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Layer of loose, superficial deposits covering solid rock
Regolith (/ˈrɛɡəlɪθ/) is a blanket of unconsolidated, loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock. It includes dust, broken rocks, and
Regolith
Rock dust covering the Moon
Lunar regolith is the unconsolidated material found on the surface of the Moon and in the Moon's tenuous atmosphere. Lunar soil typically refers to only
Lunar_regolith
Fine regolith found on the surface of Mars
Martian regolith is the fine blanket of unconsolidated, loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering the surface of Mars. The term Martian soil typically
Martian_regolith
Recreation of lunar dust
A lunar regolith simulant is a terrestrial material synthesized in order to approximate the chemical, mechanical, engineering, mineralogical, or particle-size
Lunar_regolith_simulant
Solid rock under loose surface material
rock and unconsolidated or loose superficial deposits (together known as regolith) in the near surface part of Earth's crust or the crust of another terrestrial
Bedrock
NASA asteroid sample return mission (2016-2023)
of life on Earth. Following the completion of the primary OSIRIS-REx (Regolith Explorer) mission, the spacecraft, renamed as OSIRIS-APEX (Apophis Explorer)
OSIRIS-REx
Type of heavily eroded terrain
characterized by steep slopes, minimal vegetation, lack of a substantial regolith, and high drainage density. Ravines, gullies, buttes, hoodoos and other
Badlands
Material used to simulate the properties of Martian regolith
Martian regolith simulant (or Martian soil simulant) is a terrestrial material that is used to simulate the chemical and mechanical properties of Martian
Martian_regolith_simulant
In situ resources on the Moon
Earth's surface where they would contribute directly to the global economy. Regolith (lunar soil) is the easiest product to obtain; it can provide radiation
Lunar_resources
2025 lunar landing mission
500-kilometer-wide (310 mi) lunar basin. Its 60-day mission aimed to analyze lunar regolith, study geophysical characteristics, and investigate interactions between
Blue_Ghost_Mission_1
Main-belt asteroid
processes. Galileo observed evidence of recent downslope regolith movement. Ida's regolith is composed of the silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene
243_Ida
Outermost layer of the Earth
organisms and associated organic matters), lithosphere (unconsolidated regolith and consolidated bedrock) and the hydrosphere (water in, on and below the
Pedosphere
Chemically weathered rock
represent deep weathering of the bedrock surface. In lateritic regoliths – regoliths are the loose layer of rocks that rest on the bedrock – saprolite
Saprolite
Soviet space probe that landed on Venus in 1982
the ground, pyrotechnic lens cap removal and its impact on regolith, and action of the regolith drilling apparatus.[citation needed] The descent lasted for
Venera_13
Structure and composition of the Moon
mega-regolith is often used to describe the heavily fractured bedrock directly beneath the near-surface regolith layer.[citation needed] The regolith contains
Geology_of_the_Moon
Cutting-edge research laboratory at Kennedy Space Center, FL, US (founded 2012)
technology development. Those laboratories are the Granular Mechanics and Regolith Operations Lab, the Electrostatics and Surface Physics Lab, the Applied
Swamp_Works
Hypothetical aggregate building material, similar to concrete, formed from lunar regolith
hypothetical construction aggregate, similar to concrete, formed from lunar regolith, that would reduce the construction costs of building on the Moon. AstroCrete
Lunarcrete
Earth, a natural material
environment. In engineering terms, soil is included in the broader concept of regolith, which also includes other loose material that lies above the bedrock,
Soil
Natural satellite orbiting Earth
hydrosphere, atmosphere, and magnetic field. The lunar surface is covered in regolith dust, which mainly consists of the fine material ejected from the lunar
Moon
Country in Oceania
Australia. However, about 80% of Australia is covered by sedimentary rocks and regolith that are less than 250 million years old. The Australian climate ranges
Australia
Regolith-hosted rare earth element deposits (also known as ion-adsorption deposits) are rare-earth element (REE) ores in decomposed rocks that are formed
Regolith-hosted rare earth element deposits
Regolith-hosted_rare_earth_element_deposits
Presence of water on the Moon
(less than about 10 centimetres (3.9 in)) chunks of ice mixed into the regolith, and some water is chemically bonded with minerals. Other experiments have
Lunar_water
Slow, downward progression of rock and soil down a low grade slope
Downhill creep, also known as soil creep or commonly just creep, is a type of creep characterized by the slow, downward progression of rock and soil down
Downhill_creep
Rocks on or from the Moon
those in the maria. The terrae consist dominantly of mafic plutonic rocks. Regolith breccias with similar protoliths are also common. Mare basalts come in
Moon_rock
Product of rock weathering in wet tropical climates rich in iron and aluminium
to be abandoned altogether. At least a few researchers specializing in regolith development, including T. R. Paton and M. A. J. Williams, have suggested
Laterite
Hypothesized climate effects due to an asteroid or comet impact on Earth
main mechanisms that could lead to an impact winter are mass ejection of regolith and multiple firestorms. In a study conducted by Curt Covey et al., it
Impact_winter
Martian moons lander
kg, solar-powered rover carrying a suite of instruments for surface and regolith investigations: the RAman spectrometer for MMX (RAX), a miniaturized infrared
Idefix_(rover)
Larger of the two moons of Mars
Spectral observations indicate that the surface regolith layer lacks hydration, but ice below the regolith is not ruled out. Surface temperatures range from
Phobos_(moon)
NASA Mars rover deployed in 2021
ancient life, study the planet's geology and climate, and collect rock and regolith samples for possible return to Earth by a future mission. Perseverance
Perseverance_(rover)
Achondritic stony meteorite
subdivided further: Main series eucrites formed near the surface and are mostly regolith breccias lithified under the pressure of overlying newer deposits. Stannern
Eucrite
NASA rover exploring Mars since 2012
compositions of rock and regolith, while the RMI gives ChemCam scientists high-resolution images of the sampling areas of the rocks and regolith that LIBS targets
Curiosity_(rover)
Glacially formed accumulation of debris
A moraine is any accumulation of unconsolidated debris (regolith and rock), sometimes referred to as glacial till, that occurs in both currently and formerly
Moraine
terrestrial planets have either surfaces of ice, or surface crusts of rock or regolith, with distinct terrains. Water ice predominates surfaces in the Solar System
Planetary_surface
Raised landform with a flat top
Broekert, P. (eds.). Regolith Landscape Evolution Across Australia: A Compilation of Regolith Landscape Case Studies With Regolith Landscape Evolution
Tableland
Crater on Miranda
calculating a regolith thickness of 1.4+0.3 −0.4 km for the region the crater formed in. This may represent the upper limit of regolith thickness on Miranda
Alonso_(crater)
Spanish physicist
things, the water exchange cycle between the atmosphere and the Martian regolith. Martin-Torres is also a Co-I on the Mars Science Laboratory/Curiosity
Javier_Martín-Torres
Long-term human settlement on the Moon
Inflatable lunar base with greenhouses, all radiation shielded through regolith, while sunlight enters through mirrors (ESA, 2022)
Moonbase
S-type asteroid in the inner asteroid belt with stony mineralogical composition
large regolith, but one has to explain how the original regolith appeared. A possible resolution of the issue may be that Gaspra obtained a regolith during
951_Gaspra
Model plant species in the family Brassicaceae
variation in the plants grown in regolith based on the location the samples were taken from, as A. thaliana grown in regolith gathered during Apollo 12 & Apollo
Arabidopsis_thaliana
Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
high pressure ice and rock. Water is present as ice on: Mars: under the regolith and at the poles. Earth–Moon system: mainly as ice sheets on Earth and
Water
to venture out into the vacuum of space. Pronounced "Razor", stands for Regolith Advanced Surface Systems Operations Robot. It is a lunar robot that will
List_of_NASA_robots
Second largest main-belt asteroid
as a dwarf planet today.[citation needed] Vesta's surface is covered by regolith distinct from that found on the Moon or asteroids such as Itokawa. This
4_Vesta
Large craton in Western Australia
prolonged erosion, sedimentation and redeposition of older cover sequences and regolith as well as the Archaean basement itself. Recognised Tertiary cover sequences
Yilgarn_Craton
Indian lunar sample-return mission
launch around 2028. It is planned to return up to 3 kg (6.6 lb) of lunar regolith. The aim of the mission is to collect samples from the lunar surface and
Chandrayaan-4
Lunar crater
impact that formed it penetrated, in order, regolith on the avalanche deposit, the avalanche deposit, regolith on a basalt flow, a basalt flow overlying
Shorty_(crater)
design and build a robotic Lunar excavator capable of mining regolith and icy regolith simulants. Some of the deliverables include a Project Management
NASA's_Lunabotics_Competition
missions to that planet. For example, Mars regolith has been attempted to be replicated by Mars regolith simulant. Some examples of analog tests with
List_of_Mars_analogs
National space agency of the People's Republic of China
also explore the active asteroid 311P/PanSTARRS. It will also collect regolith samples of Kamo'oalewa. CNSA is an agency created in 1993 when the Ministry
China National Space Administration
China_National_Space_Administration
Moon bases using lunar regolith. D-Shape has been successful in printing components for the lunar bases with a simulated regolith and has tested to see
D-Shape
Meteorite found in Western Sahara
has also indicated that it represents a unique view of C-type asteroid regolith based on micro-scale dehydration textures found throughout the meteorite
Jbilet_Winselwan_meteorite
feldspathic regolith breccia Calcalong Creek ~1990 19 basalt-bearing feldspathic regolith breccia QUE 93069/94269 1993–1994 24 feldspathic regolith breccia
List_of_lunar_meteorites
American engineer
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). She contributed to the 2017 Regolith and Environment Science and Oxygen and Lunar Volatiles Extraction (RESOLVE)
Josephine_Santiago-Bond
Pattern observed on the Moon's surface
R–S T–Z Ray systems Permanently shadowed craters South Pole–Aitken basin Regolith swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Changesite-(Y) Water
Man_in_the_Moon
Planetary system consisting of the Sun and objects orbiting it
is one-quarter the size of Earth's. Its surface is covered in very fine regolith and dominated by impact craters. Large dark patches on the Moon, maria
Solar_System
Rock created or modified by impact of a meteorite
a large meteorite hits a planet, it can radically deform the rocks and regolith that it hits. The heat, pressure, and shock of the impact changes these
Impactite
Rock-wall with a smooth transition into a concavity at the foot zone
form due to various weathering patterns that are more effective at the regolith or soil-covered base of rock walls. These landforms are common in granitic
Flared_slope
Moon of asteroid 243 Ida
formation of significant amounts of regolith impossible. This contrasts with Ida, which is covered by a deep layer of regolith. The two largest imaged craters
Dactyl_(moon)
First crewed Moon landing (1969)
Aldrin's bootprint, part of an experiment to test the properties of the lunar regolith
Apollo_11
Smaller and outer moon of Mars
Phobos, caused by the partial filling of craters with regolith.[citation needed] The regolith is highly porous and has a radar-estimated density of only
Deimos_(moon)
Dry, bulk solid composed of fine, free-flowing particles
dust, fine sand and snow, volcanic ash, and the top layer of the lunar regolith are also examples. Because of their importance to industry, medicine and
Powder
Movement of rock or soil down slopes
over timescales from seconds to hundreds of years. Based on how the soil, regolith or rock moves downslope as a whole, mass movements can be broadly classified
Mass_wasting
Description of an astronomical object's brightness as a function of phase angle
Earth and Sun. The phase curve is useful for characterizing an object's regolith (soil) and atmosphere. It is also the basis for computing the geometrical
Phase_curve_(astronomy)
Carbonaceous Apollo asteroid
equator of Bennu. The presence of this ridge suggests that fine-grained regolith particles have accumulated in this area, possibly because of its low gravity
101955_Bennu
Spacecraft propulsion using steam as propellant
propulsion. WINE developed a method of extracting volatiles from ice, ice-rich regolith, and hydrated soils and uses it as steam propulsion which allows the spacecraft
World Is Not Enough (spacecraft propulsion)
World_Is_Not_Enough_(spacecraft_propulsion)
Planned NASA lunar rover
conductivity of the regolith. In addition, measuring the force necessary to drill reveals geotechnical properties of the regolith. NIRVSS will determine
VIPER_(rover)
Small asteroid
low surface gravity makes it very difficult for 2015 TC25 to retain a regolith layer. Its surface therefore most likely resembles a bare rock. "JPL Small-Body
2015_TC25
Effects of astronomic impacts on crusts of moons and planets
accumulates at the object's surface as a rough "soil," commonly referred to as regolith. Subsequent impacts, especially by micrometeorites, stir and mix this soil
Impact_gardening
US deep space exploration programs
twice, before coming to rest inside the crater. The impact also kicked up regolith that coated the solar panels in dust, further degrading their performance
List_of_Artemis_missions
Indian lunar mission (2023–Present)
the upper layers of the lunar regolith, and that it was formed in a Cake-like Stratigraphy. The upper layers of the regolith were found to be highly cohesive
Chandrayaan-3
Konami Dec 15, 2009 Unreleased Unreleased Unreleased KrissX Puzzle & trivia Regolith Games Konami Jan 27, 2010 Unreleased Unreleased Unreleased XBLA Kung
List_of_Xbox_360_games_(A–L)
Ratio of how much light is reflected back from a body
objects, the variation of albedo with phase angle gives information about regolith properties, whereas unusually high radar albedo is indicative of high metal
Albedo
Helium isotope with two protons and one neutron
on the Moon than on Earth, having been deposited in the upper layer of regolith by the solar wind over billions of years, though still lower in abundance
Helium-3
Change in glacial cycles c. 1m years ago
oceans from glacially induced dust. Regoliths are believed to affect glaciation because ice with its base on regolith at the pressure melting point will
Mid-Pleistocene_Transition
Spacecraft intended to land on the surface of the Moon
twice, before coming to rest inside the crater. The impact also kicked up regolith that coated the solar panels in dust, further degrading their performance
Lunar_lander
Near-Earth asteroid
fairly symmetrical; the surface is thought to be covered in a fine-grained regolith. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 2102 Tantalus". Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2102_Tantalus
Atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable
y β− 556 Cosmogenic used to examine soil erosion, soil formation from regolith, and the age of ice cores Carbon-14 6 8 5,700 y β− 156 Cosmogenic used
Radionuclide
Crater on the Moon
79002/01 (Double drive tube) Regolith Regolith - 79035 Dark matrix breccia Soil Breccia - 79115 Dark matrix breccia Regolith Breccia - 79125 Dark matrix
Van_Serg
Light that reaches Earth from the Moon
R–S T–Z Ray systems Permanently shadowed craters South Pole–Aitken basin Regolith swirls Rilles Wrinkle ridges Rocks Lunar basalt 70017 Changesite-(Y) Water
Moonlight
Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
rectilinear sides typically found in arid regions; regolith-covered concave-convex hills; rock crests over regolith slopes; rock domes with near vertical sides;
Inselberg
Fourth-largest asteroid
"fairly dusty object", with a regolith layer consisting mostly of fine dust rather than coarse rock. This fine regolith has a low thermal inertia, meaning
10_Hygiea
Cold regions surrounding impact craters
a “fluffy” surface layer that is less densely packed than surrounding regolith. The resulting region of low surface density has a lower thermal inertia
Cold_spot_(astronomy)
Crash of rocket into the Moon
from the eastern United States and much of South America. The ejected regolith was anticipated to be the more visible candidate, rising some 100 kilometres
2026_SpaceX_lunar_impact
Enigmatic features on the lunar surface
immature (i.e. having the optical characteristics of a relatively young regolith), and (often) having a sinuous shape. Their curvilinear shape is often
Lunar_swirls
of spectrophotometric and angular scattering properties of planetary regoliths, served on Voyager and Cassini instrument teams, and was the Project Scientist
Meanings of minor-planet names: 6001–7000
Meanings_of_minor-planet_names:_6001–7000
Naturally occurring materials found on Earth
the father of pedology; A is the topsoil; B is a regolith; C is a saprolite, a less-weathered regolith; the bottom-most layer represents the bedrock.
Earth_materials
Igneous rock
component of the surface regolith of Mars. The palagonitic tephra from a cinder cone in Hawaii has been used to create Martian regolith simulant for researchers
Palagonite
Discussion of human needs and organization on the Moon
This water exists in ice form perhaps mixed in small crystals in the regolith in a colder landscape than has ever been mined. Other volatiles containing
Lunar_habitation
Topics referred to by the same term
(though without Earth soil's organic components) Martian soil, the fine regolith found on the surface of Mars Earth (wuxing), an element in Chinese philosophy
Soil_(disambiguation)
Near-Earth asteroid
mosaic image of Eros taken from an orbiting spacecraft Mosaic image of Eros Regolith of Eros, seen during NEAR's descent; area shown is about 12 meters (40
433_Eros
Geologic structure formed from impact on a planetary surface
Cynthia B.; Spencer, John; Sullivan, Robert (2009). "Surface Properties, Regolith, and Landscape Degradation". In Pappalardo, Robert T. (ed.). Europa. The
Impact_structure
American private space company
and engineering. The facility includes a mission control center and a regolith simulant pit, which is used for testing platforms under conditions that
Lunar_Outpost_(company)
Assessments of possible life on Mars
digging shallow trenches in the regolith. There was an electrochemistry experiment which analysed the ions in the regolith and the amount and type of antioxidants
Life_on_Mars
studies the production, physical and chemical evolution, and mobilization of regolith using telescopic reflectance spectroscopy and thermal analysis. IAU · 34414
Meanings of minor-planet names: 34001–35000
Meanings_of_minor-planet_names:_34001–35000
specializing in understanding the properties of asteroid surfaces and regolith using radar scattering measurements. JPL · 10278 10279 Rhiannonblaauw 1981
Meanings of minor-planet names: 10001–11000
Meanings_of_minor-planet_names:_10001–11000
Aborted Moon landing mission in the Apollo program
site where an impact was believed to have drilled deep into the lunar regolith. Apollo 11 had left a seismometer on the Moon, but the solar-powered unit
Apollo_13
NASA space competition inducement prize contests
Lunar Lander Prizes". NASA. Retrieved June 28, 2012. NASA-Regolith Excavation Challenge Regolith Excavation Challenge Archived July 25, 2011, at the Wayback
Centennial_Challenges
Blue Origin lunar lander test flight
scientists better understand the effects of rocket exhaust on the Moon's regolith, providing valuable insights for future Artemis missions. Similar SCALPSS
Blue Moon Pathfinder Mission 1
Blue_Moon_Pathfinder_Mission_1
Exploitation of raw materials from asteroids
expected to generate large amounts of dust due to the fine-grained nature of regolith on these bodies. This dust is not only abrasive, due to a high glass content
Asteroid_mining
Near-Earth asteroid
Jin; Niu, Yunbo; Lu, Xuejin; Wu, Xing; et al. (24 June 2026). "Shape, Regolith Size and Thickness, SMFe0 Content, and Spectral Type of Tianwen-2 Target
469219_Kamoʻoalewa
Mineral discovered by the Apollo 14 crew
shocked crystal fragments in devitrified glass, was discovered in lunar regolith breccia collected from a trench by the Apollo 14 crew in 1971. Although
Yoshiokaite
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