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Election systems
Preferential voting or preference voting (PV) may refer to several different types of electoral systems. Many preferential voting systems originated in
Preferential_voting
voting. Preferential block voting can be seen as a multiple-winner version of instant-runoff. Under both block voting and preferential block voting,
Block_preferential_voting
Type of preferential voting system
Semi-optional preferential voting requires ranking more than one candidate but not necessary to rank all the candidates. Ranked-voting systems typically
Optional_preferential_voting
Voting systems that use ranked ballots
Ranked voting is any voting system that uses voters' rankings of candidates to choose a single winner or multiple winners. More formally, a ranked vote system
Ranked_voting
prefer if New Zealand were to change voting system: first past the post, preferential voting, single transferable vote, or supplementary member. The official
2011 New Zealand voting system referendum
2011_New_Zealand_voting_system_referendum
Crisafulli has pledged to reinstate optional preferential voting after Labor reinstated full compulsory preferential voting in 2016, returning the system to the
2028 Queensland state election
2028_Queensland_state_election
features including compulsory enrolment; compulsory voting; majority-preferential instant-runoff voting in single-member seats to elect the lower house,
Electoral_system_of_Australia
Preference lists submitted by political parties
A group voting ticket (GVT) is a shortcut for voters in a preferential voting system, where a voter can indicate support for a list of candidates instead
Group_voting_ticket
Property of electoral systems
Plurality voting Instant-runoff voting Borda count Approval Voting Coombs' rule Bucklin voting (and the closely related median voting) Score Voting With plurality
Condorcet_winner
Lower house of the Parliament of Australia
be accommodated. Each division elects one member using full-preferential voting. This voting system was put in place after the 1918 Swan by-election, which
Australian House of Representatives
Australian_House_of_Representatives
Federal legislature of Australia
Representatives, currently consists of 150 members, each elected via full preferential voting from single-member electorates (also known as divisions or seats)
Parliament_of_Australia
Single-winner ranked-choice electoral system
Instant-runoff voting (IRV; US/CA: ranked-choice voting (RCV), AU: preferential voting, UK/NZ: alternative vote) is a single-winner ranked voting election system
Instant-runoff_voting
Coalition of centre-right political parties in Australia
by-election where the conservative vote split. Two months later, the Corangamite by-election held under preferential voting caused the initially leading ALP
Liberal–National_Coalition
Chamber of Queensland Parliament
held at fixed four-year intervals and are conducted by way of full preferential voting. The Assembly has 93 members, who have been entitled to use the post-nominal
Legislative Assembly of Queensland
Legislative_Assembly_of_Queensland
Pairwise-comparison electoral system
2018-12-22. Hogben, G. (1913). "Preferential Voting in Single-member Constituencies, with Special Reference to the Counting of Votes". Transactions and Proceedings
Condorcet_method
Plurality voting system
seldom much less than total votes/total seats. The need for strategic voting is mostly obviated under preferential voting systems, such as STV or IRV
First-past-the-post_voting
Election for the 61st Parliament of Victoria
Assembly, the Victorian Electoral Commission (VEC) uses full preferential voting where for a vote to count, it is required to number every box on the ballot
2026_Victorian_state_election
Election of Australia's 49th parliament
will contest the election. Australia has compulsory voting, with preferential instant-runoff voting in single-member seats. The 2025 Australian federal
Next Australian federal election
Next_Australian_federal_election
Subnational legislature in Australia
fixed four-year terms in single-member constituencies using preferential voting. Voting is compulsory, and elections take place on the last Saturday
Parliaments of the Australian states and territories
Parliaments_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories
Upper house of the Parliament of Australia
first-past-the-post and block voting system, on a state-by-state basis. This was replaced in 1919 by preferential block voting. Block voting tended to produce landslide
Australian_Senate
voting (IRV) is a ranked voting method used in single-winner elections. IRV is also known outside the US as the alternative vote (AV) or preferential
History and use of instant-runoff voting
History_and_use_of_instant-runoff_voting
Method to make collective decisions
decision-making procedure description. Research on herd animal voting behaviours show that voting can be emergent in groups as a signalling system mechanism
Voting
Multi-winner electoral system
voter must mark (optional-preferential voting or other). Unlike party-list proportional representation, under STV voters vote for candidates rather than
Single_transferable_vote
Voting system that makes outcomes proportional to vote totals
(cumulative voting) have used PR for many years. Illinois used cumulative voting for decades in its state elections. San Francisco used preferential voting (Bucklin
Proportional_representation
the chamber. In 1919, the voting system changed from first-past-the-post to preferential voting. The two-party-preferred vote (2PP) has been commonly used
Politics_of_Australia
Election to fill a vacant political office
Women Win the Right to Vote". Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Green, Antony (2004). "History of Preferential Voting in Australia". Antony Green
By-election
Type of cast ballot in ranked voting
voting system rules. Sometimes, what appears as a donkey vote may in fact be a genuine representation of a voter's preferences. Preferential voting for
Donkey_vote
Australian federal by-election
conservative vote split between the Country Party and the Nationalist Party, which directly prompted the introduction of preferential voting in Australia
1918_Swan_by-election
Votes that do not impact an election
Commission tells voters that "there is no such thing as a wasted vote" due to preferential voting preventing candidates from finishing in third place or lower
Wasted_vote
State legislature of Queensland, Australia
Assembly (to a total of 93), the voting system changed from optional preferential voting to full-preferential voting, and unfixed three-year terms were
Parliament_of_Queensland
Electoral system used in some cities and states
Ranked-choice voting (RCV) can refer to one of several ranked voting methods used in some cities and states in the United States. The term is not strictly
Ranked-choice voting in the United States
Ranked-choice_voting_in_the_United_States
mandatory complete ballots (preferencing all candidates/full preferential voting), and compulsory voting has resulted - since they were introduced in 1983. This
Issues affecting the single transferable vote
Issues_affecting_the_single_transferable_vote
Type of multi-winner plurality/majority electoral system
secures every available seat. Block voting, or plurality block voting, is often compared with preferential block voting as both systems tend to produce landslide
Block_voting
{\displaystyle {\dfrac {1}{1+1}}} ) of the vote to win a seat under preferential voting, whereas for first past the post voting a candidate can theoretically win
Section 13 of the Constitution of Australia
Section_13_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia
Non-proportional electoral system
non-transferable vote, and block plurality voting, is a type of block voting method for multi-winner elections. Each voter may cast as many votes as the number
Plurality_block_voting
Method by which voters make a choice between options
plurality block voting may elect members of just one party so may be considered winner-take-all. In party block voting, voters can only vote for the list
Electoral_system
Single-winner electoral system
Preliminary version in Voting Matters, 17:9-19, 2003. Douglas R. Woodall, Properties of Preferential Election Rules, Voting Matters, issue 3, pages 8–15
Schulze_method
Voting system
on to a second election (a second round of voting). The two-round system is in the family of plurality voting systems that also includes single-round plurality
Two-round_system
Methods of voting on motions
to vote by ballot. These motions generally cannot be used to specify alternative forms of voting such as cumulative voting or preferential voting. Those
Voting methods in deliberative assemblies
Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies
Unicameral legislature of the Northern Territory, Australia
four-year terms. The voting method for the Assembly is the full-preferential voting system, having previously been optional preferential voting. Elections are
Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Northern_Territory_Legislative_Assembly
Australian suffrage law
purpose of which was to replace first-past-the-post voting with instant-runoff voting ("preferential voting") for the House of Representatives and the Senate
Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918
Commonwealth_Electoral_Act_1918
Election for the 45th Parliament of Australia
and the first under a new voting system for the Senate that replaced group voting tickets with optional preferential voting. In the 150-seat House of
2016 Australian federal election
2016_Australian_federal_election
Single-winner electoral system
Approval voting is a single-winner rated voting system where voters approve of any number of candidates named on a ballot, and the candidate with the most
Approval_voting
Form of voting that allows delegation
Proxy voting is a form of voting whereby a member of a decision-making body may delegate their voting power to a representative, to enable a vote in absence
Proxy_voting
electoral districts. The method of election is optional preferential voting, (also known as IRV). The voting system is the same as for the federal House of Representatives
Electoral systems of the Australian states and territories
Electoral_systems_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories
Selection of decision-makers by random sample
voters to study and vote on a public policy, while Deliberative opinion polling invites a random sample to deliberate together before voting on a policy. Andranik
Sortition
Single-winner rated voting system
Score voting, sometimes called range voting, is an electoral system for single-seat elections. Voters give each candidate a numerical score, and the candidate
Score_voting
Academic journal
Voting matters was a peer-reviewed academic journal whose purpose is "To advance the understanding of preferential voting systems". Originally published
Voting_matters
compulsory voting. Proxy voting is prohibited, except in cases of certified disability where legally defined assistance is permitted. In-person voting is held
Next Slovenian parliamentary election
Next_Slovenian_parliamentary_election
Now informal voting method in Australia
While voting was voluntary at the time, a valid vote was required to express a preference for every candidate, described as full preferential voting, and
Langer_vote
Settlers' Association had split the conservative vote. The Nationalists quickly introduced preferential voting, which was first practiced at the Corangamite
1918_Corangamite_by-election
Electronic voting by country varies and may include voting machines in polling places, centralized tallying of paper ballots, and internet voting. Many countries
Electronic_voting_by_country
extracting a promise from the Nationalist government to introduce preferential voting, although his name remained on the ballot paper. The by-election
1918_Flinders_by-election
Party-list addition system in elections
akin to a prespecified ranking in a preferential voting system like alternative vote or single transferable vote, as is used with the above-the-line system
Apparentment
Lower house of the Congress of Colombia
total number of its votes. Parties may run a closed list, with the order of candidates pre-determined, or opt for preferential voting (open list), where
Chamber of Representatives of Colombia
Chamber_of_Representatives_of_Colombia
Political party in Australia
One Nation called for the abolition of full preferential voting in favour of optional preferential voting at House of Representatives elections. The announcement
One_Nation
Result of election after distribution of preferences
New South Wales lower house uses optional preferential rather than full preferential voting – with some votes giving limited or no preferences, TPP/TCP
Two-party-preferred_vote
Way to distribute seats in a legislative body
statewide constituency electing 37 members via optional preferential voting. This created a one-vote, one-value system. The United States Constitution guarantees
Apportionment_(politics)
February 2016 to change the voting method of single-member electorates from full-preferential voting to optional preferential voting. Electoral districts were
2016 Northern Territory general election
2016_Northern_Territory_general_election
Single-winner ranked-voting electoral system
other ranked-vote systems – such as single transferable voting (STV), instant-runoff voting (IRV), Coombs' method, and Baldwin's method – allow for many
Contingent_vote
State legislature of Victoria, Australia
has compulsory voting and uses full preferential voting in single-member seats for the Legislative Assembly, and single transferable vote in multi-member
Parliament_of_Victoria
Australian state election
December 2014. Voting is compulsory in Victoria. Elections for the Legislative Assembly use instant-runoff voting (called preferential voting in Australia)
2014_Victorian_state_election
Former, unconstitutional, voting system
primary electoral system was a voting system used to elect one winner from a pool of candidates using preferential voting. Voters rank candidates in order
Oklahoma primary electoral system
Oklahoma_primary_electoral_system
Political issue in New Zealand
fill some seats; and a larger proportion of seats elected by FPP. "Preferential Voting" (PV); used in Australia and Fiji elections; similar to FPP but with
Electoral reform in New Zealand
Electoral_reform_in_New_Zealand
single-member electorates and uses a preferential voting system such as a Condorcet method or instant-runoff voting. The pendulum works by lining up the
Post-election pendulum for the 2025 Australian federal election
Post-election_pendulum_for_the_2025_Australian_federal_election
Single-winner electoral system
placed. Hogben, G. (1913). "Preferential Voting in Single-member Constituencies, with Special Reference to the Counting of Votes". Transactions and Proceedings
Nanson's_method
Collective decision-making procedure
Quadratic voting (QV) is a voting system that encourages voters to express their true relative intensity of preference (utility) between multiple options
Quadratic_voting
Lower house of the Parliament of Victoria, Australia
preferential voting before the 1917 state election. This enabled the factions in the party to field competing candidates without splitting the vote by
Victorian Legislative Assembly
Victorian_Legislative_Assembly
Upper house of the Colombian Congress
opt for preferential voting (open list), where the position of candidates on the list is reordered based on the individual preference votes of the voters
Senate_of_Colombia
Self-contradiction of majority rule
to be voted for. One important implication of the possible existence of the voting paradox in a practical situation is that in a paired voting process
Condorcet_paradox
State legislature in Perth, Australia
Members are elected using the preferential voting system. As with all other Australian states and territories, voting is compulsory for all Australian
Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Western_Australian_Legislative_Assembly
Electoral systems with independent candidate ratings
Rated, evaluative, graded, or cardinal voting rules are a class of voting methods that allow voters to state how strongly they support a candidate, by
Rated_voting
Multiple-winner electoral system
variant of block voting. Under both cumulative voting and block voting, a voter casts multiple votes but in the case of cumulative voting, can lump them
Cumulative_voting
Unicameral legislature of Papua New Guinea
an open member of the province. From 1964 until 1977 an Optional Preferential Voting System was used.[citation needed] The first past the post system
National Parliament of Papua New Guinea
National_Parliament_of_Papua_New_Guinea
Illegal interference with the process of an election
electoral fraud. Preferential voting systems such as score voting and single transferable vote, and in some cases, instant-runoff voting, can reduce the
Electoral_fraud
Voting systems using paired comparisons
Round-robin, paired comparison, or tournament voting methods, are a set of ranked voting systems that choose winners by comparing every pair of candidates
Round-robin_voting
Individual voter's first choice
politics, where ranked voting has been universal at federal, state, and local levels since the 1920s. "Explainer: What is preferential voting?". Special Broadcasting
First-preference_vote
Country in Oceania
attract numerous candidates. Voting takes place through the Limited Preferential Vote system (LPV), a version of the alternative vote. Under this system, voters
Papua_New_Guinea
Election in Western Australia
in Western Australia, full preferential voting will be used where casting a ballot is compulsory. In the full preferential system used, a candidate must
2026 Secret Harbour state by-election
2026_Secret_Harbour_state_by-election
Australian local elections
(resulting in eight total councillors). No form of preferential voting is in place, with plurality block voting − also referred to as first-past-the-post by
2028 Queensland local elections
2028_Queensland_local_elections
Local government area in Victoria, Australia
+0.67 0 Victorian Socialists 785 0.96 +0.96 0 Formal votes 81,930 97.15 +2.31 Informal votes 2,407 2.85 –2.31 Total 84,337 100.00 9 Registered voters
City_of_Glen_Eira
Election that narrows the field of candidates before an election for office
members participated in the voting. From roughly 10,000 registered candidates, 78 were chosen via secret electronic voting from a short-list of 267. These
Primary_election
Political deal in Australia
the major political parties of the time to introduce a system of preferential voting for use on a federal level for the House of Representatives in Australia
Flinders_Deal
Election in Australia
following the resignation of Robert Doyle. The election used a preferential voting system and was held by postal ballot. The City of Melbourne is a
2018 Melbourne lord mayoral by-election
2018_Melbourne_lord_mayoral_by-election
Country in Oceania
the proportional system which combines preferential voting with proportional representation for each state. Voting and enrolment is compulsory for all enrolled
Australia
Criterion for evaluating fairness of electoral systems
Justified representation (JR) is a criterion of fairness in multiwinner voting. It requires that each group of voters should be represented in proportion
Justified_representation
system of preferential voting (also called alternative voting or instant-runoff voting). The Senate has 76 senators, elected through a preferential system
Elections_in_Australia
larger in size than was the case before the introduction of preferential voting. Voting by placing an "x" in the circle provided next to party name on
2019 Austrian legislative election
2019_Austrian_legislative_election
Handed-out leaflets in Australian elections with voting instructions
Australian lower house uses a preferential voting system. Voters must rank every candidate on the ballot in order for their vote to count. There are often
How-to-vote_card
are open, with preferential voting, without mixing, and an electoral threshold of 5% of the votes cast, and after counting of the votes, the distribution
2026 Algerian parliamentary election
2026_Algerian_parliamentary_election
Association of farmers in Victoria, Australia
gaining about 6% of the vote statewide. In 1918 it also won its first seat in the federal parliament, after preferential voting was introduced. At the
Victorian_Farmers'_Union
Northern Territory political party
voting method of single-member electorates from full-preferential voting to optional preferential voting ahead of the 2016 territory election held on 27 August
Country_Liberal_Party
German politician (born 1996)
elected to the County Council of Lahn-Dill County in Germany through preferential voting and was elected Chairman of the council, at that time being the youngest
Johannes_Volkmann
Annual award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
the same time, the voting system was switched from first-past-the-post to instant runoff voting (also known as preferential voting). In 2011, the Academy
Academy Award for Best Picture
Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture
Australian politician
February 2016 changed the voting method of single-member electorates from full-preferential voting to optional preferential voting. The 2016 election was
Adam_Giles
Australian politician
number of primary votes and won the "first past the post" contest. This unexpected outcome led to the introduction of preferential voting in Australia. Corboy
Edwin_Corboy
Australian state election
in single-member electorates, using preferential voting for the first time in the state's history. Women also voted for the first time at this election
1911_Victorian_state_election
Plurality-at-large voting Preferential block voting Single transferable vote Preferential block voting (Group voting ticket) Single transferable vote (Optional
List of Australian federal elections
List_of_Australian_federal_elections
while 39% supported STAN. However, 58% of STAN supporters used preferential voting, compared to only 29% of Pirate Party supporters, resulting in a
2021 Czech parliamentary election
2021_Czech_parliamentary_election
the option to cast a preferential vote. The seats won by a list are first allocated to the candidates who, in preferential votes, have received at least
Next_Dutch_general_election
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