parameter
Pranab Kumar (December 1963). "On the estimation of relative potency in dilution(-direct) assays by distribution-free methods". Biometrics. 19 (4): 532–552
Hodges–Lehmann_estimator
Rare metabolism disorder
in older children. In order to avoid a false negative urine test due to dilution, it is important that a urine sample be taken first thing in the morning
Sanfilippo_syndrome
the area of pseudoscience, such as the use of hypnotic regression, including past life regression. Law of attraction – is the idea that by focusing on positive
List_of_pseudoscience_topics
Experiment in which information about the test is masked to reduce bias
Friedrich Schiller. This trial contested the effectiveness of homeopathic dilution. In 1865, Claude Bernard published his Introduction to the Study of Experimental
Blinded_experiment
Stock short title used for US legislation
"vote dilution", in which the strength or effectiveness of a person's vote is diminished. Most Section 2 litigation has concerned vote dilution, especially
Civil_Rights_Act
Process of developing an opinion of value for real property
the MAI mark. The primary motive for this rule is to prevent trademark dilution. These designations require attendance in appraisal technique classes,
Real_estate_appraisal
Satisfaction with the thermal environment
environment in non-air-conditioned residential buildings. Multiple hierarchical regression for categorical moderator was selected for data analysis; the result showed
Thermal_comfort
Vitamin used in animal cell metabolism
spinal cord. Deficiency symptoms in children include developmental delay, regression, irritability, involuntary movements and hypotonia. Vitamin B12 deficiency
Vitamin_B12
2008 book by Ben Goldacre
on homeopathy becomes the point where he explains the placebo effect, regression to the mean (that is, the natural cycle of the disease), placebo-controlled
Bad_Science_(Goldacre_book)
Model of spatial distribution of organisms
known as "resource dilution" in contra-distinction to the resource concentration hypothesis. This distribution (resource dilution) is found across species
Ideal_free_distribution
could make Hong Kong better. UK Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab said the dilution of elections in Hong Kong was the "latest step by Beijing to hollow out
2021 Hong Kong electoral changes
2021_Hong_Kong_electoral_changes
Function representing relative sizes of particles in a system
D50/D15.87 The value of σg determines the slope of the least-squares regression curve. α: Relative standard deviation or degree of polydispersity. This
Particle-size_distribution
Model of phase equilibrium in statistical thermodynamics
structure of spheres 10 intermolecular and 2 bonds. In the case of infinite dilution for a binary mixture, the equations for the combinatorial contribution
UNIQUAC
Medication administered into a vein
where EPO or blood doping is being used), mask urine test results (by dilution) or by administering prohibited substances in a way that will more quickly
Intravenous_therapy
Phenomenon characterized by the cessation of cell division
becomes more and more difficult to achieve; the cell experiences cytoplasmic dilution and succumbs to a permanent cell cycle arrest. More particularly, the osmotic
Cellular_senescence
Common parasitic skin disease in dogs
such as fatigue and itching occur, which can be reduced by increasing the dilution or reducing the frequency of treatment. Occasionally, more severe side
Canine_demodicosis
Study of the inheritance of continuously variable traits
application involves using regression analysis, which estimates from statistics the ordinate (Y-estimate), derivative (regression coefficient) and constant
Quantitative_genetics
Brazilian person of ethnic German ancestry or origin
different ideological backgrounds consolidates the definitive integration and dilution of German descendants within the political elite and Brazilian national
German_Brazilians
American multinational pharmaceutical company
Further Merck & Co. has also accused the Merck Group of federal trademark dilution, unfair competition, false advertising, deceptive trade practices, breach
Merck_&_Co.
Calcium imaging technique
through an implanted optical fiber. Viral expression requires titration of dilutions to obtain optimal expression in the brain, which may be necessary instead
Fiber_photometry
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
versus 76.9% for 4 mg/liter). In logistic regression controlling for confounders, each imipenem MIC doubling dilution doubled the probability of death. This
Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae
Carbapenem-resistant_enterobacteriaceae
Promotion of fraudulent or ignorant medical practices
extremely low concentrations, with the therapeutic effect increasing with dilution and repeated shaking. Lawrence B. Hamlin (in 1916), was fined under the
Quackery
Molecule that blocks enzyme activity
chemical reactions when bound to the enzyme and can be easily removed by dilution or dialysis. A special case is covalent reversible inhibitors that form
Enzyme_inhibitor
Centralized heat distribution system
doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.04.052. Lipka, Maciej; Rajewski, Adam (2020). "Regress in nuclear district heating. The need for rethinking cogeneration". Progress
District_heating
Public research university in Ontario, Canada
Governing Council. Retrieved May 31, 2026. Ross, Murray G. (April 1972). "The dilution of academic power in Canada: The University of Toronto Act". Minerva. 10
University_of_Toronto
tremendous changes, including the elevation of women's status and the gradual dilution of traditional customs. In contemporary China, although men still dominate
Gender_inequality_in_China
Chemical compound which is a modified DNA base
its initial state via multiple mechanisms. Passive DNA demethylation by dilution eliminates the mark gradually through replication by a lack of maintenance
5-Methylcytosine
Soil type with pH > 8.5
soils using traditional and dilution extracts, saturation percentage, electrical conductivity, and generalized regression neural networks". Catena. 205
Alkali_soil
Ground released seep into groundwater
purify water of bacteria by simple filtration (adsorption and absorption), dilution, and, in some cases, chemical reactions and biological activity; however
Groundwater_pollution
High blood sugar levels during pregnancy
PMID 15934273. Sievenpiper JL, Jenkins DJ, Josse RG, Vuksan V (February 2001). "Dilution of the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test improves overall tolerability but
Gestational_diabetes
Anoxic extinction event in the Cretaceous period
Cenomanian–Turonian Bridge Creek Limestone bedding couplets: Productivity vs. dilution during OAE2". Cretaceous Research. 60: 52–77. Bibcode:2016CrRes..60...52E
Cenomanian–Turonian boundary event
Cenomanian–Turonian_boundary_event
Type of statistical analysis
intensity. Its theoretical underpinning originated from L. Onsager's regression hypothesis. The analysis provides kinetic parameters of the physical processes
Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Fluorescence_correlation_spectroscopy
Overview of finance and finance-related topics
analysis Conglomerate discount Minority discount Control premium Accretion/dilution analysis Certainty equivalent Haircut (finance) Paper valuation Bond valuation
Outline_of_finance
Stance of supporting peaceful coexistence and diversity of spiritual belief
commercialization of spirituality raises concerns about authenticity and the dilution of religious meaning. Religion portal Category:Catholic ecumenical and
Religious_pluralism
Laboratory technique
pipettes filled with a small volume of intracellular solution (to avoid RNA dilution), calcium chelators, RNA carriers and RNase inhibitors. The addition of
Patch-sequencing
Inhalation of tobacco smoke by persons other than the intended active smoker
associated with indoor exposure. They further concluded that no system of dilution or cleaning was effective at eliminating risk. The U.S. Surgeon General
Passive_smoking
Cancer cells with features of normal cells
its tumor development capacity. This in vivo assay is called a limiting dilution assay. The tumor cell subsets that can initiate tumor development at low
Cancer_stem_cell
Ostriker–Peebles criterion – Jeremiah P. Ostriker and Jim Peebles Ostwald's dilution law, Ostwald process – Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald Overhauser effect – Albert
Scientific phenomena named after people
Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people
Pulmonary function measurement
devices after controlling for altitude. Segmented (piecewise) linear regression equations with a single age-squared breakpoint were developed and shown
Pulmonary diffusing capacity for nitric oxide
Pulmonary_diffusing_capacity_for_nitric_oxide
American author & academic (1938–2022)
"A comparison of cardiac output as simultaneously measured by indicator dilution and impedance cardiography in normal and altered physiological states"
William_V._Judy
Proposed alternative scenarios related to abiogenesis
Early tides, driven by a close moon, could have generated rapid cycles of dilution (high tide, low salt) and concentration (dry-down at low tide, high salt)
Alternative abiogenesis scenarios
Alternative_abiogenesis_scenarios
Sendai virus, virus of rodents
stimulate immunomodulated tumor regression of colon and kidney cancers in immunocompetent mice. Similar regressions caused by the replication-deficient
Murine_respirovirus
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