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Cancelled NASA space exploration program
The Planetary Observer program is a cancelled space exploration program designed by NASA to provide cheaper planetary orbiters by using Earth-orbiting
Planetary_Observer_program
Failed NASA orbiter mission to Mars (1992–1993)
Climatology Orbiter. As the first and ultimately only mission in the Planetary Observer program, its design was based on earlier Earth-orbiting satellites, including
Mars_Observer
Division of NASA
The Planetary Missions Program Office is a division of NASA headquartered at the Marshall Space Flight Center, formed by the agency's Science Mission Directorate
Planetary Missions Program Office
Planetary_Missions_Program_Office
Planned family of uncrewed NASA spacecraft
Committee in 1983, the Planetary Observer program, and Mariner Mark II. The Observer program, starting with the Mars Observer, was envisioned as a series
Mariner_Mark_II
Sending probes to the solar system's smallest major planet
Frontiers program. If selected, it would launch in March 2035 and land in April 2045. Mercury Observer was a cancelled proposal in the Planetary Observer program
Exploration_of_Mercury
Series of space exploration missions being conducted by NASA
not a comet.) From Vision and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade 2013–2022 Io Volcano Observer Lunar Geophysical Network Saturn Atmospheric
New_Frontiers_program
Publication of the United States National Research Council
The Planetary Science Decadal Survey is a serial publication of the United States National Research Council produced for NASA and other United States
Planetary Science Decadal Survey
Planetary_Science_Decadal_Survey
Rocket launch site in Florida, US
visited by Space Shuttle Endeavour during STS-49) and the failed Mars Observer in September 1992. Following the Commercial Titan III's retirement, LC-40
Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 40
Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_40
Solar system exploration program by NASA
Planetary Missions Program Office. The cost of each mission is capped at a lower level than missions from NASA's New Frontiers or Flagship Programs.
Discovery_Program
Proposed American mission to explore Jupiter's moon Io
Volcano Observer (IVO) was a proposal for a low-cost mission to explore Jupiter's moon Io to understand tidal heating as a fundamental planetary process
Io_Volcano_Observer
Prevention of interplanetary biological contamination
Planetary protection is a guiding principle in the design of an interplanetary mission, aiming to prevent biological contamination of both the target
Planetary_protection
1961–1972 American crewed lunar exploration program
the Moon Soviet crewed lunar programs Stolen and missing Moon rocks "How much did the Apollo program cost?". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original
Apollo_program
American engineer and planetary scientist (born 1957)
developed eight scientific instruments for planetary and near-space research missions and has been a guest observer on numerous NASA satellite observatories
Alan_Stern
Uncrewed spaceflight program by NASA
ultimately chosen as the twelfth Discovery program mission. A significant budget cut of US$300 million to NASA's planetary science division occurred in FY2013
Mars_Exploration_Program
International scientific and educational organization
The Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO or A.L.P.O.) is an international scientific and educational organization established in March 1947
Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers
Association_of_Lunar_and_Planetary_Observers
Sending a space probe past a planet or dwarf planet
A planetary flyby is the act of sending a space probe past a planet or a dwarf planet close enough to record scientific data. This is a subset of the
Planetary_flyby
Martian volcano, highest point on Mars
Phenomenon on Mars "Olympus Mons". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. (Center Latitude: 18.65°, Center Longitude: 226
Olympus_Mons
Cancelled 2005–2010 NASA human spaceflight program
of technologies necessary to enable sustained human presence on other planetary bodies. Constellation began in response to the goals laid out in the Vision
Constellation_program
NASA-led lunar exploration program
The Artemis program is a Moon exploration program led by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), aimed at returning humans
Artemis_program
Artemis Robotic programs Past Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor '98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor
National_Astronaut_Day
American space and aeronautics agency
candidate programs. Cost caps vary but recent mission selection processes were accomplished using a $500M cost cap for NASA. The Planetary Mission Program Office
NASA
Budget allocated to American space agency NASA by the US Congress
earth science programs… that Reagan began. Ars Technica NASA - Budget Documents, Strategic Plans and Performance Reports The Planetary Society - What
Budget_of_NASA
Larger of the two moons of Mars
Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature USGS Astrogeology Research Program, Categories Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature USGS Astrogeology Research Program, Craters
Phobos_(moon)
Coordinate system for planets
A planetary coordinate system (also referred to as planetographic, planetodetic, or planetocentric) is a generalization of the geographic, geodetic, and
Planetary_coordinate_system
Robotic spacecraft missions to the Moon by the Soviet Union (1958–1976)
Anatoly. "Planetary Spacecraft – Moon Missions". RussianSpaceWeb.com. "Comparison of US and Estimated Soviet Expenditures for Space Programs" (PDF). CIA
Luna_programme
American science journalist (born 1980)
of Directors as Observer". seti.org. August 20, 2024. Retrieved May 4, 2026. Reddy, Vishnu (May 10, 2016). "AAS Division For Planetary Sciences Announces
Nadia_Drake
1968 photograph of Earth from lunar orbit
were named Anders' Earthrise and 8 Homeward by the Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN) of the International Astronomical Union. The
Earthrise
2013–2017 proposed NASA space mission
spacecraft would have characterized the asteroid and demonstrated at least one planetary defense technique before transporting the boulder to a stable lunar orbit
Asteroid_Redirect_Mission
Logo designs used by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
optical landing system. In 1974, as part of the Federal Graphics Improvement Program of the National Endowment for the Arts, NASA commissioned Richard Danne
NASA_insignia
Chinese Solar System exploration program
The Planetary Exploration of China (PEC; Chinese: 中国行星探测; pinyin: Zhōngguó Xíngxīng Tàncè), is the robotic interplanetary spaceflight program conducted
Planetary Exploration of China
Planetary_Exploration_of_China
NASA projects to test new space technologies
spacecraft in the New Millennium Program were originally named "Deep Space" (for missions demonstrating technology for planetary missions) and "Earth Observing"
New_Millennium_Program
1972–2011 United States human spaceflight program
The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which
Space_Shuttle_program
Series of NASA missions
and the habitability of planets are affected by solar variability and planetary magnetic fields. Develop the capability to predict the extreme and dynamic
Solar Terrestrial Probes program
Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program
Operator of US environmental satellite programs
(NOAA) to operate and manage the United States environmental satellite programs, and manage the data gathered by the National Weather Service and other
National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service
National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service
Methods to prevent destructive asteroid hits
"NEOShield" project. In November 2021, NASA launched a program with a different goal in terms of planetary defense. Many common methods previously in place
Asteroid_impact_avoidance
Proposed crewed Venus flyby
and time. Definition of the planetary surface and its properties. Chemical composition of the low atmosphere and the planetary surface. Ionospheric data
Manned_Venus_flyby
Division of the US Geological Survey which studies planetary geology and cartography
United States Geological Survey concerned with the study of planetary geology and planetary cartography. It is housed in the Shoemaker Building in Flagstaff
Astrogeology_Research_Program
Head of the US independent space agency
on the Apollo program, Webb ensured that NASA carried out a program of planetary exploration with the Mariner and Pioneer space programs. Webb was an early
Administrator_of_NASA
Series of NASA satellites
into safe-mode on January 30, 2020. The concept of a Great Observatory program was first proposed in the 1979 NRC report "A Strategy for Space Astronomy
Great_Observatories_program
2021 NASA planetary defense mission
Redirection Test (DART) was a NASA space mission to test a method of planetary defense against near-Earth objects (NEOs). It was designed to assess how
Double Asteroid Redirection Test
Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test
Natural satellites of the planet Mars
of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. "Voltaire". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. "Target:
Moons_of_Mars
American launch vehicle range
high-altitude, high-velocity test of the SpaceX reusable launch system development program. Eastern Range Missile Range Instrumentation Ship Federation of American
Western_Range_(USSF)
NOAA laboratory and service center
Planetary Missions Discovery New Frontiers Solar System Exploration Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor Vanguard Viking Voyager X-37 NASA Astronaut Corps
Space Weather Prediction Center
Space_Weather_Prediction_Center
Interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere focusing on weather forecasting
Other interdisciplinary areas include biometeorology, space weather, and planetary meteorology. Marine weather forecasting relates meteorology to maritime
Meteorology
NASA Mars rover deployed in 2004
mission is considered one of NASA's most successful ventures. Due to the planetary 2018 dust storm on Mars, Opportunity ceased communications on June 10
Opportunity_(rover)
NASA spacecraft communication system
Space Network (SN) is a NASA program that combines space and ground elements to support spacecraft communications in Earth vicinity. The SN Project Office
Space_Network
Innermost Galilean moon of Jupiter
2024. McEwen, A. S.; IVO Team (2021). The Io Volcano Observer (IVO) (PDF). 52nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 15–19 March 2020. Abstract #2548
Io_(moon)
Proposed occulter
many spacecraft/starshades. This would allow observers to resolve the planet and obtain true planetary imaging.[citation needed] Aragoscope Coronagraph
New_Worlds_Mission
Division of NASA which trains astronauts
only a few are chosen for the intensive astronaut candidate training program. Including the "Original Seven", 339 candidates have been selected to date
NASA_Astronaut_Corps
Former NASA Mars rover, active from 2004 to 2010
4 mi), allowing more extensive geological analysis of Martian rocks and planetary surface features. Initial scientific results from the first phase of the
Spirit_(rover)
Lunar impact crater
Mars-crossing asteroid "Amundsen". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. Joshi, Maitri P. (February 2017). "Physical properties
Amundsen_(crater)
NASA program designed to explore Mars
missions on Mars that would also set up a planetary network across Mars and work in conjunction with Mars Observer. The original plan was proposed by NASA
MESUR
1972 NASA scandal
27, 1972 letter, pp. 1, 7–8. "Apollo 15 Mission Overview". Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved November 21, 2018. Faries, p. 30. August 3, 1972
Apollo 15 postal covers incident
Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident
Ion accelerator at Brookhaven National Lab, for studying high-energy particle exposure
format among NSRL biology experimenters called the "GCR Simulator". This program combines a series of beams, from H+ to Fe26+, of various energies, which
NASA Space Radiation Laboratory
NASA_Space_Radiation_Laboratory
Smaller and outer moon of Mars
Velocity Estimation". Google Docs. "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS Astrogeology Research Program. Lakdawalla, Emily (9 March 2009). "Mars Reconnaissance
Deimos_(moon)
Largest dwarf planet
Kuiper belt. It was immediately hailed as the ninth planet. However, its planetary status was questioned when it was found to be much smaller than expected
Pluto
Series of United States uncrewed lunar and planetary space probes (1958-60; 1965-92)
The Pioneer programs were two series of United States lunar and planetary space probes. The first program, which ran from 1958 to 1960, unsuccessfully
Pioneer_program
Fifth planet from the Sun
moon was later named Amalthea. It was the last planetary moon to be discovered directly by a visual observer through a telescope. An additional eight satellites
Jupiter
Scientific instruments on board the Mars Observer and Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft
The Mars Orbiter Camera and Mars Observer Camera (MOC) were scientific instruments on board the Mars Observer and Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft. The
Mars_Orbiter_Camera
First NASA Mars rover on Mars Pathfinder mission
membership in the Society's Planetary Geology Division. In November 1997, to commemorate the achievements of Mars Pathfinder program, a $3 Priority Mail stamp
Sojourner_(rover)
Treadmill aboard the International Space Station
Artemis Robotic programs Past Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor '98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor
Treadmill with Vibration Isolation Stabilization
Treadmill_with_Vibration_Isolation_Stabilization
NASA administrator (1921–1992)
Planetary Society, the National Space Institute, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the Pacific Forum CSIS Honolulu Hawaii. The Planetary
Thomas_O._Paine
probes (1978) Vega program — USSR mission to Venus and Comet Halley (1984) See List of Earth flybys In addition, several planetary probes have sent back
List_of_Solar_System_probes
NASA space program partnership with space companies
Commercial Crew Program (CCDev) began in the second round of the program, which was rescoped from a smaller technology development program for human spaceflight
Development of the Commercial Crew Program
Development_of_the_Commercial_Crew_Program
NASA and MTU website
"About APOD". APOD. Retrieved September 25, 2012. "AAS Meeting 187th Program". American Astronomical Society. 1996. Archived from the original on September
Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day
Succession of methods by which astronomers determine the distances to celestial objects
a similar numerical analysis can be used for planetary nebulae within far off galaxies. The planetary nebula luminosity function (PNLF) was first proposed
Cosmic_distance_ladder
Infrared telescope
imaging or photometry. SpeX is used for a wide array of planetary and astrophysical research programs and is the most requested instrument on IRTF. MORIS
NASA Infrared Telescope Facility
NASA_Infrared_Telescope_Facility
American planetary scientist
Jani Radebaugh (/ˈdʒeɪni ˈrædəbɔː/; JAY-nee RAD-ə-baw) is an American planetary scientist and professor of geology at Brigham Young University who specializes
Jani_Radebaugh
for the Discovery program in the 21st century. NASA's Small Bodies Assessment Group (SBAG), in their Visions and Voyages for Planetary Science in the Decade
Selection of Discovery Mission 13 and 14
Selection_of_Discovery_Mission_13_and_14
American scientist and science communicator (1934–1996)
and directed the Laboratory for Planetary Studies. He played an active role in the Mariner, Viking and Voyager programs. He published more than 600 scientific
Carl_Sagan
American mechanical engineer
mechanical engineer at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. His work involves planetary sample acquisition and handling. He has worked on the Mars Science Laboratory
Aaron_Yazzie
Non-profit interdisciplinary university
initiatives International meetings: Moon initiatives". The Planetary Society Blog. The Planetary Society. Retrieved 28 January 2018. "Moon Village Association"
International Space University
International_Space_University
Measure of a civilization's evolution
types, based on the axiom of exponential growth: A Type I civilization (planetary) is able to access all the energy available on its planet and store it
Kardashev_scale
American scientist
Njoku worked at NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC from 1986-1990 as a program scientist for Earth science data information systems. He contributed to
Eni_G._Njoku
Astronomy computer program
planetary nebulae, galactic redshifts, geological planetary displays (e.g. 3D interiors, topographic and bathymetric maps, paleogeography), planetary
Celestia
Astronomical observatory and historic landmark in Arizona, US
astronomers today. Lowell Observatory participated in the International Planetary Patrol Program from its formation in 1969 until 1990. Lowell scientist William
Lowell_Observatory
Office within NASA
The Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program places the three prime NASA space communications networks, Space Network (SN), Near Earth Network
Space Communications and Navigation Program
Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program
has been an avid lunar and planetary observer for decades. He has served in the Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers (ALPO), including being Recorder
Meanings of minor-planet names: 47001–48000
Meanings_of_minor-planet_names:_47001–48000
Series of five uncrewed lunar orbiter missions
Moon: Lunar Orbiter Program Lunar and Planetary Institute Digital Lunar Orbiter Photographic Atlas of the Moon Lunar and Planetary Institute Lunar Orbiter
Lunar_Orbiter_program
Department of the United States government
Planetary Missions Discovery New Frontiers Solar System Exploration Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor Vanguard Viking Voyager X-37 NASA Astronaut Corps
Office of Science and Technology Policy
Office_of_Science_and_Technology_Policy
Single yellow-hued star in the constellation Cetus
the star is moving away from the observer, or toward blue (or shorter wavelengths) when it moves toward the observer. In the case of Tau Ceti, the radial
Tau_Ceti
American planetary scientist
Carolyn C. Porco (born March 6, 1953) is an American planetary scientist who explores the outer Solar System, beginning with her imaging work on the Voyager
Carolyn_Porco
U.S. space agency oversight entity
responsible for researching the structure of Earth, the Moon, and other planetary bodies. The GISS is also responsible for research on atmospheres, origins
NASA Office of Inspector General
NASA_Office_of_Inspector_General
Failed NASA mission to Mars (1998–1999)
customary units by spacecraft builder Lockheed Martin. After the loss of Mars Observer and the onset of the rising costs associated with the future International
Mars_Climate_Orbiter
NASA official
Artemis Robotic programs Past Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor '98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor
Deputy_Administrator_of_NASA
Planetary nebula in the constellation Gemini
Clown Face Nebula, Lion Nebula, or Caldwell 39, is a bipolar double-shell planetary nebula (PN). It was discovered by astronomer William Herschel in 1787
Eskimo_Nebula
Phases of Earth as seen from the Moon
does for terrestrial observers. The phases, however, are opposite; when the terrestrial observer sees the full Moon, the lunar observer sees a "new Earth"
Earth_phase
developed many space programs since the beginning of the spaceflight era in the mid-20th century. The government runs space programs by three primary agencies:
List of space programs of the United States
List_of_space_programs_of_the_United_States
Commercial orbital communications network
the Space Shuttle program. The NEN falls under NASA's SOMD (Space Operations Mission Directorate), interoperating with the SCaN Program offices. The Goddard
Near_Earth_Network
Venture capital firm
health. IndieBio, a startup development program centered on life sciences and addressing human and planetary health, with offices in New York City and
SOSV
American rocket range
Strategic Systems Project Office supporting the Navy's fleet ballistic missile programs. Much of that system's exact details were classified. As recently as July
Eastern_Range
Astronomical observatory in China
project - Chinese Near Earth Object Survey (CNEOS)" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Institute: Asteroids, Comets, Meteors (2008 conference). Retrieved 26
Purple_Mountain_Observatory
Ongoing space research program
The International Space Station program is the space program of the International Space Station. It is tied together by a complex set of legal, political
International Space Station program
International_Space_Station_program
Former NASA-sponsored popular science magazine
Artemis Robotic programs Past Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor '98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor
Astrobiology_Magazine
Colombian planetary geologist (born 1955)
January 5, 1955) is a Colombian-Argentinian-American planetary geologist and a former science program manager at NASA. In 1970, Ocampo emigrated to California
Adriana_Ocampo
Second planet from the Sun
thought to have formed in 5 stages: dust settling, planetesimal formation, planetary embryos, giant impacts, and finally formation of atmospheres. Limited
Venus
Pair of NASA landers and orbiters sent to Mars in 1976
deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series. "The Viking Program". The Center for Planetary Science. Archived from the original on November 20, 2023.
Viking_program
Photograph of the Solar System taken by MESSENGER spacecraft
Artemis Robotic programs Past Hitchhiker Mariner Mariner Mark II MESUR Mars Surveyor '98 New Millennium Lunar Orbiter Pioneer Planetary Observer Ranger Surveyor
Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)
Large, round non-stellar astronomical object
category; Ceres, Pluto, and Eris are in the category of dwarf planet. Many planetary scientists have nonetheless continued to apply the term planet more broadly
Planet
NASA human spaceflight program for the International Space Station
Dreier, Casey (19 May 2020). "NASA's Commercial Crew Program is a Fantastic Deal". The Planetary Society. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020.
Commercial_Crew_Program
PLANETARY OBSERVER-PROGRAM
PLANETARY OBSERVER-PROGRAM
Girl/Female
Muslim
Like, Equal, Matching, Observer, Supervisor
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Observer
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Observer supervisor
Boy/Male
Hindu
Observer
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Observer
Girl/Female
Indian
Warner, Observer, Supervisor
Boy/Male
Muslim
Observer
Girl/Female
Muslim
Like, Equal, Matching, Observer, Supervisor
Boy/Male
Muslim
Observer, Guard the watcher
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian, Muslim
Observer; Guard
Surname or Lastname
English
English : status name for a servant.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Observer of the Gods
Girl/Female
Muslim
Warner, Observer, Supervisor
Boy/Male
Indian
Observer, Guard the watcher
Girl/Female
Indian
Warner, Observer, Supervisor
Biblical
inquirer; examiner; dull observer
Girl/Female
Muslim
Warner, Observer, Supervisor
Boy/Male
Tamil
Niriksh | நிரீகà¯à®·
Observer
Niriksh | நிரீகà¯à®·
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Observer supervisor
Girl/Female
Biblical
Inquirer, examiner, dull observer.
PLANETARY OBSERVER-PROGRAM
PLANETARY OBSERVER-PROGRAM
Boy/Male
Bengali, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu
Prince
Boy/Male
Indian
Always; Again and Again; God Always with Him
Girl/Female
Indian, Telugu
More
Boy/Male
Muslim
Servant of the surrounded
Girl/Female
Hindu
Dance performed by Goddess Parvati
Boy/Male
Tamil
Famous, Renowned
Boy/Male
Tamil
Dipjyoti | தீபà¯à®œà¯à®¯à¯‹à®¤à¯€
Light of lamp
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Name of a Slave-girl of Amr Bin Al-ala
Boy/Male
Muslim
Replacement
Girl/Female
Afghan, Arabic, French, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Parsi
Angelic; Like a Fairy
PLANETARY OBSERVER-PROGRAM
PLANETARY OBSERVER-PROGRAM
PLANETARY OBSERVER-PROGRAM
PLANETARY OBSERVER-PROGRAM
PLANETARY OBSERVER-PROGRAM
a.
Having the nature of a planet; erratic; revolving; wandering.
a.
Of or pertaining to the planets; as, planetary inhabitants; planetary motions; planetary year.
n.
The office or work of an observer.
n.
One who keeps any law, custom, regulation, rite, etc.; one who conforms to anything in practice.
a.
Under the dominion or influence of a planet.
n.
A sycophantic follower.
interj.
Look; see; behold; observe.
imp. & p. p.
of Observe
n.
A strict observer of the Sabbath.
a.
Of or pertaining to the sole of the foot; as, the plantar arteries.
a.
Caused by planets.
p. pr. & vb. n.
of Observe
n.
One who observes or considers; an observer.
v. t.
To be on the watch respecting; to pay attention to; to notice with care; to see; to perceive; to discover; as, to observe an eclipse; to observe the color or fashion of a dress; to observe the movements of an army.
n.
One who observes, or pays attention to, anything; especially, one engaged in, or trained to habits of, close and exact observation; as, an astronomical observer.
a.
Consisting of planets; as, a planetary system.
n.
One who fulfills or performs; as, an observer of his promises.
v. t.
To take notice of by appropriate conduct; to conform one's action or practice to; to keep; to heed; to obey; to comply with; as, to observe rules or commands; to observe civility.
a.
Having reference to the placenta; as, the placentary system of classification.
n.
One who observes method.