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Topics referred to by the same term
Look up refinement in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Refinement may refer to: Equilibrium refinement, the identification of actualized equilibria in
Refinement
The refinement calculus is a formalized approach to stepwise refinement for program construction. The required behaviour of the final executable program
Refinement_calculus
Types constrained by a predicate
type theory, a refinement type is a type endowed with a predicate which is assumed to hold for any element of the refined type. Refinement types can express
Refinement_type
Refinement is a generic term of computer science that encompasses various approaches for producing correct computer programs and simplifying existing programs
Refinement_(computing)
Technique for the characterisation of crystalline materials
Rietveld refinement is a technique described by Hugo Rietveld for use in the characterisation of crystalline materials. The neutron and X-ray diffraction
Rietveld_refinement
Algorithms for mesh generation
In mesh generation, Delaunay refinements are algorithms for mesh generation based on the principle of adding Steiner points to the geometry of an input
Delaunay_refinement
In the design of algorithms, partition refinement is a technique for representing a partition of a set as a data structure that allows the partition to
Partition_refinement
2007 studio album by Stars of the Lid
And Their Refinement of the Decline is the seventh studio album by Stars of the Lid, released by Kranky in April 2007. The album was Kranky's 100th release
And Their Refinement of the Decline
And_Their_Refinement_of_the_Decline
Method to improve accuracy of numerical solutions to systems of linear equations
Iterative refinement is an iterative method proposed by James H. Wilkinson to improve the accuracy of numerical solutions to systems of linear equations
Iterative_refinement
Subsets whose union equals the whole set
omitting some of them; whereas a refinement is made from any sets that are subsets of the sets in the cover. The refinement relation on the set of covers
Cover_(topology)
topology and open covers of a topological space X, a star refinement is a particular kind of refinement of an open cover of X. The term has two similar but
Star_refinement
In graph theory and theoretical computer science, the colour refinement algorithm also known as the naive vertex classification, or the 1-dimensional version
Colour_refinement_algorithm
Concept in abstract algebra
In mathematics, a refinement monoid is a commutative monoid M such that for any elements a0, a1, b0, b1 of M such that a0+a1=b0+b1, there are elements
Refinement_monoid
Concept in numerical analysis
In numerical analysis, adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) is a method of adapting the accuracy of a solution within certain sensitive or turbulent regions
Adaptive_mesh_refinement
Technique for symbolic model checking and logic calculi
Counterexample-guided abstraction refinement (CEGAR) is a technique for symbolic model checking. It is also applied in modal logic tableau calculi algorithms
Counterexample-guided abstraction refinement
Counterexample-guided_abstraction_refinement
Facility that processes crude oil
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where petroleum (crude oil) is transformed and refined into products such as gasoline
Oil_refinery
Normative ethical theories
Virtue ethics (also aretaic ethics, from Greek ἀρετή [aretḗ]) is a philosophical approach that treats dispositional virtue and character as the primary
Virtue_ethics
Topics referred to by the same term
Failures-divergence refinement may refer to: The mathematical relation of refinement in the failures/divergences model of communicating sequential processes
Failures-Divergence Refinement
Failures-Divergence_Refinement
In category theory and related fields of mathematics, a refinement is a construction that generalizes the operations of "interior enrichment", like bornologification
Refinement_(category_theory)
Curved curface derived from a coarse polygon mesh
recursive in nature. The process starts with a base level polygonal mesh. A refinement scheme is then applied to this mesh. This process takes that mesh and
Subdivision_surface
Island country in Southeast Asia
Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 27 February 2011. "Refinements to Mother Tongue Language Policy" (Press release). Ministry of Education
Singapore
Management framework
areas of improvement, and continuous process improvement actions. Backlog refinement is a process by which team members revise and prioritize a backlog for
Scrum_(project_management)
Statement in group theory
Schreier refinement theorem of group theory states that any two subnormal series of subgroups of a given group have equivalent refinements, where two
Schreier_refinement_theorem
Strategies for composition and decomposition
leadership. A top-down approach (also known as stepwise design and stepwise refinement and in some cases used as a synonym of decomposition) is essentially the
Bottom-up and top-down approaches
Bottom-up_and_top-down_approaches
American adult animated series
to slaughter its people as in Tunis. 17 5 "A Seat of Civilisation and Refinement" Sam Deats Warren Ellis March 5, 2020 (2020-03-05) While reflecting upon
Castlevania_(TV_series)
Topologically invariant definition of the dimension of a space
dimension is the smallest number n such that for every cover, there is a refinement in which every point in X lies in the intersection of no more than n + 1
Lebesgue_covering_dimension
Technique used in dynamic level of detail
Progressive meshes is one of the techniques of dynamic level of detail (LOD). This technique was introduced by Hugues Hoppe in 1996. This method uses saving
Progressive_meshes
American actress (born 1949)
someone else's – with a certain flat quality, as if later education and refinement came after a somewhat unsophisticated childhood. Streep entered the 2000s
Meryl_Streep
Algebraic structure of set algebra
In mathematical analysis and in probability theory, a σ-algebra ("sigma algebra") is part of the formalism for defining sets that can be measured. In calculus
Σ-algebra
Mathematical concept
way to understand an ε-quadratic form is to think of it as a quadratic refinement of its associated ε-symmetric form. For instance, in defining a Clifford
Ε-quadratic_form
British organization
The National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs, pronounced as "N C 3 Rs") is a British organization with
National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research
National_Centre_for_the_Replacement,_Refinement_and_Reduction_of_Animals_in_Research
The Minkowski Portal Refinement collision detection algorithm is a technique for determining whether two convex shapes overlap. The algorithm was created
Minkowski_Portal_Refinement
English musician and songwriter (born 1942)
Beatles." Critics described Rubber Soul as a significant advance in the refinement and profundity of the band's music and lyrics. Considered a high point
Paul_McCartney
Topological space with a point-finite open refinement for every cover
cover has a point-finite open refinement. That is, given any open cover of the topological space, there is a refinement that is again an open cover with
Metacompact_space
Program to model molecular disorder in crystals
The Disordered Structure Refinement program (DSR), written by Daniel Kratzert, is designed to simplify the modeling of molecular disorder in crystal structures
Disordered Structure Refinement
Disordered_Structure_Refinement
1758 book by David Hume
Essay XIX, OF POLYGAMY AND DIVORCES Part I, Essay XX, OF SIMPLICITY AND REFINEMENT IN WRITING Part I, Essay XXI, OF NATIONAL CHARACTERS Part I, Essay XXII
Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary
Essays,_Moral,_Political,_and_Literary
Topological concept
A collection of subsets of a topological space X {\displaystyle X} is said to be locally finite if each point in the space has a neighbourhood that intersects
Locally_finite_collection
Country in East Asia
Elite culture of the imperial period saw skill in art as a marker of refinement and high social status. Renowned art pieces often bear inscriptions and
China
Type of polygon mesh in computer graphics
was based on generalized bi-cubic uniform B-splines. The subdivision refinement algorithm was developed in 1978 by Daniel Doo and Malcolm Sabin. The Doo-Sabin
Doo–Sabin_subdivision_surface
Country in South Asia
and comparative abundance that marked the Mewari landscape fostered refinements unattainable in other lands. Ameri, Marta; Costello, Sarah Kielt; Jamison
Nepal
Formal rule for predicting how a game will be played
puts any one of the solutions in doubt, so a game theorist may apply a refinement to narrow down the solutions. Each successive solution concept presented
Solution_concept
Country in Southeast Asia
Jim Thompson House Thai greeting, the smile is an important symbol of refinement in Thai culture. Poy Sang Long in Mae Hong Son, northern Thailand The
Thailand
Method of strengthening materials by changing grain size
angular pressing (ECAP) or high-pressure torsion (HPT), can lead to grain refinement and the creation of new grain boundaries with tailored characteristics
Grain_boundary_strengthening
Canadian singer (born 1968)
tempo". According to Kent Nagano, she is "a musician who has a good ear, a refinement, and a degree of perfection that is enviable". Charles Alexander of Time
Celine_Dion
Topological space with an interior-preserving refinement for every open cover
has an interior-preserving open refinement. That is, given an open cover of the topological space, there is a refinement that is also an open cover, with
Orthocompact_space
Mathematical ways to group elements of a set
representative element from every equivalence class. A partition α of a set X is a refinement of a partition ρ of X—and we say that α is finer than ρ and that ρ is
Partition_of_a_set
Heuristic test for graph isomorphism
isomorphism between two graphs G and H. It is a generalization of the color refinement algorithm and has been first described by Weisfeiler and Leman in 1968
Weisfeiler Leman graph isomorphism test
Weisfeiler_Leman_graph_isomorphism_test
FDR (Failures-Divergences Refinement) and subsequently FDR2, FDR3 and FDR4 are refinement checking software tools, designed to check formal models expressed
FDR_(software)
Dutch programmer and crystallographer
himself on the full profile refinement method in powder diffraction, which became later known as the Rietveld refinement method. The method was developed
Hugo_Rietveld
American grading system for rock climbs
by members of the Sierra Club in Southern California in the 1950s as a refinement of earlier systems from the 1930s, and quickly spread throughout North
Yosemite_Decimal_System
cover of the space has a locally finite refinement. In contrast to the definition of paracompactness, the refinement is not required to be open. Every paracompact
A-paracompact_space
American television series (2022–present)
professor and a severed worker for Lumon Industries in the Macrodata Refinement (MDR) department. Zach Cherry as Dylan G./Dylan George, Mark's severed
Severance_(TV_series)
and infinite descending chains. A subset of this lattice is known as a refinement graph. θ-subsumption was first introduced by J. Alan Robinson in 1965
Theta-subsumption
Country in Central Europe
non-actors. Directors are trying to preserve natural atmosphere without refinement and artificial arrangement of scenes. A personality of the 1960s and the
Czech_Republic
Signal processing technique
progress on this problem involves using an iteratively directional TV refinement for CS reconstruction. This method would have 2 stages: the first stage
Compressed_sensing
Word derived from sophistry
Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Sophistication refers to the qualities of refinement, good taste, and wisdom. By contrast, its original use was as a pejorative
Sophistication
Conjecture on zeros of the zeta function
almost all improvements over the previous half-century had relied on refinements of Levinson's mollification method. In August 2026, an unreleased research
Riemann_hypothesis
Electronic game with user interface and visual feedback
remains challenged to distinguish between creating new games based on refinements of past successful games to create a new type of gameplay, and intentionally
Video_game
American ambient music project
six years later, the duo released their second double album, And Their Refinement of the Decline, in April 2007 to widespread critical acclaim. In December
Stars_of_the_Lid
from a given decision model. Refinement is the fourth and most critical stage in using formal decision methods. The refinement stage responds to the insights
Decision_model
Data type for values having two types
not necessarily composite. A restricted form of intersection types are refinement types. Intersection types are useful for describing overloaded functions
Intersection_type
Technique used for determining crystal structures and identifying mineral compounds
maps are used to complete the structure. The final step is a numerical refinement of the atomic positions against the experimental data, sometimes assisted
X-ray_crystallography
British virtual band
studio album, Cracker Island (2023), met generally positive reviews as a refinement of their usual style. The band's ninth studio album, The Mountain (2026)
Gorillaz
Computer science field
used for verification when two descriptions are not equivalent. During refinement, the specification is complemented with details that are unnecessary in
Model_checking
language Haskell which allows specifying correctness properties by using refinement types. Properties are verified using a satisfiability modulo theories
Liquid_Haskell
Oil used in food and cooking, of vegetable or animal origin
oil extraction and refinement are separate processes. Extraction first removes the oil, typically from a seed, nut or fruit. Refinement then alters the appearance
Cooking_oil
American clergyman (born 1953)
ISBN 978-0-7852-6487-3. OCLC 53231392. Thompson, Robb D. (2007). Solitary Refinement: Finding and Making the Most of Time by Yourself (The Hidden Power of
Robb_Thompson
Country in South Asia
and comparative abundance that marked the Mewari landscape fostered refinements unattainable in other lands. Ameri, Marta (2018). "Letting the Pictures
India
Family of Unix-like operating systems that use the Linux kernel
hardware standards and data formats requires continuous architectural refinement to maintain compatibility across different device classes. Development
Linux
Ophthalmic instrument
either positions, cylindrical lens should be tried to correct astigmatism. Refinement of axis of cylindrical lens in astigmatism correction is done by placing
Jackson_cross_cylinder
Clustering and community detection algorithm
resolution limit of modularity), the Leiden algorithm employs an intermediate refinement phase in which communities may be split to guarantee that all communities
Leiden_algorithm
Operating system for Apple computers
described this release as emphasizing "refinements to the Mac experience" and "improvements to system performance". Refinements include public transport built
MacOS
Method of software development
Compared to the Z notation, B is slightly more low-level and more focused on refinement to code rather than just formal specification — hence it is easier to
B-Method
Computer programming paradigm
typical example of a refinement model, and formula evaluation in spreadsheets are a typical example of a perturbation model. The refinement model is more general
Constraint_programming
Capital city of China
to a distinctive style that blends northern Chinese staples with court refinement. Peking duck is perhaps the best known dish. Fuling jiabing, a traditional
Beijing
Increasing sequence of numbers that span an interval
partition x. Another partition Q of the given interval [a, b] is defined as a refinement of the partition P, if Q contains all the points of P and possibly some
Partition_of_an_interval
Finnish computer scientist
Back originated the refinement calculus, an important approach to the formal development of programs using stepwise refinement, in his 1978 PhD thesis
Ralph-Johan_Back
Home video game console by Sony
control adjustments, system performance and stability improvements, and refinements to messages and overall usability on certain system screens. On September
PlayStation_5
German philosopher and socialist (1818–1883)
historians, these by no means signify simply a reaction against over-refinement and reversion to a misconceived natural life. [...] This is an illusion
Karl_Marx
Mortar
army during the Second World War. Designed by Edgar Brandt, it was a refinement of the Stokes mortar. The Brandt mortar was highly influential, being
Brandt_Mle_27/31
European history from the 5th to 15th centuries
distaff for spinning wool, tripling production. A less technological refinement that still greatly affected daily life was the use of buttons as closures
Middle_Ages
Restorationist Christian denomination
Watch Tower Society. The publications teach that doctrinal changes and refinements result from a process of progressive revelation, in which God gradually
Jehovah's_Witnesses
Family of problems in computational geometry
existed at some point in the refinement, and directed edges connect each trapezoid that is no longer in the refinement to the trapezoids that replaced
Point_location
Topics referred to by the same term
sets), an operation combining two simplicial sets Join (sigma algebra), a refinement of sigma algebras Join (algebraic geometry), a union of lines between
Join
Wi-fi using passive reflection
Passive Wi-Fi is a refinement of Wi-Fi technology that uses passive reflection to reduce energy consumption. Wi-Fi use can account for up to 60 percent
Passive_Wi-Fi
U.S. state flag
Cham actively collaborated with the Michaletz designers throughout the refinement process, contributing to the form of the final design. A2 (final design)
Flag_of_Minnesota
Empirical law on the variance of species in a habitat
relationship between the mean and variance that is scale invariant. A refinement in the estimation of the slope b has been proposed by Rayner. b = f −
Taylor's_law
Classification system
There are three versions of the system, offering different levels of refinement through 2-, 4-, and 6-digit codes. 11 Logic 12 Mathematics 21 Astronomy
UNESCO_nomenclature
Topological space which is a generalization of certain compact spaces
paracompact space is a topological space in which every open cover has an open refinement that is locally finite. These spaces were introduced by Dieudonné (1944)
Paracompact_space
Tabletop role-playing game
how the ideas of the Refinement can be used. The simple Refinements are: Aurum, the Refinement of Gold, or Mortality. The Refinement of Aurum requires the
Promethean:_The_Created
Turco-Persianate empire (1037–1194)
(Metropolitan Museum of Art) Gold roundel, 11th century Iran. It "exemplifies the refinement of Seljuq goldsmithing". Seljuk gold necklace, 11th century Iran. Bobrinski
Seljuk_Empire
Scientific software research institute
Borkowski, Michael H.; Vazou, Niki; Jhala, Ranjit (2024-01-05). "Mechanizing Refinement Types". Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages. 8: 2099–2128
IMDEA_Software_Institute
Validates computer program operations
of the object. Typestates are capable of representing behavioral type refinements such as "method A must be invoked before method B is invoked, and method
Typestate_analysis
1526–1857 empire in South Asia
introduction of hammams into the Indian subcontinent. The evolution and refinement of Mughal and Indian architecture, and, in turn, the development of later
Mughal_Empire
Solution concept for non-cooperative games
stronger criteria than other refinements, and thereby ensures that more desirable properties are satisfied. Refinements have often been motivated by arguments
Mertens-stable_equilibrium
Standardized method for measuring soil infiltration
Dunne's method by introducing a variation to the calculation in 2007. This refinement led to the renaming of the method as the Modified Philip-Dunne Infiltrometer
Modified Philip Dunne Infiltrometer
Modified_Philip_Dunne_Infiltrometer
Software for sequence alignment
presented more technical details. MUSCLE up to version 3 uses a progressive-refinement method. Since version 5 it uses a hidden Markov model similar to ProbCons
MUSCLE_(alignment_software)
2001 studio album by Stars of the Lid
issued new vinyl presses of the album and their following album, And Their Refinement of the Decline (2007) for CAD$52, as both were out of print. Around the
The_Tired_Sounds_Of
British fascist politician (1896–1980)
great personal charm with solid qualities of character, aristocratic refinement with democratic opinions." — Beatrice Webb, 8 June 1923 By now Mosley
Oswald_Mosley
Discredited neurosurgical operation
production of clinical reports of ex-servicemen with brain trauma. The refinement of neurosurgical techniques also facilitated increasing attempts to remove
Lobotomy
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