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Quantum fingerprinting is a proposed technique that uses a quantum computer to generate a string with a similar function to the cryptographic hash function
Quantum_fingerprinting
Cryptography based on quantum mechanical phenomena
signatures, quantum one-way functions, one-way state generators and public-key encryption, quantum key-exchange, quantum fingerprinting and entity authentication
Quantum_cryptography
Dutch computer scientist
Harry; Cleve, Richard; Watrous, John; de Wolf, Ronald (2001). "Quantum fingerprinting". Physical Review Letters. 87 (16) 167902. arXiv:quant-ph/0102001
Ronald_de_Wolf
Dutch computer scientist
Harry Buhrman, Richard Cleve, John Watrous, and Ronald de Wolf, Quantum fingerprinting, Physical Review Letters 87, 167902 (2001). Harry Buhrman, Nishanth
Harry_Buhrman
Technique for comparing quantum states
Harry Buhrman, Richard Cleve, John Watrous, Ronald de Wolf (2001). "Quantum Fingerprinting". Physical Review Letters. 87 (16) 167902. arXiv:quant-ph/0102001
Swap_test
secure even against quantum computing attacks. Quantum cryptography Quantum fingerprinting Daniel Gottesman, Isaac L. Chuang. Quantum Digital Signatures
Quantum_digital_signature
Project by NIST to standardize post-quantum cryptography
Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization is a program and competition by NIST to update their standards to include post-quantum cryptography. It was
NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization
NIST_Post-Quantum_Cryptography_Standardization
Short sequence of bytes used to authenticate or look up a longer public key
public-key cryptography, a public key fingerprint is a short sequence of bytes used to identify a longer public key. Fingerprints are created by applying a cryptographic
Public_key_fingerprint
Subfield of quantum cryptography
Quantum authentication is the sub-field of quantum cryptography that aims to apply quantum information theory for the purpose of authentication of quantum
Quantum_authentication
Approach to public-key cryptography
suite due to concerns about quantum computing attacks on ECC. NSA later published CNSA 2.0 guidance for a transition to quantum-resistant algorithms for
Elliptic-curve_cryptography
One-way compression function Parity bit Pearson hashing Perfect code Quantum fingerprinting RIPEMD Random oracle Redundancy check Reed–Solomon code Reed–Solomon
List of algebraic coding theory topics
List_of_algebraic_coding_theory_topics
Quantum-safe key encapsulation mechanism
designed to be resistant to cryptanalytic attacks with future powerful quantum computers that was standardized in 2024. It is used to establish a shared
ML-KEM
sieve • Quantum coin flipping • Quantum cryptography • Quantum digital signature • Quantum fingerprinting • Quantum key distribution Rabbit (cipher)
Index of cryptography articles
Index_of_cryptography_articles
Type of carbon nanoparticle
fingerprints. Cadmium-free quantum dot Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics Carbon nanotube quantum dot Graphene quantum dot Quantum dot Silicon quantum
Carbon_quantum_dot
Method of exchanging cryptographic keys
period-finding problem. A post-quantum variant of Diffie-Hellman algorithm was proposed in 2023, and relies on a combination of the quantum-resistant CRYSTALS-Kyber
Diffie–Hellman_key_exchange
2021 smartphone from Samsung
mAh Li-Po battery. Samsung Galaxy A82 5G was released as Samsung Galaxy Quantum 2 in South Korea. The phone shipped with One UI 3.1 and Android 11. On
Samsung_Galaxy_A82_5G
founded in 1982 that throughout a 10-year period dominated the DNA fingerprinting scene. The company worked closely with prosecutors in order to provide
Lifecodes_(company)
Asymmetric encryption algorithm developed by Robert McEliece
acceptance in the cryptographic community, but is a candidate for "post-quantum cryptography", as it is immune to attacks using Shor's algorithm and –
McEliece_cryptosystem
Web browser made by Mozilla
users to block known fingerprinting scripts that track their activity across the web, however it does not resist fingerprinting on its own. In February
Firefox
Set of cryptographic algorithms by the NSA
the TOP SECRET level. Two versions of CNSA exist: the pre-quantum 1.0 of 2015 and the quantum-resistant 2.0 of 2022. A singular parameter length is provided
Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite
Commercial_National_Security_Algorithm_Suite
Algorithm for public-key cryptography
generally presumed that RSA is secure if n is sufficiently large, outside of quantum computing. If n is 300 bits or shorter, it can be factored in a few hours
RSA_cryptosystem
Non-federated cryptographic protocol
original triple elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman (3-DH) handshake and the post-quantum PQXDH protocol. Current Signal specifications model message encryption
Signal_Protocol
Cryptographic protocol designed to resist quantum computer attacks
In post-quantum cryptography, NewHope is a key-agreement protocol by Erdem Alkim, Léo Ducas, Thomas Pöppelmann, and Peter Schwabe that is designed to
NewHope
Government ministry in India
Kalam Institute of Health Technology, Visakhapatnam Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable
Ministry of Science and Technology (India)
Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(India)
2020 mid-range Android smartphone from Samsung
released in July 2020. A South Korean variant, called Samsung Galaxy A Quantum, was released in May 2020. The LTE version of the Galaxy A71 had a similar
Samsung_Galaxy_A71
Cryptographic key management algorithm
October 2025 to the Sparse Post Quantum Ratchet (SPQR) with a CRYSTALS-Kyber quantum ratchet to provide post-quantum Forward Secrecy and Post-Compromise
Double_Ratchet_Algorithm
Change of an electron between energy levels within an atom
atomic electron transition (also called an atomic transition, quantum jump, or quantum leap) is an electron changing from one energy level to another
Atomic_electron_transition
Cryptographic method
Falcon is a post-quantum signature scheme. It was designed by Thomas Prest, Pierre-Alain Fouque, Jeffrey Hoffstein, Paul Kirchner, Vadim Lyubashevsky
Falcon_(signature_scheme)
range from basic ideas such as mobile phone communication to quantum communication via quantum entanglement. Communication physics is also a journal edition
Communication_physics
Collective excitation in superfluid helium-4 (a quasiparticle)
Retrieved 15 December 2025. Bisset, R. N.; Blakie, P. B. (26 June 2013). "Fingerprinting Rotons in a Dipolar Condensate: Super-Poissonian Peak in the Atom-Number
Roton
Practice and study of secure communication techniques
RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman), ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography), and Post-quantum cryptography. Secure symmetric algorithms include the commonly used AES
Cryptography
Concept in cryptography
that possesses a quantum computer. This is important because some public key algorithms in use today will be easily broken by a quantum computer if such
Ring learning with errors key exchange
Ring_learning_with_errors_key_exchange
Digital signature resilient to quantum cryptography
moderately sized quantum computer. Post quantum cryptography is a class of cryptographic algorithms designed to be resistant to attack by a quantum cryptography
Ring learning with errors signature
Ring_learning_with_errors_signature
System that can issue, distribute and verify digital certificates
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
Public_key_infrastructure
Cryptographic algorithm for digital signatures
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm
Elliptic_Curve_Digital_Signature_Algorithm
2006 film by Richard Kelly
One: Two Roads Diverge (May 25, 2006, ISBN 0-936211-75-X) Part Two: Fingerprints (September 15, 2006, ISBN 0-936211-76-8) Part Three: The Mechanicals
Southland_Tales
Operating system for mobile devices
storage, wireless display ("cast") of protected content, secure PIN and fingerprint processing, and even malware detection." Android's source code is released
Android_(operating_system)
Device that emits light via optical amplification
a laser begins with Albert Einstein's 1917 quantum theory of radiation. Einstein adopted only one quantum assumption from Bohr's model of the atoms, that
Laser
Multinational technology company
recognition or enable fingerprint recognition. In July 2025, the company announces the launch of a library of 68 classical and post-quantum cryptographic algorithms
IDEMIA
Virtual private network provider
cookies are never saved between sessions. It utilizes Firefox's "resist fingerprinting" feature. First-party isolation is in place, in which cookies are placed
Mullvad
Scientific research institute
span research in astronomy, geophysics, nanotechnology, particle physics, quantum mechanics, and biophysics, along with the Cosmic Dawn Center dedicated
Niels_Bohr_Institute
Measurement of infrared radiation's interaction with matter
the Schrödinger equation leads to the selection rule for the vibrational quantum number in the system undergoing vibrational changes: △ v = ± 1 {\displaystyle
Infrared_spectroscopy
Mexican-American chemist (born 1976)
Director of Quantum Chemistry, NVIDIA. His research group, the matter lab, studies quantum chemistry, AI for chemical and materials discovery, quantum computing
Alán_Aspuru-Guzik
Study involving matter and electromagnetic radiation
Spectroscopic studies were central to the development of quantum mechanics. The first useful quantum atomic models, including Bohr model, the Schrödinger
Spectroscopy
Digital verification standard
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
Digital_Signature_Algorithm
Post-quantum digital signature scheme
SQIsign is a post-quantum signature scheme submitted to first round of the post-quantum standardisation process. It is based around a proof of knowledge
SQIsign
Diode that emits light from an organic compound
is used to increase radiative efficiency by direct modification of the quantum-mechanical optical recombination rate. Doping is additionally used to determine
OLED
Public-key cryptosystem
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
ElGamal_encryption
Fictional character in the James Bond franchise
Tanner had never been considered a regular cinematic character until 2008's Quantum of Solace where he was first played by Rory Kinnear who reprised the role
Bill_Tanner
Laboratory technique to multiply a DNA sample for study
genetic (or DNA) fingerprinting protocols has seen widespread application in forensics: In its most discriminating form, genetic fingerprinting can uniquely
Polymerase_chain_reaction
Digital signature scheme
attacks by quantum computers. The traditional public key algorithms, such as RSA and ElGamal would become insecure if an effective quantum computer could
Merkle_signature_scheme
British writer (born 1950)
prehistory and ancient civilisations, publishing a dozen books that include Fingerprints of the Gods and Magicians of the Gods. Scholars describe Hancock's investigations
Graham_Hancock
Cryptographic system with public and private keys
list Post-quantum cryptography Pretty Good Privacy Pseudonym Public key fingerprint Public key infrastructure (PKI) Quantum computing Quantum cryptography
Public-key_cryptography
Encryption standard
Madison Moore (23 August 2025). "GitLab 9.5, Xcode 9, IEEE standard for quantum computing, and Chrome Enterprise — SD Times news digest: August 23, 2017"
OpenPGP
Key agreement protocol
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
Elliptic-curve_Diffie–Hellman
Entity that can be evaluated and is hard to predict
example, a randomized dielectric coating for the sole purpose of PUF fingerprinting would add additional manufacturing steps and would make the PUF concept
Types of physical unclonable function
Types_of_physical_unclonable_function
Hungarian-American physicist and mathematician (1902–1995)
Wigner's theorem is a cornerstone in the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics. He is also known for his research into the structure of the
Eugene_Wigner
Indian physicist (1888–1970)
Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4 Volume 5 Volume 6 Raman Effect: fingerprinting the universe The Quantum Indians: film on Raman, Bose and Saha on YouTube by Raja
C._V._Raman
Mobile payments platform developed by Google
authenticate via a PIN, passcode, or biometrics such as 3D face scanning or fingerprint recognition. As of 2026[update], it is available in 108 countries. Google
Google_Pay_(payment_method)
NTRU public-key cryptography digital signature algorithm
private key. A redesigned pqNTRUSign had been submitted to the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization competition. It is based on "hash-and-sign"
NTRUSign
Mathematical scheme for verifying the authenticity of digital documents
CRYSTALS-Dilithium, a quantum-resistant scheme based on LWE in lattices Falcon, a quantum-resistant scheme based on CVP in lattices SPHINCS+, a quantum-resistant
Digital_signature
Magnetic material under special conditions
reservoir computing in an artificial spin-vortex ice via spin-wave fingerprinting". Nature Nanotechnology. 17 (5): 460–469. arXiv:2107.08941. Bibcode:2022NatNa
Spin_ice
Key management protocol
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
Oakley_protocol
Mechanism for authenticating cryptographic keys
of best trustworthy way. Publishing of GPG/PGP full Key or full Key fingerprint on/with widely known (physical/paper-material based) book, by the original
Web_of_trust
Multiparty cryptographic process
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
Distributed_key_generation
Digital signature scheme
verification bottleneck only for the medium term, as BLS signatures are not quantum secure. Over the longer term—say, 2025–2030—STARK aggregation is expected
BLS_digital_signature
Post-quantum signature scheme
effectively attacked by a quantum computer. BLISS on the other hand, is a post-quantum algorithm, and is meant to resist quantum computer attacks. Compared
BLISS_signature_scheme
Digital signature scheme
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
Schnorr_signature
Cryptographic signature scheme
cryptographic hash function is used. Although the potential development of quantum computers threatens the security of many common forms of cryptography,
Lamport_signature
Scheme often used with RSA encryption
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
Optimal asymmetric encryption padding
Optimal_asymmetric_encryption_padding
2023 Android-based smartphone by Samsung
power and action button. The Quantum 4 (SM-A546S) version, a localization model released in South Korea, has a built-in quantum random number generator (QRNG)
Samsung_Galaxy_A54_5G
Augmented password-authenticated key exchange protocol
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
Secure Remote Password protocol
Secure_Remote_Password_protocol
acceptor instead. EDMR has been demonstrated on a single electron from a quantum dot. Measurements of less than 100 donors and theoretical analyses of such
Electrically detected magnetic resonance
Electrically_detected_magnetic_resonance
Trial of Radovan Karadžić at the ICTY
services as a doctor of alternative medicine under the company name of "Human Quantum Energy". He had lived in Jurija Gagarina Street 267 (Blok 45), in New Belgrade
Trial_of_Radovan_Karadžić
2nd episode of the 7th series of Black Mirror
that after finishing school, she became an expert programmer, creating a quantum computer in her home that can shift her to any alternative timeline she
Bête_Noire_(Black_Mirror)
probability." The first decade of the 20th century brought the basics of quantum theory (Planck, Einstein) and interpretation of spectral series of hydrogen
History_of_spectroscopy
English science writer (born 1955)
the author of popular science books on topics including light, infinity, quantum entanglement and surviving the impact of climate change, and biographies
Brian_Clegg_(writer)
Disclosures of NSA and related global espionage
According to the story, an objective of the operation is "communications fingerprinting": the ability to distinguish Khamenei's communications from those of
Snowden_disclosures
American actor (born 1947)
General Dudley Voice; 4 episodes 2021 Evil Edward Tragoren 2 episodes 2023 Quantum Leap Neal Russell Episode: "The Lonely Hearts Club" 2025 - 9-1-1: Nashville
Tim_Matheson
American television series
as a "howcatchem". Johnson also used Magnum, P.I., The Rockford Files, Quantum Leap, Highway to Heaven and The Incredible Hulk as influences for the tone
Poker_Face_(TV_series)
Mechanism in physical cosmology
two-component order parameter; superfluid helium is described via a macroscopic quantum mechanical wave function with global phase. In helium, two components of
Kibble–Zurek_mechanism
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
Strong_RSA_assumption
Organ covering the outside of the human body
"Increased in vivo skin penetration of quantum dots with UVR and in vitro quantum dot cytotoxicity". Colloidal Quantum Dots for Biomedical Applications IV
Human_skin
Act of proving an assertion
Anti-counterfeiting technologies that can be used with packaging include: Taggant fingerprinting – uniquely coded microscopic materials that are verified from a database
Authentication
Outline of biochemical techniques and Molecular biology): DNA fingerprinting – genetic fingerprint – microsatellite – gene knockout – imprinting – RNA interference
Outline_of_biology
American television series
Legend Quest (2011) Lost Girl (2012–16) The Magicians (2015–20) Marcel's Quantum Kitchen (2011) Mary Knows Best (2010) Merlin (2010–13) Métal Hurlant Chronicles
Resident_Alien_(TV_series)
Spectroscopic technique based on change of nuclear spin state
half-integer quantum number associated with the spin component along the z-axis or the applied magnetic field is known as the magnetic quantum number, m
Nuclear_magnetic_resonance
Digital signature algorithm
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
GMR_(cryptography)
Used for encoding or decoding ciphertext
However, current RSA key sizes would all be cracked quickly with a powerful quantum computer. "The keys used in public key cryptography have some mathematical
Key_(cryptography)
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
Identity-based_cryptography
Assumption used in cryptographic systems
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
Decisional Diffie–Hellman assumption
Decisional_Diffie–Hellman_assumption
Web browser developed by Google
Firefox, and Safari). It was shown that Chrome collects 20 types of data (fingerprinting, cookies, tracking scripts, browser history, purchase history, ads,
Google_Chrome
Framework for cryptographic protocols
communications. The framework remains a topic of development, including post-quantum adaptations. The framework is currently at revision 34, published in July
Noise_Protocol_Framework
Unsolved problem in cryptography
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
RSA_problem
Company description of MIRO Analytical
in laser spectroscopy and in particular, in the combination of several quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) into compact laser-based gas analyzers. The company's
Miro_Analytical
Hybrid encryption in cryptography
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
Integrated_Encryption_Scheme
Unreproducible object used in digital security
Devadas and others, MIT Ultra-low-cost true randomness AND physical fingerprinting "Mixed-signal physically unclonable function with CMOS capacitive cells"
Physical_unclonable_function
Type of cryptographic smart card
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
OpenPGP_card
Cryptographic key agreement scheme
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
Station-to-Station_protocol
Type of cryptosystem
CNSA Post-Quantum Cryptography Topics Digital signature OAEP Fingerprint PKI Web of trust Key size Identity-based cryptography Post-quantum cryptography
Threshold_cryptosystem
QUANTUM FINGERPRINTING
QUANTUM FINGERPRINTING
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the personal name Horace, Latin Horatius, a Roman family name of unknown origin, associated chiefly with the name of the poet Quintus Horatius Flaccus (65–8 bc).
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Calm
Biblical
fourth
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English cointe, quointe ‘known’ (via Old French, from Latin cognitus ‘known’). The Middle English word was used in various senses, any of which could have given rise to the surname: ‘cunning’, ‘crafty’, ‘knowledgeable’ (especially about dress, hence ‘elegant’), ‘attractive’. The sense development continued with ‘odd’ or ‘unusual’, the normal meaning of the modern English word ‘quaint’.German and Dutch : variant of Quandt.
Girl/Female
Biblical
Fourth.
Surname or Lastname
South German
South German : occupational name for an official in charge of the legal auction of property confiscated in default of a fine; such a sale was known in Middle High German as a gant (from Italian incanto, a derivative of Late Latin inquantare ‘to auction’, from the phrase In quantum? ‘To how much (is the price raised)?’).German : metonymic occupational name for a cooper, from Middle High German ganter, kanter ‘barrel rack’.German : variant of Gander 3.English : occupational name for a glover, from Old French gantier, an agent derivative of gant ‘glove’ (see Gant).
Male
English
English surname transferred to forename use, derived from the Norman baronial name Cuinchy, a derivative of Roman Quintus, QUINCY means "fifth."
Boy/Male
Latin Biblical
Born fourth.
Surname or Lastname
English (of Norman origin)
English (of Norman origin) : habitational name from any of several places in France deriving their names from the Gallo-Roman personal name Quintus, meaning ‘fifth(-born)’ + the locative suffix -acum. The earliest bearers of the name in England were from Cuinchy in Pas-de-Calais, but other stocks may be from Quincy-sous-Sénard in Seine-et-Oise or Quincy-Voisins in Seine-et-Marne.The American Quincy family were established in MA by Edmund Quincy in 1633. Fifth in descent was Josiah Quincy (1744–75), a leading patriot, who was sent to England to argue the colonists’ case in 1774. His son Josiah (1772–1864) was a powerful opponent of slavery, president of Harvard, and mayor of Boston, a post also held by several of his descendants. The traditional pronunciation is “Quinzyâ€.
Boy/Male
Danish, Finnish, French, German, Latin, Shakespearean, Swedish
Born Fifth
QUANTUM FINGERPRINTING
QUANTUM FINGERPRINTING
QUANTUM FINGERPRINTING
QUANTUM FINGERPRINTING
QUANTUM FINGERPRINTING
QUANTUM FINGERPRINTING
QUANTUM FINGERPRINTING