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Model of communication of seven abstraction layers
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a reference model developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that "provides
OSI_model
Abstract model used as reference
A reference model—in systems, enterprise, and software engineering—is an abstract framework or domain-specific ontology consisting of an interlinked set
Reference_model
Knowledge representation language
The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) provides an extensible ontology for concepts and information in cultural heritage and museum documentation
CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model
CIDOC_Conceptual_Reference_Model
Framework for communication protocols used in IP networking
Force (IETF). The Internet protocol suite predates the OSI model, a more comprehensive reference framework for general networking systems. The Internet protocol
Internet_protocol_suite
The OGC Reference Model describes a framework for the ongoing work of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and their specifications and implementing interoperable
OGC_Reference_Model
Reference model for enterprise architecture
Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture (PERA), or the Purdue model, is a 1990s reference model for enterprise architecture, developed by Theodore J.
Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture
Purdue_Enterprise_Reference_Architecture
The Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica (REMA) is a digital elevation model (DEM) that covers almost the entire continent of Antarctica at a resolution
Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica
Reference_Elevation_Model_of_Antarctica
Model representing the average Earth properties as a function of planetary radius
The preliminary reference Earth model (PREM) plots the average of Earth's properties by depth. It includes a table of Earth properties, including elastic
Preliminary reference Earth model
Preliminary_reference_Earth_model
A reference atmospheric model describes how the ideal gas properties (namely: pressure, temperature, density, and molecular weight) of an atmosphere change
Reference_atmospheric_model
Standard for e-learning
Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) is a collection of standards and specifications for web-based electronic educational technology (also
Sharable Content Object Reference Model
Sharable_Content_Object_Reference_Model
Conceptual model of bibliographic information
The IFLA Library Reference Model (IFLA LRM) is a conceptual entity–relationship model developed by the International Federation of Library Associations
IFLA_Library_Reference_Model
In cryptography, the common reference string (CRS) model captures the assumption that a trusted setup in which all involved parties get access to the same
Common_reference_string_model
The Data Reference Model (DRM) is one of the five reference models of the Federal Enterprise Architecture. The DRM is a framework whose primary purpose
Data_Reference_Model
Framework
The OASIS Reference Model for Service Oriented Architecture (SOA-RM) is an abstract framework for understanding significant entities and relationships
OASIS_SOA_Reference_Model
Business reference model (BRM) is a reference model, concentrating on the functional and organizational aspects of the core business of an enterprise,
Business_reference_model
reference model is an example of a reference model for information visualization, developed by Ed Chi in 1999, under the name of the data state model
Information visualization reference model
Information_visualization_reference_model
Strategic management template
propose a single reference model based on the similarities of a wide range of business model conceptualizations. With his business model design template
Business_model_canvas
Reference model for military vehicles
The 4D/RCS Reference Model Architecture is a reference model for military unmanned vehicles on how their software components should be identified and
4D-RCS Reference Model Architecture
4D-RCS_Reference_Model_Architecture
Independent Reference Model (I.R.M.) is a conceptual model used in the analysis of storage system: disk drives, caches, etc. Under this model the references to
Independent_Reference_Model
Process reference model
The Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model is a process reference model originally developed and endorsed by the Supply Chain Council, now a part
Supply chain operations reference
Supply_chain_operations_reference
The term Digital Earth Reference Model (DERM) was coined by Tim Foresman in context with a vision for an all encompassing geospatial platform as an abstract
Digital_Earth_Reference_Model
Reference enterprise architecture of a federal government
performance reference model, business reference model, service component reference model, data reference model and technical reference model. It is designed
Federal enterprise architecture
Federal_enterprise_architecture
Implementation of a specification which serves as an example
implementation or model implementation) is a program that implements all requirements from a corresponding specification. The reference implementation often
Reference_implementation
Process level improvement training and appraisal program
was published in 2018; Version 1.3 was published in 2010, and is the reference model for the rest of the information in this article. CMMI is registered
Capability Maturity Model Integration
Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration
Reference model for enterprise architecture
Open-system environment (OSE) reference model (RM) or OSE reference model (OSE/RM) is a 1990 reference model for enterprise architecture. It provides a
Open-system environment reference model
Open-system_environment_reference_model
Set of activities that a firm performs to deliver a valuable product
10 years, manages the Supply-Chain Operations Reference (SCOR), the de facto universal reference model for supply chain including planning, procurement
Value_chain
Reference library for performance metrics
metrics reference model (MRM) is the reference model created by the Consortium for Advanced Management-International (CAM-I) to be a single reference library
Metrics_Reference_Model
Standard model of the structure of Earth's magnetic field
Geomagnetic Reference Field: A "Health" Warning". IAGA working group V-MOD: Geomagnetic Field Modeling. Archived from the original on 2018-06-30. IGRF Model Description
International Geomagnetic Reference Field
International_Geomagnetic_Reference_Field
Representation on functions in computer engineering
function model or functional model is a structured representation of the functions (activities, actions, processes, operations) within the modeled system
Function_model
Description of how businesses operate
(competitors and technological aspects). Business reference model Business reference model is a reference model, concentrating on the architectural aspects
Business_model
Business discipline
common reference model. Other organizations are also beginning to develop complementary models for additional industries. Many additional business models exist
Business_architecture
Reference model in computer science
Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP) is a reference model in computer science, which provides a co-ordinating framework for the standardization
RM-ODP
Baseball statistics database
Baseball Reference has its own baseball encyclopedia, a wiki called "Baseball Reference Bullpen", which can be edited by anyone and is modeled after Wikipedia
Baseball_Reference
Somali-born American model and actress (born 1955)
Abdulmajid, 25 July 1955), known mononymously as Iman, is a Somali-American model and actress. A muse of the designers Gianni Versace, Thierry Mugler, Calvin
Iman_(model)
Computer security model
The security model relies on not being able to forge references. Objects can interact only by sending messages on references. A reference can be obtained
Object-capability_model
Systems and policies to maintain websites
Website Governance Functional Model. Based on a business reference model within Davenport's information ecology, the model identified at least 16 functional
Website_governance
Type of machine learning model
A large language model (LLM) is a neural network trained on a vast amount of text for natural language processing tasks, especially language generation
Large_language_model
include inquiry into the nature of meaning, indexicality, intentionality, reference, the constitution of sentences, concepts, learning, and thought. Gottlob
Philosophy_of_language
Abstract representation of an organization
knowledge about the enterprise, previous models and/or reference models as well as domain ontologies using model representation languages. An enterprise
Enterprise_modelling
Reference model for enterprise architecture
NIST Enterprise Architecture Model (NIST EA Model) is a late-1980s reference model for enterprise architecture. It defines an enterprise architecture
NIST Enterprise Architecture Model
NIST_Enterprise_Architecture_Model
Field of software architecture
Business reference model Enterprise architecture framework Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology (GERAM) Reference model Clements
Reference_architecture
Person serving as a visual aid
Although sometimes friends or relatives, artists' models are more often paid professionals who provide a reference or inspiration for a work of art that includes
Model_(person)
Digital telecommunications protocol for voice, video, and data
of 1 gigabit per second. In the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model data link layer (layer 2), the basic transfer units are called frames
Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode
Family of random graph models
as a reference model for real-life networks, particularly in social, biological, and technological domains. The concept of "Configuration Model" was first
Configuration_model
Protocol for communicating between LLMs and applications
The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is an open standard and open-source framework introduced by Anthropic in November 2024 to standardize the way artificial
Model_Context_Protocol
Set of technical standards
and terminology as of March, 2015. ISO/IEC 15504 is the reference model for the maturity models (consisting of capability levels which in turn consist
ISO/IEC_15504
IEEE standards for local and metropolitan area networks
physical) of the seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking reference model. IEEE 802 divides the OSI data link layer into two sub-layers: logical
IEEE_802
Specification in health informatics
elements: information models (aka 'Reference Model'); the archetype formalism; the portable archetype query language; service models / APIs. The use of the
OpenEHR
Computerized systems used to track and document the manufacturing process
scope of MES. In 2000, the ANSI/ISA-95 standard merged this model with the Purdue Reference Model (PRM). A functional hierarchy was defined in which MES were
Manufacturing execution system
Manufacturing_execution_system
Theoretical framework
term conceptual model refers to any model that is the direct output of a conceptualization or generalization process. Conceptual models are often abstractions
Conceptual_model
System involved in supplying a product or service to a consumer
models, which address both the upstream and downstream elements of supply-chain management (SCM). The SCOR (Supply-Chain Operations Reference) model,
Supply_chain
the standard XML Process Definition Language (XPDL). The Workflow Reference Model was published first in 1995 and still forms the basis of most business
Workflow_Management_Coalition
Reference model architecture
Real-time Control System (RCS) is a reference model architecture, suitable for many software-intensive, real-time computing control problem domains. It
Real-time_Control_System
System for exchanging messages between computing systems
emerging Internet. International work on a reference model for communication standards led to the OSI model, published in 1984. For a period in the late
Communication_protocol
Typical mobility models include Random waypoint model Random walk model Random direction model Street random waypoint Reference point group model (RPGM) Manhattan
Mobility_model
standard data model, or simply standard data model, is a data model that is widely used in a particular industry. The use of standard data models makes the
Industry_standard_data_model
Frame in which the architecture of a company is defined
Technology (NIST) published the NIST Enterprise Architecture Model. This was a five-layer reference model that illustrates the interrelationship of business, information
Enterprise architecture framework
Enterprise_architecture_framework
Form of shared internet-based computing
2015-07-20. Gartner; Massimo Pezzini; Paolo Malinverno; Eric Thoo. "Gartner Reference Model for Integration PaaS". Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved
Cloud_computing
Desired state of a business operating model
– solution evaluation. Business model Operating model Business plan Business process modeling Business reference model Strategic management Strategic planning
Target_operating_model
Collection of data on Earth's gravity and shape
The Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) consists of a global reference ellipsoid and a normal gravity model. The GRS80 gravity model has been followed
Geodetic Reference System 1980
Geodetic_Reference_System_1980
Large language model developed by Google
Gemini is a family of multimodal large language models (LLMs) developed by Google DeepMind, and the successor to LaMDA and PaLM 2. Comprising Gemini Pro
Gemini_(language_model)
Species used as a model for restoration
A reference ecosystem, also known as an ecological reference, is a "community of organisms able to act as a model or benchmark for restoration." Reference
Reference_ecosystem
Abstract coordinate system
In physics and astronomy, a frame of reference (or reference frame) is an abstract coordinate system, whose origin, orientation, and scale have been specified
Frame_of_reference
Empirical model of Earth's atmosphere
The COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA) is an empirical model of the atmosphere of Earth. It consists of a set of tables of average air pressures
COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere
COSPAR_International_Reference_Atmosphere
organizational structure in dynamic enterprise modeling is called a reference model. A reference model is the total view of visions, functions, and organizational
Dynamic_enterprise_modeling
Measure of the accuracy of probabilistic predictions
improvement in the BS compared to the reference model, and a negative BSS means you are doing even worse than the reference model, which may not be obvious from
Brier_score
Standard for archival system
Information System (or OAIS) refers to the ISO OAIS Reference Model for an OAIS. This reference model is defined by recommendation CCSDS 650.0-M-3 of the
Open Archival Information System
Open_Archival_Information_System
Framework for enterprise and system engineering
and organizations to define their own viewpoints. In 1996 the ISO Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP) was published to provide a
View_model
System to specify locations on Earth
vehicles. Vertical reference frame A standard reference system for measuring elevation using vertical datums, based on levelling, a geoid model, or a chart datum
Spatial_reference_system
Topics referred to by the same term
acronym by the Defective by Design movement Data Reference Model, one of the five reference models of the Federal Enterprise Architecture Digital Radio
DRM
Large language model by Meta AI
Language Model Meta AI" serving as a backronym) is a family of large language models (LLMs) released by Meta AI starting in February 2023. Llama models come
Llama_(language_model)
Technique for the generative modeling of a continuous probability distribution
diffusion models, also known as diffusion-based generative models or score-based generative models, are a class of latent variable generative models. A diffusion
Diffusion_model
developed the GRAIL concept modelling language, experimented with different structures for the GALEN Common Reference Model, and, in parallel, tested the
OpenGALEN
Computer network design model
Hierarchical internetworking model is a three-layer model for network design first proposed by Cisco in 1998. The hierarchical design model divides enterprise networks
Hierarchical internetworking model
Hierarchical_internetworking_model
Fundamental concept of classical mechanics
relativity, an inertial frame of reference (also called an inertial space or a Galilean reference frame) is a frame of reference in which objects exhibit inertia:
Inertial_frame_of_reference
Topics referred to by the same term
to check the quality and traceability of products CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model, an international standard for the exchange of cultural heritage information
CRM
Working group to develop a common framework for nanoscale and molecular communication
nanoscale communication network. Reference code to model the recommended practice is in development Ns-3 reference code is currently in development that
IEEE_P1906.1
complete analysis and testing to verify correctness. The abstract model of a reference monitor has been widely applied to any type of system that needs
Reference_monitor
perform model transformations. The reference model proposed for the model driven interoperability approach shows the different kinds of models that it
Model-driven_interoperability
Models featured on the American game show The Price Is Right
Beauties" in reference to Bob Barker, the show's host during that period. The original Price Is Right also employed models. Typically, two models appeared
The_Price_Is_Right_models
Visual art technique
training, or to improve their artistic eye. Photo-referencing, rather than working with live models, is useful for cases in which an artist seeks to realistically
Photo-referencing
protocols, categorized by the nearest layer in the Open Systems Interconnection model. This list is not exclusive to only the OSI protocol family. Many of these
List of network protocols (OSI model)
List_of_network_protocols_(OSI_model)
The Jacchia Reference Atmosphere is a reference atmospheric model that defines values of atmospheric temperature, density, pressure and composition at
Jacchia_Reference_Atmosphere
Standardised data model for information exchange
planning system which provides a common data model Canonical model Data Reference Model, one of five reference models of the U.S. government federal enterprise
Common_data_model
This is a list of scale model sizes, listing a variety of size ratios for scale models. Super Series - 1:1400 Scale, Modern Brands website (accessed 2017-06-21)
List_of_scale_model_sizes
Activity of representing processes of an enterprise
Business process modeling (BPM) is the action of modeling processes of an enterprise. BPM is used to analyze, improve, and possibly automate business processes
Business_process_modeling
Computer graphics 3D reference and test model
of the standard reference test models in 3D modeling and an in-joke within the computer graphics community. It is a mathematical model of an ordinary Melitta-brand
Utah_teapot
Perceived video degradation
FR models at the expense of lower accuracy. No-Reference Methods (NR): NR models try to assess the quality of a distorted video without any reference to
Video_quality
Wristwatch model by Rolex
dial of Reference 6234 was not marked "Cosmograph" or "Daytona". The Reference (model) number is marked on the side of the case at the 12 o'clock position
Rolex_Cosmograph_Daytona
Video-generating LLM (2024–2026)
Sora was a text-to-video model and social media app developed by OpenAI. Using artificial intelligence, the model generated short video clips based on
Sora_(text-to-video_model)
Model in semiotics
The triangle of reference (also known as the triangle of meaning and the semiotic triangle) is a model of how linguistic symbols relate to the objects
Triangle_of_reference
Sentence, idea or formula that refers to itself
two players must model each other's mental states and behaviors, leading to infinite regress. In computer programming, self-reference occurs in reflection
Self-reference
Process in control theory
control schemes as the input to the reference model. A wide range of scientists contribute to progress on the internal model hypothesis. Michael I. Jordan,
Internal model (motor control)
Internal_model_(motor_control)
Automotive industry maturity model
commonly abbreviated as ASPICE) combines a process reference model and a process assessment model in one standard. It conforms to the regulations of the
Automotive_SPICE
Computer science debate
standard for all DoD computer networking. By 1984, the international reference model OSI model, which was not compatible with TCP/IP, had been agreed upon. Many
Protocol_Wars
Concept system
field of statistics: Terminology model for classifications Terminology model for statistical variables Reference model for statistical metadata Terminology-oriented
Terminology_model
Library service model
Roving reference, also called roaming reference, is a library service model in which, instead of being positioned at a static reference desk, a librarian
Roving_reference
content model in the form of structured constraint statements, based on some reference model. openEHR archetypes are based on the openEHR reference model. Archetypes
Archetype (information science)
Archetype_(information_science)
Series of British microcomputers by Acorn
Set Computing (RISC) CPU during 1985, the ARM1. Furber composed a reference model of the processor on the BBC Micro with 808 lines of BASIC, and Arm
BBC_Micro
Conceptual Reference Model (CRM), an ontology for cultural heritage information, and the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) model. One
Indecs_Content_Model
REFERENCE MODEL
REFERENCE MODEL
Boy/Male
Muslim
Reverence, Sanctity
Girl/Female
Tamil
Worship, Praise, Reverence
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Sanskrit
Reverence; Esteem
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
First Preference
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Girl/Female
Indian
Selflessness, Preference
Boy/Male
Indian
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Tamil
Inference
Boy/Male
Muslim
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Incarnation.
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Ascension.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Selflessness, Preference
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Nativity.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Choice, Preference, Selection
Girl/Female
Assamese, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Worship; Praise; Reverence
Girl/Female
Indian
Inference
Boy/Male
Indian
Reverence, Sanctity
Girl/Female
Spanish
Reference to the Nativity.
REFERENCE MODEL
REFERENCE MODEL
Boy/Male
Tamil
Vitaharya | விதாஹாரà¯à®¯
Lord Krishna
Female
French
Feminine form of French Bernard, BERNARDE means "bold as a bear."
Girl/Female
Australian, British, Christian, English, Greek
From Cassandra; Prophetess; Pure
Girl/Female
Slavic
Commanding peace.
Female
Egyptian
, recluse.
Male
Hindi/Indian
Variant spelling of Hindi Ganesha, GANESA means "lord of the horde."
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Christian, Dutch, English, German
Firebrand
Girl/Female
Muslim
Hope
Girl/Female
Muslim
Singing, Song
Boy/Male
Celtic
Marksman.
REFERENCE MODEL
REFERENCE MODEL
REFERENCE MODEL
REFERENCE MODEL
REFERENCE MODEL
n.
That which refers to something; a specific direction of the attention; as, a reference in a text-book.
n.
A yielding of judgment or preference from respect to the wishes or opinion of another; submission in opinion; regard; respect; complaisance.
n.
The act of referring, or the state of being referred; as, reference to a chart for guidance.
n.
The process of sending any matter, for inquiry in a cause, to a master or other officer, in order that he may ascertain facts and report to the court.
v.
Personal reference or application.
n.
That which deserves or exacts manifestations of reverence; reverend character; dignity; state.
imp. & p. p.
of Reverence
n.
Relation; regard; respect.
n.
A work, or a passage in a work, to which one is referred.
n.
That which is preferred; the object of choice or superior favor; as, which is your preference?
n.
The act of submitting a matter in dispute to the judgment of one or more persons for decision.
n.
One who regards with reverence.
n.
One who, or that which, is referred to.
n.
One of whom inquires can be made as to the integrity, capacity, and the like, of another.
v. t.
Respect; relation; reference.
v. t.
To regard or treat with reverence; to regard with respect and affection mingled with fear; to venerate.
n.
Appeal.
n.
Reference; respect; regard.
v.
Relation; reference; regard.
n.
The act of Preferring, or the state of being preferred; the setting of one thing before another; precedence; higher estimation; predilection; choice; also, the power or opportunity of choosing; as, to give him his preference.