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Class of hemichordates
Pterobranchia, members of which are often called pterobranchs, is a class of small worm-shaped animals. They belong to the Hemichordata, and live in secreted
Pterobranchia
Phylum of marine deuterostome animals
Cambrian and include two main classes: Enteropneusta (acorn worms), and Pterobranchia. A third class, Planctosphaeroidea, is known only from the larva of
Hemichordate
Superphylum of bilateral animals
Hemichordata Class Enteropneusta (acorn worms) Class Planctosphaeroidea Class Pterobranchia Phylum Echinodermata Subphylum Asterozoa Class Asteroidea (seastars)
Deuterostome
Alternative genetic code
The pterobranchia mitochondrial code (translation table 24) is a genetic code used by the mitochondrial genome of Rhabdopleura compacta (Pterobranchia).
Pterobranchia mitochondrial code
Pterobranchia_mitochondrial_code
Subclass of Pterobranchs in the phylum Hemichordata
colonial animals, members of the subclass Graptolithina within the class Pterobranchia. These filter-feeding organisms are known chiefly from fossils found
Graptolite
Geologic formation in Quebec, Canada
The Indian Point Formation is a geologic formation in Quebec. It preserves fossils dating back to the Ludlow epoch of the Silurian period. The Indian Point
Indian_Point_Formation
Single animal that is part of a colonial animal
Pyrosome or Ectoprocta) or share a common exoskeleton (e.g. Bryozoa or Pterobranchia). The colonial organism as a whole is alternatively called a zoon /ˈzoʊ
Zooid
Order in the class Pterobranchia in the phylum Hemichordata
Cephalodiscida is one of two orders in the class Pterobranchia, which are small, worm-shaped animals. Members belong to the hemichordates. Species in
Cephalodiscida
Genus of hemichordate graptolite
Rhabdopleura is a genus of colonial sessile hemichordates belonging to the Pterobranchia class. They are exclusively marine, benthic organisms whose species
Rhabdopleura
Class of hemichordate invertebrates
ancestors of acorn worms used to live in tubes like their relatives Pterobranchia, but that they eventually started to live a safer and more sheltered
Acorn_worm
Species of marine animal
development and structure of the larva of Rhabdopleura normani (Hemichordata: Pterobranchia)". Acta Zoologica. 69 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1988.tb00906
Rhabdopleura_normani
Order of hemichordates in the pterobranchian class
Rhabdopleurida is one of three orders in the class Pterobranchia, which are small, worm-shaped animals, and the only surviving graptolites. Members belong
Rhabdopleurida
Alternative genetic code in some pterobranchians
code used by the mitochondrial genome of Cephalodiscidae (Pterobranchia). The Pterobranchia are one of the two groups in the Hemichordata which together
Cephalodiscidae mitochondrial code
Cephalodiscidae_mitochondrial_code
urchins) Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) Enteropneusta (acorn worms) Pterobranchia Planctosphaeroidea Allomalorhagida Cyclorhagida Solenogastres Caudofoveata
List_of_animal_classes
Carboniferous invertebrate of unclear classification
is considered likely. The organism may have a close affinity to the Pterobranchia class, which likely includes the graptolite organisms, however it is
Etacystis
Extinct class of marine invertebrates
Chordata Hemichordata Pterobranchia Enteropneusta Echinodermata Ctenocystoidea Cincta Soluta Helicoplacus Camptostroma Stromatocystites Kinzercystis Gogia
Cincta
Extinct family of graptolites
ISBN 9781118515617. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Dithecodendridae
Deuterostomata Hemichordatata Pterobranchia Graptolithina Enteropneusta Echinodermata Echinoderms (crown group) Homalozoa Homostelea Cinctans Homoiostelea
Calcichordate_hypothesis
Species of hemichordate
species of Cephalodiscus, C. (C.) caliciformis sp. nov. (Hemichordata, Pterobranchia), collected off Madagascar. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle
Cephalodiscus_calciformis
Malaysian geologic formation
The Tenjong Dendang Formation is a geologic formation in Malaysia. The band of graptolite- and trilobite-bearing shales interbedded in limestones preserves
Tenjong_Dendang_Formation
Possible simple urbilateran candidate
structure similar to a protoconch (embryonic dome) in Cloudinidae and Pterobranchia, this structure along with other characteristics could have been present
Urbilaterian
Extinct family of graptolites
Retrieved 2020-09-17. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Mastigograptidae
Genus of marine worm-like animals
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Subclass: Graptolithina Order: †Dendroidea Family: †Dendrograptidae
Dendrograptus
Extinct family of graptolites
ISBN 9781118515617. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Phyllograptidae
Extinct genus of graptolites
genus of graptolites. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Goniograptus
Taxonomic rank
Deuterostomia Infrakingdom Coelomopora Phylum Hemichordata Subphylum Pterobranchia Subphylum Enteropneusta Phylum Echinodermata Subphylum Homalozoa Subphylum
Kingdom_(taxonomy)
Clade of deuterostomes containing echinoderms and hemichordates
stars, sea lilies, etc.) Hemichordata (acorn worms (Enteropneusta) and Pterobranchia (including Graptolithina)) (These together sometimes are called the
Ambulacraria
Extinct family of graptolites
ISBN 9781118515617. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Cysticamaridae
Species of hemichordate
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Order: Cephalodiscida Family: Cephalodiscidae Genus: Cephalodiscus Species:
Cephalodiscus_nusplingensis
Species of hemichordate
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Order: Cephalodiscida Family: Cephalodiscidae Genus: Cephalodiscus Species:
Cephalodiscus_solidus
Genus of marine worm-like animals
"Part V, Hemichordata, 2nd Revision, Complete Volume: Enteropneusta, Pterobranchia (Graptolithina)". Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology: i–548. doi:10
Monograptus
Extinct family of graptolites
Retrieved 2020-09-17. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Wimanicrustidae
Species of hemichordates in the pterobranchian class
Tasmania, and New Zealand. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Rhabdopleura_annulata
Species of hemichordate
belonging to the order Cephalodiscida. Harmer S, Ridewood W (1913) The Pterobranchia of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902-1904). Transactions
Cephalodiscus_agglutinans
Extinct family of graptolites
ISBN 9781118515617. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Climacograptidae
Early bilaterian organism fossil species
2024). "The evolutionary origins of the Hemichordata (Enteropneusta & Pterobranchia) - A review based on fossil evidence and interpretations". Bulletin
Ikaria_(genus)
Species of hemichordate
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Order: Cephalodiscida Family: Cephalodiscidae Genus: Cephalodiscus Species:
Cephalodiscus_kempi
Extinct family of graptolites
Retrieved 2020-09-17. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Glossograptidae
Extinct family of graptolites
ISBN 9781118515617. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Cyclograptidae
Third epoch of the Cambrian period
Jörg Maletz (8 December 2023). "Benthic graptolites (Graptolithina, Pterobranchia) in the Miaolingian (Cambrian Series 3)". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
Miaolingian
Algerian geologic formation made up of sedimentary rock
Trilobites Colpocoryphe arago Pharostoma pulchra Hydrozoa Inocaulis gigas Pterobranchia Thallograptus barbieri Dendrograptus sp. ?Airograptus betieri Strophomenata
Zaouïa_Formation
Extinct family of graptolites
"Part V, Hemichordata, 2nd Revision, Complete Volume: Enteropneusta, Pterobranchia (Graptolithina)". Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology: i–548. doi:10
Monograptidae
Extinct family of graptolites
ISBN 9781118515617. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Dicranograptidae
Genus of graptolite
"Part V, Hemichordata, 2nd Revision, Complete Volume: Enteropneusta, Pterobranchia (Graptolithina)". Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology: i–548. doi:10
Diplograptus
Extinct family of graptolites
ISBN 9781118515617. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Dimorphograptidae
Alternative genetic code in some invertebrates
arthropods translate the codon AGG as lysine instead of serine (as in the Pterobranchia Mitochondrial Code) or arginine (as in the standard genetic code). GUG
Invertebrate mitochondrial code
Invertebrate_mitochondrial_code
Species of hemichordates in the pterobranchian class
northern Sri Lanka. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Rhabdopleura_striata
Species of hemichordate
hemichordate belonging to the order Cephalodiscida. Harmer S (1905) The Pterobranchia of the Siboga Expedition. Siboga Expedition Monograph. pp. 1-31. Swalla
Cephalodiscus_levinsoni
Species of hemichordate in the pterobranchian class
B. (2018). "The zoogeography of extant rhabdopleurid hemichordates (Pterobranchia: Graptolithina), with a new species from the Mediterranean Sea" (PDF)
Rhabdopleura_recondita
Species of hemichordate
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Order: Cephalodiscida Family: Cephalodiscidae Genus: Cephalodiscus Species:
Cephalodiscus_nigrescens
Standard and alternative genetic codes
obliquus mitochondrial code The Thraustochytrium mitochondrial code The Pterobranchia mitochondrial code The candidate division SR1 and gracilibacteria code
List_of_genetic_codes
Extinct family of graptolites
ISBN 9781118515617. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Abrograptidae
Genus of marine worm-like animals
Clonograptus Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Subclass: Graptolithina Genus: †Clonograptus Nicholson, 1873
Clonograptus
Organisms that live in salt water
lifestyle. They include two main groups, the acorn worms and the Pterobranchia. Pterobranchia form a class containing about 30 species of small worm-shaped
Marine_life
Extinct family of graptolites
"Part V, Hemichordata, 2nd Revision, Complete Volume: Enteropneusta, Pterobranchia (Graptolithina)". Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology: i–548. doi:10
Retiolitidae
Species of hemichordate
Cephalodiscida. Bayer F (1962) A new species of Cephalodiscus (Hemichordata: Pterobranchia), the first record from the tropical Western Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine
Cephalodiscus_atlanticus
Genus of marine worm-like animals
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Subclass: Graptolithina Order: †Graptoloidea Genus: †Cyrtograptus
Cyrtograptus
Extinct family of graptolites
Retrieved 2020-09-17. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Dendrograptidae
The Paleobiology Database records no known occurrences of Precambrian fossils in Washington. †Acrothele †Acrothele sp. †Kutorgina Cf. †Kutorgina cingulata
List of the prehistoric life of Washington
List_of_the_prehistoric_life_of_Washington
Extinct genus of graptolites
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Subclass: Graptolithina Order: †Graptoloidea Family: †Dicranograptidae
Nemagraptus
Species of hemichordate
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Order: Cephalodiscida Family: Cephalodiscidae Genus: Cephalodiscus Species:
Cephalodiscus_dodecalophus
Family of acorn worms
1898 Willeyia Punnett, 1903 Maletz, Jörg (2014-03-15). "Hemichordata (Pterobranchia, Enteropneusta) and the fossil record". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology
Spengelidae
Genus of marine worm-like animals
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Subclass: Graptolithina Order: †Graptoloidea Family: †Climacograptidae
Climacograptus
Order of molluscs
Pteropoda into Dactylobranchia (with just the genus Cavolinia) and Pterobranchia (including all the other genera). Cuvier (and his followers) did not
Pteropoda
Fifth stage of Cambrian and first stage of the Miaolingian
Jörg Maletz (8 December 2023). "Benthic graptolites (Graptolithina, Pterobranchia) in the Miaolingian (Cambrian Series 3)". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments
Wuliuan
Planctosphaeroidea and Enteropneusta do not contain any orders. Class Pterobranchia Cephalodiscida Subclass Graptolithina Rhabdopleurida Dendroidea † Graptoloidea
List_of_bilaterian_orders
Extinct family of graptolites
ISBN 9781118515617. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Didymograptidae
Species of hemichordate
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Order: Cephalodiscida Family: Cephalodiscidae Genus: Cephalodiscus Species:
Cephalodiscus_fumosus
Extinct family of graptolites
ISBN 9781118515617. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Sinograptidae
Fossil-rich deposit in the UK
ophiuroid Crinoidea Uninvestigated Sollasina An ophiocistioid echinoderm Pterobranchia Uninvestigated "Graptoloids" Uninvestigated Inanihella A radiolarian
Coalbrookdale_Formation
List of crinoid genera Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
List_of_graptolite_genera
Ongoing series of zoology books
cucumbers). Part V. Graptolithina, with sections on Enteropneusta & Pterobranchia, xvii + 101 p., 72 fig., 1955. ISBN 0-8137-3023-6. The original volume
Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology
Treatise_on_Invertebrate_Paleontology
Extinct genus of pterobranch
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Order: Cephalodiscida Family: †Rotaciurcidae Briggs & Mongiardino Koch
Rotaciurca
Species of hemichordate
(February 2020). "Cephalodiscus planitectus sp. nov. (Hemichordata: Pterobranchia) from Sagami Bay, Japan". Zoological Science. 37 (1): 79–90. doi:10
Cephalodiscus_planitectus
Cellular process of protein synthesis
obliquus mitochondrial code The Thraustochytrium mitochondrial code The Pterobranchia mitochondrial code The candidate division SR1 and gracilibacteria code
Translation_(biology)
Extinct species of small marine animal
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Subclass: Graptolithina Order: Rhabdopleurida Family: Rhabdopleuridae
Rhabdopleura_hollandi
Species of hemichordate
hemichordate belonging to the order Cephalodiscida. Ridewood W (1907) Pterobranchia; Cephalodiscus. National Antarctic Expedition "Discovery" Natural History
Cephalodiscus_hodgsoni
Species of hemichordates in the pterobranchian class
(1970) and Dilly (1973). Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Rhabdopleura_compacta
Extinct suborder of graptolites
ISBN 9781118515617. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Axonophora
Extinct family of graptolites
ISBN 9781118515617. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Diplograptidae
Extinct family of graptolites
ISBN 9781118515617. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Lasiograptidae
Extinct family of graptolites
ISBN 9781118515617. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Dichograptidae
X.; Zou, L.; Wang, Y.; Li, C.; Zhang, X. (2025). "A new graptolite (Pterobranchia) from the early Cambrian Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte of China". Swiss Journal
2025_in_paleontology
Species of hemichordate
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Order: Cephalodiscida Family: Cephalodiscidae Genus: Cephalodiscus Species:
Cephalodiscus_graptolitoides
Species of hemichordate
Sightings of the species has been reported only once. Harmer S (1905) The Pterobranchia of the Siboga Expedition. Siboga Expedition Monograph. pp. 1-31. Swalla
Cephalodiscus_sibogae
Species of hemichordate
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Order: Cephalodiscida Family: Cephalodiscidae Genus: Cephalodiscus Species:
Cephalodiscus_indicus
Genus of marine worm-like animals
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Subclass: Graptolithina Order: †Dendroidea Family: †Callograptidae Genus:
Callograptus
List of standard rules to translate DNA encoded information into proteins
mitochondrial 23 TTA UUA Stop * Leu (L) (np) Similar to translation table 11. Pterobranchia mitochondrial 24 AGA AGA Ser (S) (p) Arg (R) (b) AGG AGG Lys (K) (b)
DNA_and_RNA_codon_tables
Extinct family of graptolites
Retrieved 2020-09-17. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Normalograptidae
Fossil flora and fauna of the Burgess Shale
kind of organic tube that this hemichordate used as a nest. Yuknessia Pterobranchia Walcott Quarry Trilobite Beds This colonial pterobranch (a grouping
Paleobiota of the Burgess Shale
Paleobiota_of_the_Burgess_Shale
Genus of marine worm-like animals
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Subclass: Graptolithina Order: †Graptoloidea Family: †Phyllograptidae
Tetragraptus
Species of marine worm-like animal
1080/00222937308696778. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Tetragraptus_approximatus
Genus of marine worm-like animals
N Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Genus: †Rhabdotubus Species R. robustus R. johanssoni (type)
Rhabdotubus
Extinct family of graptolites
ISBN 9781118515617. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Callograptidae
Species of hemichordate
Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Order: Cephalodiscida Family: Cephalodiscidae Genus: Cephalodiscus Species:
Cephalodiscus_gilchristi
org. Jörg Maletz; Michael Steiner (2015). "Graptolite (Hemichordata, Pterobranchia) preservation and identification in the Cambrian Series 3". Palaeontology
2015_in_paleontology
Genus of hemichordates
(February 2020). "Cephalodiscus planitectus sp. nov. (Hemichordata: Pterobranchia) from Sagami Bay, Japan". Zoological Science. 37 (1): 79–90. doi:10
Cephalodiscus
Extinct family of graptolites
ISBN 9781118515617. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Anisograptidae
Genus of marine worm-like animals
D C P T J K Pg N Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Hemichordata Class: Pterobranchia Subclass: Graptolithina Genus: †Chaunograptus
Chaunograptus
Extinct family of graptolites
Retrieved 2020-09-17. Maletz, Jörg (2014). "The classification of the Pterobranchia (Cephalodiscida and Graptolithina)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 89 (3):
Isograptidae
PTEROBRANCHIA
PTEROBRANCHIA
PTEROBRANCHIA
PTEROBRANCHIA
PTEROBRANCHIA
PTEROBRANCHIA
PTEROBRANCHIA
PTEROBRANCHIA
PTEROBRANCHIA
n. pl.
An order of marine Bryozoa, having a bilobed lophophore and an axial cord. The genus Rhabdopleura is the type. Called also Podostomata. See Rhabdopleura.
n.
A genus of marine Bryozoa in which the tubular cells have a centralchitinous axis and the tentacles are borne on a bilobed lophophore. It is the type of the order Pterobranchia, or Podostomata