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Extinct paraphyletic class of fishes
Placoderms (from Ancient Greek πλάξ [plax, plakos] 'plate' and δέρμα [derma] 'skin') are vertebrate animals of the class Placodermi, an extinct group of
Placoderm
Infraphylum of vertebrates
and cartilaginous fishes, as well as extinct prehistoric fish such as placoderms and acanthodians. Most gnathostomes have retained ancestral traits like
Gnathostomata
Genus of extinct fishes
Dunkleosteus consists of ten species, some of which are among the largest placoderms ("plate-skinned") to have ever lived: D. terrelli, D. belgicus, D. denisoni
Dunkleosteus
Diverse genus of placoderm fishes of the Devonian
lepis 'scale') was a widespread, abundant and diverse genus of antiarch placoderms that lived during the Middle to Late Devonian period of the Paleozoic
Bothriolepis
Extinct genus of fishes
Microbrachius is an extinct genus of tiny, advanced antiarch placoderms closely related to the bothriolepids. Specimens range in age from the Lower Devonian
Microbrachius
Origin and diversification of fish through geologic time
record from the Silurian by two groups of fish: the armoured fish known as placoderms, which evolved from the ostracoderms; and the Acanthodii (or spiny sharks)
Evolution_of_fish
Extinct genus of fishes
Pinguosteus thulborni is a species of arthrodire placoderm from the Gogo Reef Formation, of Late Devonian Australia. The proportions of its armor, coupled
Pinguosteus
Third period of the Paleozoic Era
during the Silurian was the diversification of jawed fish, which include placoderms, acanthodians (which gave rise to cartilaginous fish) and osteichthyan
Silurian
Gill-bearing non-tetrapod aquatic vertebrates
including all living cartilaginous and bony fish, as well as the extinct placoderms and acanthodians. In a break from the long tradition of grouping all fish
Fish
Extinct genus of placoderm
Xiushanosteus is a genus of placoderm from the Huixingshao Formation of China. It contains one species, Xiushanosteus mirabilis. It is one of the earliest
Xiushanosteus
presented in 2023 is a list of new fossil taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and other fishes that were described
2023_in_paleoichthyology
Extinct paraphyletic class of fishes
characteristics are considered homologous characteristics derived from common placoderm ancestors[clarification needed], and present also in basal cartilaginous
Acanthodii
This list of placoderms is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all genera from the fossil record that have ever been considered to be members
List_of_placoderm_genera
presented in 2024 is a list of new fossil taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and other fishes that were described
2024_in_paleoichthyology
biomechanical performance and dental complexity in eight eubrachythoracid placoderms from the Devonian Gogo Formation (Australia), providing evidence of different
2026_in_paleoichthyology
Class of jawed cartilaginous fish
connection between the teeth and the original dermal scales. The old placoderms did not have teeth at all, but had sharp bony plates in their mouth. Thus
Chondrichthyes
Placoderm fish from the late Ludlow epoch of the Silurian period
Entelognathus primordialis (“primordial complete jaw”) is an early placoderm from the late Silurian (Ludlow epoch) of Qujing, Yunnan, 419 million years
Entelognathus
Extinct suborder of placoderm fishes
Bothriolepidoidei is a suborder of antiarch placoderm fishes. The group is considered paraphyletic. The cladogram is taken from Bothriolepid antiarchs
Bothriolepidoidei
Extinct genus of fishes
Actinolepis is an extinct genus of actinolepid placoderm from the Early Devonian. Four species are known: A. magna from Estonia, A. spinosa from Latvia
Actinolepis_(placoderm)
Extinct genus of maxillate placoderm fish
Bianchengichthys is a genus of maxillate placoderm fish from the late Silurian Period. Its fossils have been recovered from Yunnan Province, China, and
Bianchengichthys
Genus of selenosteid placoderm from the Devonian
(/æliˌiːnəˈkænθəs/) (meaning "alien spine") is a genus of selenosteid placoderm from the Famennian Ostrówka Quarry in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains, Poland
Alienacanthus
Extinct genus of fishes
Qilinyu is a genus of early placoderm from the late Silurian (late Ludfordian stage, ~423 Ma) of China. It contains a single species, Qilinyu rostrata
Qilinyu
Genus of fishes
Brindabellaspis stensioi ("Erik Stensiö's Brindabella Ranges Shield") is a placoderm with a flat, platypus-like snout from the Early Devonian of the Taemas-Wee
Brindabellaspis
Extinct order of fishes
groups of placoderms. Arthrodire placoderms are notable for the movable joint between armor surrounding their heads and bodies. Like all placoderms, they
Arthrodira
Several new fossil taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and other fishes were described during the year 2025, which
2025_in_paleoichthyology
Extinct genus of fishes
Grossaspis is a monotypic genus of antiarch placoderms known from the Givetian age of Eifel, Germany. It is represented by the single species, Grossaspis
Grossaspis
Extinct order of fishes
The ptyctodontids ("folded-teeth") are placoderms of the order Ptyctodontida, containing the family Ptyctodontidae. With their big heads, big eyes, reduced
Ptyctodontida
Extinct genus of placoderm
(meaning "titanic fish") is an extinct genus of giant, aberrant marine placoderm from shallow seas of the Late Devonian of Morocco, Eastern North America
Titanichthys
research presented in 2021 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and other fishes
2021_in_paleoichthyology
Geological formation in Germany
fishes have been described from the Hunsruck slate. Several genera of placoderm armoured fish have been recorded, including some preserved in three dimensions
Hunsrück_Slate
Extinct genus of fishes
Materpiscis (Latin for mother fish) is a genus of ptyctodontid placoderm from the Late Devonian located at the Gogo Formation of Western Australia. Known
Materpiscis
Extinct order of fishes
Rhenanida ("Rhine (fish)") is an order of scaly placoderms. Unlike most other placoderms, the rhenanids' armor was made up of a mosaic of unfused scales
Rhenanida
Armored jawless fish of the Paleozoic
it has two internal nasal organs. After the appearance of jawed fish (placoderms, acanthodians, sharks, etc.) about 420 million years ago, most ostracoderm
Ostracoderm
Extinct genus of fishes
Gemuendina stuertzi (named for Gemünden from where it was discovered) is a placoderm of the order Rhenanida, of the seas of Early Devonian Germany. In life
Gemuendina
Extinct species of bony fish
conodonts as index fossils. The Xiaoxiang fauna also includes galeaspids, placoderms and acanthodians. Guiyu was described by Chinese palaeontologist Zhu Min
Guiyu_oneiros
Devonian fossil locality in Canada
(2): 81–96. ISSN 0001-5709. Johanson, Zerina; Smith, Moya M. (2003). "Placoderm fishes, pharyngeal denticles, and the vertebrate dentition". Journal of
MOTH_locality
Extinct genus of fishes
'berry' and Greek: ὀστέον ostéon 'bone') is an extinct genus of arthrodire placoderm from the Devonian period. Its fossils have been found throughout Europe
Coccosteus
Fourth period of the Paleozoic Era
time, leading the Devonian to be called the Age of Fishes. The armored placoderms began dominating almost every known aquatic environment. In the oceans
Devonian
Geologic formation in Nunavut, Canada
placoderm. Asterolepis A. alticristata NV2K17 locality. Numerous specimens. A placoderm. A. cf. radiata NV2K17 locality. Multiple plates. A placoderm
Fram_Formation
Extinct order of fishes
(spine chests) is an extinct group of chimaera-like placoderms closely related to the rhenanid placoderms. Superficially, the acanthoracids resembled scaly
Acanthothoraci
Extinct genus of fishes
Stensioella heintzi is an enigmatic placoderm of arcane affinity. It is only known from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück slate of Germany. The genus is named
Stensioella
Set of bones which connects the arm to the axial skeleton on each side
clavicle. This muscle acts to elevate the clavicle. A specimen of the placoderm Kolymaspis demonstrates that the shoulder girdle evolved from gill arches
Shoulder_girdle
Extinct genus of fishes
Dicksonosteus is an extinct genus of basal arthrodire placoderm fish which lived during the Early Devonian period of Spitsbergen, Norway. Within Arthrodira
Dicksonosteus
Nessariostoma granulosum is a lightly armored pseudopetalichthyid placoderm from the Hunsrückschiefer Lagerstätte of Early Devonian Germany. The type
Nessariostoma
Class of ray-finned bony fishes
†Cephalaspidomorphi †Galeaspida †Pituriaspida †Osteostraci Jawed fish †Placoderms †Antiarchi †Arthrodira †Brindabellaspida †Petalichthyida †Phyllolepida
Actinopterygii
Obsolete group of jawed vertebrates
class Placodermi. Recent studies indicate that Osteichthyes evolved from placoderms like Entelognathus, while acanthodians are more closely related to modern
Teleostomi
Extinct genus of fishes
Murrindalaspis is an extinct genus of acanthothoracid placoderm found in the McLarty Member of the Murrindal Limestone, of the Early Devonian-aged Buchan
Murrindalaspis
Weejasperaspis is an extinct acanthothoracid placoderm found in the Taemas-Weejasper Reef, of the Early Devonian-aged Buchan Group in eastern Victoria
Weejasperaspis
Extinct genus of placoderm fish
Lunaspis is an extinct genus of armor-plated petalichthyid placoderm fish that lived in shallow marine environments of the Early Devonian period, from
Lunaspis
Extinct genus of fishes
Rhamphodopsis is a genus of extinct ptyctodont placoderm from the Middle Devonian Old Red Sandstone of Scotland. There are two species of Rhamphodopsis
Rhamphodopsis
fish genera List of acanthodian genera List of conodont genera List of placoderm genera List of chitinozoan genera List of eurypterid genera List of mosasaur
Lists_of_prehistoric_animals
Pseudopetalichthyida is an order of lightly armored placoderms known only from rare fossils in Lower Devonian strata in Hunsrück, Germany. Like Stensioella
Pseudopetalichthyida
Genus of extinct placoderms
Incisoscutum is an extinct genus of arthrodire placoderm from the Early Frasnian Gogo Reef, from Late Devonian Australia. The genus contains two species
Incisoscutum
presented in 2022 is a list of new fossil taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and other fishes that were described
2022_in_paleoichthyology
Extinct genus of fishes
Asterosteus is a genus of rhenanid placoderm from the Eifelian. The type species, A. stenocephalus, is known from an incomplete skull from Middle Devonian
Asterosteus
Extinct genus of fish
Kimbryanodus is a genus of extinct ptyctodontid placoderm fish from the Frasnian of Australia.These placoderms can be told apart from others due to the large
Kimbryanodus
Species of extinct placoderm
Fallacosteus is an extinct monospecific genus of arthrodire placoderm from the Early Frasnian stage of the Late Devonian period, found at the Gogo Formation
Fallacosteus
Extinct genus of fishes
Potangaspis is an extinct genus of placoderm fish that existed in China during the Devonian period. It was first named by Zhu Min, Wang Jun-qing, and
Potangaspis
Genus of fishes (fossil)
Gorgonichthys is extinct monospecific genus of large arthrodire placoderm. Fossils are found in the Upper Famennian Cleveland Shales of Late Devonian
Gorgonichthys
Cambrian fossil chordate
†Cephalaspidomorphi †Galeaspida †Pituriaspida †Osteostraci Jawed fish †Placoderms †Antiarchi †Arthrodira †Brindabellaspida †Petalichthyida †Phyllolepida
Yunnanozoon
fishes described in 2019 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and other fishes
2019_in_paleoichthyology
Opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the mouth
probably originally evolved in the Silurian period and appeared in the Placoderm fish which further diversified in the Devonian. The two most anterior
Jaw
Extinct family of fishes
Bothriolepididae is a family of antiarch placoderms, known from the Emsian, to Famennian. The cladogram is from "Bothriolepid antiarchs (Vertebrata, Placodermi)
Bothriolepididae
Extinct genus of armored fish
single species, Amazichthys trinajsticae. It is one of a few example of placoderm known from whole body shape, including cartilaginous axial and fin elements
Amazichthys
Genus of extinct fish
Kujdanowiaspis is an extinct genus of arthrodire placoderm fish from the Early Devonian of Podolia (Ukraine), Poland and Spain. Kujdanowiaspis is known
Kujdanowiaspis
Extinct agnathan chordates resembling eels
†Cephalaspidomorphi †Galeaspida †Pituriaspida †Osteostraci Jawed fish †Placoderms †Antiarchi †Arthrodira †Brindabellaspida †Petalichthyida †Phyllolepida
Conodont
Extinct genus of fishes
Asterolepis is an extinct genus of antiarch placoderms from the Devonian of North and South America and Europe. They were heavily armored flat-headed benthic
Asterolepis_(fish)
Part of the epithalamus
vertebrate eye. Many of the oldest fossil vertebrates, including ostracoderms, placoderms, crossopterygians, and early tetrapods, have in their skulls sockets that
Parietal_eye
Genus of fishes (fossil)
Heintzichthys is an extinct monospecific genus of arthrodire placoderm that lived what is now Europe and North America during the Famennian stage of the
Heintzichthys
Extinct genus of fishes
Dickosteus is an extinct genus of coccosteid arthrodire placoderm from the Late Eifelian to Early Givetian stages of the Middle Devonian period. Fossils
Dickosteus
Biological interaction
of the first fish to have jaws were the armoured and mainly predatory placoderms of the Silurian to Devonian periods, one of which, the 6 m (20 ft) Dunkleosteus
Predation
Extinct genus of fishes
placoderm fish which lived during the Late Devonian period. Holdenius was a large arthrodire, reaching lengths of around 3 m (9.8 ft). This placoderm
Holdenius
brachiopods. Also found, but not so commonly, are armored fish called placoderms, snails, sharks, stromatolites, trilobites and blastoids. Bryozoans (moss
Animals_of_Devonian_Michigan
Early Devonian genus of placoderm fish
Romundina is a small, heavily armored extinct genus of acanthothoracid placoderms which lived in shallow marine environments in the early Devonian (Lochkovian)
Romundina
Extinct order of cartilaginous fishes
†Cephalaspidomorphi †Galeaspida †Pituriaspida †Osteostraci Jawed fish †Placoderms †Antiarchi †Arthrodira †Brindabellaspida †Petalichthyida †Phyllolepida
Ctenacanthiformes
Genus of extinct fishes
Melanomontanosteus is an extinct genus of selenosteid placoderm that lived during the Late Devonian. It contains one valid species, M. occitanus, known
Melanosteus
Genus of flattened placoderms
‘scale’) is the type genus of Phyllolepida, an extinct taxon of arthrodire placoderm fish from the middle to late Devonian. The species of Phyllolepis, themselves
Phyllolepis
Bone in the lower jaw of reptiles, amphibians and birds
and angular. The earliest known taxon with infradentary bones is the placoderm Entelognathus, while they were absent in the earlier-diverging Qilinyu
Splenial
Extinct genus of chordates
†Cephalaspidomorphi †Galeaspida †Pituriaspida †Osteostraci Jawed fish †Placoderms †Antiarchi †Arthrodira †Brindabellaspida †Petalichthyida †Phyllolepida
Zhongxiniscus
Extinct genus of fishes
Pterichthyodes is a genus of antiarch placoderm fishes from the Devonian period. Its fossils have been discovered in Scotland. They were one of the first
Pterichthyodes
prehistoric fishes include: List of prehistoric jawless fish List of placoderms List of acanthodians List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish List of prehistoric
Lists_of_prehistoric_fish
This list of fossil fishes described in 2014 is a list of new taxa of placoderms, fossil cartilaginous fishes and bony fishess of every kind that have
2014_in_paleoichthyology
Fourth and current eon of the geological timescale
conodonts and ostracoderms, as well as jawed fish such as the armored placoderms (e.g. Dunkleosteus), the spiny acanthodians and early bony fish. The Devonian
Phanerozoic
Genus of extinct fish
Erikaspis is an extinct monospecific genus of arthrodire placoderm fish found in Lochkovian-Pragian (Lower Devonian) deposits of Podolia, Western Ukraine
Erikaspis
Extinct order of fishes
anus") is an order of heavily armored placoderms. The antiarchs form the second-most successful group of placoderms after the arthrodires in terms of numbers
Antiarchi
System that relates geologic strata to time
the shallows, eliminating trilobites, rugose and tabulate corals, and placoderms. Brachiopods, ammonoids, sharks, bony fish, and crinoids see major reductions
Geologic_time_scale
Topics referred to by the same term
non-cryptographic hash function mürmur, a New York City podcast Murmur (placoderm), a genus of placoderms Murmuration, a swarming behavior of starlings Mur Murs, documentary
Murmur
Extinct taxon of flattened placoderms
taxon of flattened placoderms found throughout the world, with fossils being found in Devonian strata. Like other flattened placoderms, the phyllolepids
Phyllolepida
fishes described in 2020 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and other fishes
2020_in_paleoichthyology
Genus of fishes (fossil)
at 40 centimetres (16 in) in length. Groenlandaspis is unusual among placoderms in that it is known what color it was; preserved pigment cells in its
Groenlandaspis
Swedish paleontologist
"lower" vertebrates. His studies of placoderms showed them to be related to modern sharks (though, now, placoderms are considered to be the sister group
Erik_Stensiö
Genus of fishes (fossil)
Gymnotrachelus is an extinct monospecific genus of large selenosteid arthrodire placoderm of the Late Devonian known from the Late Famennian Cleveland Shale of
Gymnotrachelus
Extinct order of cartilaginous fishes
†Cephalaspidomorphi †Galeaspida †Pituriaspida †Osteostraci Jawed fish †Placoderms †Antiarchi †Arthrodira †Brindabellaspida †Petalichthyida †Phyllolepida
Petalodontiformes
Division or infraclass of fishes
†Cephalaspidomorphi †Galeaspida †Pituriaspida †Osteostraci Jawed fish †Placoderms †Antiarchi †Arthrodira †Brindabellaspida †Petalichthyida †Phyllolepida
Teleost
Extinct family of fish
Actinolepidae is an extinct family of placoderm fishes which lived during the Early Devonian period. They are considered to be among the most primitive
Actinolepidae
Clade of the first four-limbed vertebrates and their descendants
Devonian fishes, including an early shark Cladoselache, Eusthenopteron and other lobe-finned fishes, and the placoderm Bothriolepis (Joseph Smit, 1905).
Tetrapod
fish described in 2018 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fish, bony fish, and other fish of
2018_in_paleoichthyology
Extinct group of elasmobranchs
†Cephalaspidomorphi †Galeaspida †Pituriaspida †Osteostraci Jawed fish †Placoderms †Antiarchi †Arthrodira †Brindabellaspida †Petalichthyida †Phyllolepida
Phoebodontiformes
Clade of vertebrates
†Cephalaspidomorphi †Galeaspida †Pituriaspida †Osteostraci Jawed fish †Placoderms †Antiarchi †Arthrodira †Brindabellaspida †Petalichthyida †Phyllolepida
Rhipidistia
Subclass of fishes
†Cephalaspidomorphi †Galeaspida †Pituriaspida †Osteostraci Jawed fish †Placoderms †Antiarchi †Arthrodira †Brindabellaspida †Petalichthyida †Phyllolepida
Neopterygii
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