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Informally described period
The Plio-Pleistocene is an informally described geological pseudo-period, which begins about 5 million years ago (Mya) and, drawing forward, combines the
Plio-Pleistocene
First epoch of the Quaternary Period
pentaradiatus and Discoaster surculus. The Pleistocene covers the recent period of repeated glaciations. The name Plio-Pleistocene has, in the past, been used to
Pleistocene
Extinction of large animals at the end of the last Ice Age
in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene". Biology. 11 (9): 1258. doi:10.3390/biology11091258. ISSN 2079-7737
Late_Pleistocene_extinctions
Family of mammals belonging to even-toed ungulates
demonstrates increase in mixed-feeding behavior of late Miocene to Plio-Pleistocene Bovidae". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 639 112058
Bovidae
Hypothesis about migration of species between Africa and Eurasia
possibly giving rise to allopatric speciation.[citation needed] The Plio-Pleistocene migrations to Africa included the Caprinae in two waves at 3.2 Ma and
Sahara_pump_theory
Extinct genus of bears
and Arctotherium sp. from the Plio-Pleistocene boundary of Venezuela, and Arctotherium sp. from the Early Pleistocene of El Salvador, dated to between
Arctotherium
Third division (unofficial) of the Pleistocene Epoch
Geraads, Denis (2002). "Plio-Pleistocene mammalian biostratigraphy of Atlantic Morocco / Biostratigraphie des mammifères Plio-Pléistocènes du Maroc atlantique"
Late_Pleistocene
Extinct subgenus of carnivores
doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.2022138. ISSN 0891-2963. Rook, L. 1994. The Plio-Pleistocene Old World Canis (Xenocyon) ex gr. falconeri. Bolletino della Società
Xenocyon
2023 book by April Nowell about life as a child in the ice age
Ice Age: Fossil and Archaeological Evidence of the Lived Lives of Plio-Pleistocene Children is a 2021 book by Paleolithic archaeologist, April Nowell
Growing_Up_in_the_Ice_Age
Geologic formation in India
Kumar, N. Siva Siddaiah (2005). "Magnetic polarity stratigraphy of Plio–Pleistocene Pinjor Formation (type locality), Siwalik Group, NW Himalaya, India"
Pinjor_Formation
Extinct species of lynx
extinct fossil species of lynx. It was described in 2022 based on Plio-Pleistocene-aged fossils found in China. The cranium was found in Longdan, Linxia
Lynx_hei
Extinct species of lion
Alemseged, Z.; Behrensmeyer, A. K. (eds.). "Patterns of change in the Plio-Pleistocene carnivorans of eastern Africa". Hominin Environments in the East African
Panthera_spelaea
Genus of owl
are known as well; Surnia capeki and Surnia robusta, both from the Plio-Pleistocene of Europe. Dénes Jánossy (1972). "Die Mittelpleistozäne Vogelfauna
Surnia
Extinct species of carnivore
S2CID 46716748. Lewis, M. E.; Werdelin, L. (2007), "Patterns of change in the Plio-Pleistocene carnivorans of eastern Africa", in Bobe, René; Alemseged, Zeresenay;
American_lion
American taphonomist and paleoecologist
information on the taphonomy and paleoecology of hominin-bearing, Plio-Pleistocene sediments . She held post-doctoral positions at UC Berkeley and Yale
Kay_Behrensmeyer
Reptile of Africa
Nile crocodile: C. anthropophagus from Plio-Pleistocene Tanzania and C. thorbjarnarsoni from Plio-Pleistocene Kenya. C. anthropophagus and C. thorbjarnarsoni
Nile_crocodile
Extinct hominid from South Africa
could indicate the Cradle of Humankind received more rainfall in the Plio-Pleistocene. In total, the Cradle of Humankind may have featured gallery forests
Australopithecus_africanus
Extinct species of canine
canid living in Plio-Pleistocene Kashmir. Its fossils were first discovered by B.S. Kotlia in Upper Karewa Formation. "A new Pleistocene canid from the
Canis_vitastensis
Extinct species of mammutid proboscidean
G.; Semprebon, Gina M. (February 2018). "Dietary reconstruction of Plio-Pleistocene proboscideans from the Carpathian Basin of Romania using enamel microwear"
"Mammut"_borsoni
Extinct genus of mammal
Megalovis is an extinct genus of bovid that lived in Eurasia during the Plio-Pleistocene. Megalovis is typically considered a member of the subtribe Ovibovina
Megalovis
Extinct species of hominin of East Africa
Elton, S.; Bishop, L. C.; Wood, B. (2001). "Comparative context of Plio-Pleistocene hominin brain evolution". Journal of Human Evolution. 41 (1): 16. Bibcode:2001JHumE
Paranthropus_boisei
Genus of mammal
(Civettictis civetta) and a recently described extinct relative from the Plio-Pleistocene of South Africa known as Civettictis braini. A 2006 phylogenetic study
Civettictis
Extinct species of bird
extinct species of magpie in the genus Pica that lived around the Plio-Pleistocene boundary. Fossils of P. mourerae are known from the site of Pedrera
Pica_mourerae
Extinct species of felid
occurrence of Puma pardoides (Owen, 1846) (Carnivora, Felidae) at the Plio/Pleistocene transition in western Europe: New evidence from the Middle Villafranchian
Puma_pardoides
Extinct species of hyena
hyena closely related to the living aardwolf. It lived during the Plio-Pleistocene in South Africa, where fossils have been found in the Swartkrans dated
Proteles_amplidentus
Second geologic period in the Cenozoic Era
environmental cycles, amplitudes, and trends in northeast Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene". Communications Earth & Environment. 4 (1): 360. Bibcode:2023ComEE
Neogene
Family of hoofed mammals
; Petronio, C. (2002). "Systematics and evolution of the Eurasian Plio-Pleistocene tribe Cervini (Artiodactyla, Mammalia)" (PDF). Geologica Romana. 36:
Deer
Extinct genus of saber-toothed cat from North America, Eurasia and Africa
increase could conclusively explain these extinctions. During the Plio-Pleistocene, East Africa witnessed the extinction of a large bear (Agriotherium)
Megantereon
Topics referred to by the same term
world's most recent repeated glaciations (2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago) Plio-Pleistocene, a geological pseudo-period Quaternary glaciation is the geologic period
Ice_Age
Genus of carnivores
premolars. It branched from the wolflike canids lineage during the Plio-Pleistocene. Since then, Lycaon has become lighter and tetradactyl, but has remained
Lycaon_(genus)
Archaeological culture
the Omo River basin. This formation documents the sediments of the Plio-Pleistocene and provides a record of the hominins that lived there. Lithic assemblages
Oldowan
Extinct genus of cercopithecid
Delson, Eric (1984). "Cercopithecid biochronology of the African Plio-Pleistocene: correlation among eastern and southern hominid-bearing localities"
Dinopithecus
Genus of reptiles
crocodile the Miocene to the Pleistocene of southern Asia. † Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni is an extinct crocodile from Plio-Pleistocene of Kenya. † Crocodylus
Crocodylus
Extinct species of carnivore
Chinas". The dating is not certain, but estimates place it around the Plio-Pleistocene boundary at two to three million years old. Panthera paleosinensis's
Panthera_palaeosinensis
British palaeoanthropologist
palaeoanthropologist. She works at Stony Brook University and is co-ordinator of Plio-Pleistocene research at the Turkana Basin Institute. She studies early hominid
Meave_Leakey
Extinct species of carnivore
Nicolas (2023). "A new canid species (Carnivora: Canidae) from the Plio-Pleistocene hominin-bearing site of Kromdraai (Cradle of Humankind, Gauteng, SouthAfrica)"
Lycaon_sekowei
that megalodon became extinct over 2 million years ago during the Plio-Pleistocene period, but some cryptozoologists and researchers think that this giant
List_of_cryptids
"Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Cradle of Humankind during the Plio-Pleistocene transition, inferred from the analysis of fossil birds from Member
List_of_Corvus_species
Extinct genus of rodents
fossil record of a bat (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) from Uruguay (Plio-Pleistocene, South America): a giant desmodontine". Historical Biology. 33 (2):
Josephoartigasia
Country in Southeastern Africa
cycles (known as African and post-African), and a very subordinate Plio-Pleistocene cycle. Zimbabwe has a subtropical climate with many local variations
Zimbabwe
Paleontological site in South Africa
important source of fossils from various species of Early Pliocene and Plio-Pleistocene fauna, including primates and big cats. Bolt's Farm is located about
Bolt's_Farm
Stratigraphic formation in the Omo River basin in Ethiopia
org Stewart, Kathlyn & Murray, Alison. (2008). Fish remains from the Plio-Pleistocene Shungura Formation, Omo River basin, Ethiopia. Geobios - GEOBIOS-LYON
Shungura_Formation
Subfamily of bears
sp. are first recorded from the Plio-Pleistocene El Breal de Orocual tar pits in Venezuela, and the earliest Pleistocene (Gelasian) of El Salvador. The
Tremarctinae
evolutionary history of the group, identifying Eocene–Oligocene and Plio–Pleistocene transitions as periods of major evolutionary changes, and linking changes
2026_in_paleomammalogy
First hominin expansion into Eurasia (2.1–0.1 Ma)
S2CID 2930029. Lewis, M. E., & Werdelin, L. (2007). "Patterns of change in the Plio-Pleistocene carnivorans of eastern Africa: Implications for hominin Evolution"
Early expansions of hominins out of Africa
Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa
Extinct species of mammal
Felidae) from the Early Pleistocene of Pantalla (Italy): predatory behavior and ecological role of the giant Plio–Pleistocene cheetah". Quaternary Science
Acinonyx_pleistocaenicus
sites, based on faunal correlations of Old World monkeys from African Plio-Pleistocene sites, is published by Frost et al. (2022), who interpret their findings
2022_in_paleomammalogy
Extinct hominin from the Early Pleistocene of East Africa
of South Africa Leakey, R. E. F. (1973). "Evidence for an Advanced Plio-Pleistocene Hominid from East Rudolf, Kenya". Nature. 242 (5398): 447–450. Bibcode:1973Natur
Homo_rudolfensis
Extinct giant shark species
largest fluctuation of sea levels in the Cenozoic era occurred in the Plio-Pleistocene, between around 5 million to 12 thousand years ago, due to the expansion
Megalodon
venerid assemblage from the Pleistocene Szekou Formation (Taiwan). Evidence from the study of bivalves from the Pleistocene and Holocene strata from Florida
2026_in_paleomalacology
Extinct European jaguar species
palaeoecological implications of new fossil felid material from the Plio-Pleistocene site of Tegelen, the Netherlands". Palaeontology. 47 (5): 1181–1193
Panthera_gombaszogensis
Genus of canines
from the immigration of Eurasian ancestors, likely coincident with Plio-Pleistocene climatic oscillations between arid and humid conditions. In 2017, the
Canis
Extinct species of carnivore
from the Late Pliocene to the Middle Pleistocene. The true number of species of Acinonyx in the Plio-Pleistocene of Eurasia is unclear. The earliest fossils
Acinonyx_pardinensis
Prehistoric period, first part of the Stone Age
archéologiques plio-pléistocènes de la formation de Nachukui, Ouest-Turkana, Kenya: bilan synthétique 1997-2001" [The Plio-Pleistocene archaeological
Paleolithic
Extinct genus of mole
Rzebikia is an extinct genus of mole from the Plio-Pleistocene of Poland. It is closely related to the American shrew-mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii) and had
Rzebikia
Palaeontological site in South Africa
2009. It is known for its well-preserved jackal skulls, dating to the Plio-Pleistocene at least 2 million years ago. Minnaar's Cave is located about 1 km
Minnaar's_Cave
Subfamily of mammals (Lutrinae)
(2022). "Lutrinae Bonaparte, 1838 (Carnivora, Mustelidae) from the Plio-Pleistocene of the Lower Omo Valley, southwestern Ethiopia: systematics and new
Otter
Genus of medium-sized wild cats
Chen, S. (2022). "The diversification of the lynx lineage during the Plio-Pleistocene—evidence from a new small Lynx from Longdan, Gansu Province, China"
Lynx
Plio-Pleistocene volcanic field in Oregon, United States
The Boring Lava Field (also known as the Boring Volcanic Field) is a Plio-Pleistocene volcanic field of cinder cones, small shield volcanoes, and lava flows
Boring_Lava_Field
Dead and decaying flesh of an animal
Hawkes, K; Blurton-Jones, N (1988). "Hadza scavenging: implications for Plio/Pleistocene hominid subsistence". Current Anthropology. 29 (2): 356–363. doi:10
Carrion
Extinct species of mammal
(in French). 30 (1): 127–164. doi:10.1016/s0016-6995(97)80263-x. "Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of northwestern Africa: A short review". Comptes Rendus Palevol
Acinonyx_aicha
Genus of hominin ancestral to modern humans
fragment confirm the potential of palaeoproteomics for South African Plio-Pleistocene fossil sites". South African Journal of Science. 121 (1/2). doi:10
Australopithecus
Extinct genus of marsupials
species: P. chillagoensis from the Plio-Pleistocene, and P. oscillans and P. wellingtonensis from the Pleistocene. The type species Propleopus oscillans
Propleopus
Parvorder of mammal
multiple lineages arrived at large size independently. It is possible the Plio-Pleistocene increase in seasonally intense upwellings, causing high-prey-density
Baleen_whale
Formation in California, United States
The Fernando Formation is a Plio-Pleistocene marine mudstone, siltstone and sandstone formation in the greater Los Angeles Basin, Ventura Basin, and Santa
Fernando_Formation
Tribe of deer
Marchetti, M., 2005. Systematical and biochronological review of Plio-Pleistocene Alceini (Cervidae; Mammalia) from Eurasia. Quaternary Sci. Rev. 24
Alceini
Extinct genus of mammals
Abderrahim (1 November 2023). "Palaeoecological reconstruction of Plio-Pleistocene herbivores from the Ahl al Oughlam site (Casablanca, Morocco): Insights
Sivatherium
Extinct subfamily of reptiles
W. (2020). "Australia's prehistoric 'swamp king': revision of the Plio-Pleistocene crocodylian genus Pallimnarchus de Vis, 1886". PeerJ. 8 e10466. doi:10
Mekosuchinae
Extinct genus of mammal
In comparison, true pursuit predators didn't even exist until the Plio-Pleistocene, a more recent development of carnivorans compared to the ungulates
Miracinonyx
Family of mammals
from the immigration of Eurasian ancestors, likely coincident with Plio-Pleistocene climatic oscillations between arid and humid conditions. When comparing
Canidae
Genus within Felidae
European jaguar, Panthera onca gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938), from the Plio-Pleistocene of Langenboom (The Netherlands)". Cainozoic Research. 8 (1–2): 35–40
Panthera
Extinct genus of sabertooth cat
Antón, M.; Salesa, M.J.; Galobart, A.; Tseng, Z.J. (July 2014). "The Plio-Pleistocene scimitar-toothed felid genus Homotherium Fabrini, 1890 (Machairodontinae
Homotherium
Extinct species
closely related to the modern spotted hyena. It lived through the Plio-Pleistocene, and has been reported from as early as 4.4 million years ago to as
Crocuta_dietrichi
Genus of rodents
Hydrochoerus gaylordi – Plio-Pleistocene capybara endemic to the Caribbean island of Grenada † Hydrochoerus hesperotiganites – Late Pleistocene capybara endemic
Hydrochoerus
Largest island in Fiji
valleys, such as those formed by the Nadi River and Navua River. The Plio-Pleistocene Mba group is found in the northern portion of the island. It consists
Viti_Levu
Species of mammal
loss was geologically a very recent event, occurring only around the Plio-Pleistocene about 2.5 million years ago, when the rakali, a large semiaquatic rodent
Platypus
Fossil species of cheetah
Felidae) from the Early Pleistocene of Pantalla (Italy): predatory behavior and ecological role of the giant Plio–Pleistocene cheetah". Quaternary Science
Acinonyx_intermedius
Extinct genus of birds
S (1998). "Avian community, climate, and sea-level changes in the Plio-Pleistocene of the Florida Peninsula". Ornithological Monographs. 50 (50). doi:10
Titanis
Extinct species of reptile
rock formations dating to 1.845 and 1.839 million years ago in the Plio-Pleistocene. The cladogram below is from a 2021 study based on the finding of a
Crocodylus_anthropophagus
research has sought to explain the evolution of human life histories, Plio/Pleistocene hominid hunting strategies and the emergence of the genus Homo from
James_F._O'Connell
Megafauna subgroup
ISSN 2296-701X. Faith, J. T.; Rowan, J.; Du, A.; Koch, P. L. (2018). "Plio-Pleistocene decline of African megaherbivores: No evidence for ancient hominin
Megaherbivore
Extinct species of bird
genus of megapode that was native to Australia. It was described from Plio-Pleistocene deposits at the Darling Downs and Chinchilla in southeastern Queensland
Giant_malleefowl
Contested extinct genus of hominins
New Species of the Genus Australopithecus (Primates: Hominidae) from Plio/Pleistocene Deposits West of Lake Turkana in Kenya". Primates. 30 (2): 223–232
Paranthropus
Archaic human species from 2.4 to 1.65 mya
carnivore feeding traces on hominid fossils from FLK 22 and FLK NN 3, Plio-Pleistocene, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania". Journal of Human Evolution. 63 (2): 408–417
Homo_habilis
Semiaquatic rodent
S2CID 36818290. Barisone, G.; Argenti, P.; Kotsakis, T. (2006). "Plio-Pleistocene evolution of the genus Castor (Rodentia, Mammalia) in Europe: C. fiber
Beaver
Species of equine
in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene". Biology. 11 (9): 1258. doi:10.3390/biology11091258. ISSN 2079-7737
Wild_horse
Extinct species of gastropod
the shell attains 4.5 mm. This extinct marine species was found in Plio–Pleistocene strata in Italy. Bouchet, P. (2015). Bela pseudoappeliusi Naldi, Della
Bela_pseudoappeliusi
Extinct species of Old World monkey
microwear and dietary reconstructions of fossil cercopithecoidea from the Plio-Pleistocene deposits of South Africa". Journal of Human Evolution. 49 (2): 180–205
Theropithecus_oswaldi
Species of gastropod
family Ringiculidae. Fossils of this marine species were found in Plio-Pleistocene strata of the Philippines. Microglyphis angulata Helwerda, 2015. 7
Microglyphis_angulata
Species of chiton in the family Acanthochitonidae, native to New Zealand
39 in) wide. N. rubiginosa is known as the most common chiton from the Plio-Pleistocene in fossil records of New Zealand. "Notoplax rubiginosa (Hutton, 1872)"
Notoplax_rubiginosa
Species of Old World monkey
History and Palaeo-Ecology of Primate Predation: Macaca sylvanus from Plio-Pleistocene Europe as a Case Study". Folia Primatologica. 83 (3–6): 216–235. doi:10
Barbary_macaque
Extinct genus of carnivorans
Lower Omo Valley in 2022, dating from the late Pliocene up to the Plio-Pleistocene boundary (3.44-2.53 Ma). Similar to E. dikikae, the species name was
Enhydriodon
2017). "Independent evolution of baleen whale gigantism linked to Plio-Pleistocene ocean dynamics". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
Largest_prehistoric_animals
Extinct genus of deer
doi:10.1134/S0031030113080017. ISSN 0031-0301. Croitor, Roman (2018). Plio-Pleistocene deer of Western Palearctic: taxonomy, systematics, phylogeny. Institute
Megaloceros
Extinct species of bear
(Late Pliocene / Early Pleistocene) of North America circa 2.6 million years ago. These first appearances near the Plio-Pleistocene boundary coincide with
Tremarctos_floridanus
Extinct species of horse native to Siberia
in North, Central and South America, Eurasia and Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene". Biology. 11 (9): 1258. doi:10.3390/biology11091258. ISSN 2079-7737
Equus_lenensis
Extinct subfamily of sabertooth cats
Gema (August 2021). "First small-sized Dinofelis: Evidence from the Plio-Pleistocene of North Africa". Quaternary Science Reviews. 265 107028. Bibcode:2021QSRv
Machairodontinae
Species of mammoth known from northern and central Africa (fossil)
Made, Jan; Everett, Melanie (June 2011). "Ecological background to Plio-Pleistocene hominin occupation in North Africa: the vertebrate faunas from Ain
Mammuthus_africanavus
Extinct species
evidence regarding the existence of pangolins in Europe during the Plio-Pleistocene period. The appearance of Smutsia olteniensis is assumed to be closely
Smutsia_olteniensis
Submarine trench to the east of the Philippines in the Pacific Ocean
years old. The central part of the Philippine fault formed during the Plio-Pleistocene times is considered to be an active depression of the Earth's crust
Philippine_Trench
PLIO PLEISTOCENE
PLIO PLEISTOCENE
Girl/Female
Greek
Celebrate. Abbreviation of Clotilde and Cleopatra. Clio was the Mythological Muse of historic...
Male
Portuguese
Portuguese name ABÃLIO means "able; proficient; skillful."
Male
Portuguese
Portuguese form of Roman Latin Atilius, possibly ATÃLIO means "father."
Male
Portuguese
Portuguese form of Latin Cornelius, CORNÉLIO means "of a horn."
Female
Spanish
Feminine form of Portuguese/Spanish Eulálio, EULÃLIA means "well-spoken."
Male
Spanish
Spanish and Portuguese form of Latin Eulalius, EULÃLIO means "well-spoken."
Boy/Male
Italian Latin
Pious.
Boy/Male
Australian, German, Italian, Latin, Portuguese
Pious; Pilgrim
Male
Italian
Italian and Portuguese form of Latin Pius, PIO means "pious."
PLIO PLEISTOCENE
PLIO PLEISTOCENE
PLIO PLEISTOCENE
PLIO PLEISTOCENE
PLIO PLEISTOCENE
PLIO PLEISTOCENE
PLIO PLEISTOCENE