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Method of counting votes and determining results
Phragmén's voting rules are rules for multiwinner voting. They allow voters to vote for individual candidates rather than parties, while still guaranteeing
Phragmen's_voting_rules
Multiwinner voting rules
Thiele's voting rules are rules for multiwinner voting. They allow voters to vote for individual candidates rather than parties, but still guarantee proportional
Thiele's_voting_rules
Method by which voters make a choice between options
proportional voting systems use rating. They include Thiele's voting rules and Phragmen's voting rule. A special case of Thiele's voting rules is Proportional
Electoral_system
Decision rule that selects alternatives that have a majority
families of voting rules, the evaluative rules and the majority (or Condorcet) rules. The utilitarian rule, and cardinal social choice rules in general
Majority_rule
Single-winner ranked-choice electoral system
Instant-runoff voting (IRV; US: ranked-choice voting (RCV), AU: preferential voting, UK/NZ: alternative vote) is a single-winner ranked voting election system
Instant-runoff_voting
Single-winner electoral system
also known as the beatpath method, is a single winner ranked-choice voting rule developed by Markus Schulze. The Schulze method is a Condorcet completion
Schulze_method
Voting system that makes outcomes proportional to vote totals
inclusive voting procedures Election districts voting improves PR with overlapping districts elections for first-past-the-post, alternative-vote, and
Proportional_representation
Criterion for evaluating fairness of electoral systems
approval voting rule that satisfies PJR. However, sequential-PAV violates PJR. Some of Phragmen's voting rules satisfy PJR, namely: the leximax Phragmen - which
Justified_representation
Family of proportional election methods
methods include proportional approval voting, sequential proportional approval voting, Phragmen's voting rules and the method of equal shares. In the
Multiwinner_approval_voting
Comparative politics for electoral systems
methods to compare voting systems: Metrics of voter satisfaction, either through simulation or survey. Adherence to logical criteria. Voting methods can be
Comparison of electoral systems
Comparison_of_electoral_systems
Method to make collective decisions
definition of voting beyond the classic decision-making procedure description. Research on herd animal voting behaviours show that voting can be emergent
Voting
Methods of voting on motions
rules include Thiele's method or Phragmen's rules. Motions relating to methods of voting and the polls are incidental motions used to obtain a vote on
Voting methods in deliberative assemblies
Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies
Type of voting rules for an election
median voting rules are a class of graded voting rules where the candidate with the highest median rating is elected. The various highest median rules differ
Highest_median_voting_rules
Multi-winner electoral system
ticket voting. In Ireland and Malta, surplus votes are transferred as whole votes (there may be some randomness) and neither allows ticket voting. In Hare–Clark
Single_transferable_vote
Proof all ranked voting rules have spoilers
option, C. The result is often cited in discussions of voting rules, where it shows no ranked voting rule can eliminate the spoiler effect. This result was
Arrow's_impossibility_theorem
Form of voting that allows delegation
Proxy voting is a form of voting whereby a member of a decision-making body may delegate their voting power to a representative, to enable a vote in absence
Proxy_voting
Multiple-winner electoral system
shares D'Hondt method Sequential proportional approval voting Phragmen's voting rules Nash welfare rule - very similar to PAV; maximizes the sum of logarithms
Proportional_approval_voting
Method for group decision-making
The median voting rule or median mechanism is a rule for group decision-making along a one-dimensional domain. Each person votes by writing down his/her
Median_voting_rule
Voting systems that use ranked ballots
Ranked voting is any voting system that uses voters' rankings of candidates to choose a single winner or multiple winners. More formally, a ranked vote system
Ranked_voting
Self-contradiction of majority rule
William V.; Lepelley, Dominique (2011). Voting paradoxes and group coherence : the condorcet efficiency of voting rules. Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03107-6
Condorcet_paradox
Swedish mathematician (1863–1937)
Lars Edvard Phragmén (2 September 1863, Örebro – 14 March 1937) was a Swedish mathematician who made contributions to complex analysis, voting theory, and
Lars_Edvard_Phragmén
Swedish mathematician (1852–1923)
work." Eneström has also developed an election method similar to Phragmen's voting rules. "The Eneström Index". The Euler Archive. Mathematical Association
Gustaf_Eneström
Plurality voting system
single-winner voting rule. Each voter marks one candidate as their favorite, or first-preference, and the candidate with more first-preference votes than any
First-past-the-post_voting
Point-based ranked voting system
respect, it is similar to other ranked voting systems such as instant-runoff voting, the single transferable vote or Condorcet methods. The integer-valued
Borda_count
Voting requirement above 50% for passage
a simple majority, which is sometimes expressed as a "50% + 1 vote". Supermajority rules in a democracy can help to prevent a majority from eroding fundamental
Supermajority
Process of electing more than one winner in the same election / district
other principles, such as minimax approval voting and its generalisations, as well as Phragmen's voting rules and the method of equal shares. The complexity
Multiwinner_voting
Single-winner electoral system
expressive grades of other rated voting rules. However, supporters of approval voting see grading as necessitating strategic voting and complicating the job of
Approval_voting
Type of multi-winner plurality/majority electoral system
where the voting system allows for the selection of multiple winners at once. Block voting falls under the multiple non-transferable vote category, a
Block_voting
Buoyancy principle in fluid dynamics
density of pure gold, the scale will get out of balance under water. Phragmen's voting rules – a ballot load balancing method analogous to the idea of Archimedes'
Archimedes'_principle
Vote supporting only a single candidate
single-shot, or plump voting is when a voter supports only a single candidate, typically to show strong support for a single favorite. Every voting method that
Bullet_voting
Multiple-winner electoral system
variant of block voting. Under both cumulative voting and block voting, a voter casts multiple votes but in the case of cumulative voting, can lump them
Cumulative_voting
Method of allocating seats in a parliament
coherent apportionment method is house-monotone. The sequential Phragmen's voting rules, both for approval ballots and for ranked ballots, are committee-monotone
House_monotonicity
Electoral systems with independent candidate ratings
different proportional cardinal rules, often called approval-based committee rules. Phragmen's method Proportional approval voting (Thiele's method) Method of
Rated_voting
Bucklin voting the compilation complexity is Θ ( c 2 ) {\displaystyle \Theta (c^{2})} . For the closely related highest median voting rules, the complexity
Batch_summability
Election that narrows the field of candidates before an election for office
members participated in the voting. From roughly 10,000 registered candidates, 78 were chosen via secret electronic voting from a short-list of 267. These
Primary_election
Agreement by all people in a situation
Robert's Rules of Order, a "unanimous vote" is not specifically defined, although an abstention is not counted as a vote regardless of the voting threshold
Unanimity
Pairwise-comparison electoral system
conversely. Gehrlein, William V. (2011). Voting paradoxes and group coherence : the condorcet efficiency of voting rules. Lepelley, Dominique. Berlin: Springer
Condorcet_method
Method of counting ballots following elections
which is not the case for the Phragmen's sequential rule. MES with adjusting initial budget, PAV and Phragmen's voting rules can all be viewed as extensions
Method_of_equal_shares
Votes that do not impact an election
reduce wasted votes. Strategic voting, also known as tactical voting, is a voting behaviour that attempts to reduce the chance of a vote being wasted.
Wasted_vote
Property of electoral systems
Plurality voting Instant-runoff voting Borda count Approval Voting Coombs' rule Bucklin voting (and the closely related median voting) Score Voting With plurality
Condorcet_winner
Collective decision-making procedure
Quadratic voting (QV) is a voting system that encourages voters to express their true relative intensity of preference (utility) between multiple options
Quadratic_voting
Theorem in political science
Kenneth Arrow. Similar median voter theorems exist for rules like score voting and approval voting when voters are either strategic and informed or if voters'
Median_voter_theorem
Type of electoral system
plurality rule and where each voter casts just one vote in a multi-seat district is known as single non-transferable voting. Plurality voting is widely
Plurality_voting
Social choice problem
Multi-issue voting is a setting in which several issues have to be decided by voting. Multi-issue voting raises several considerations, that are not relevant
Multi-issue_voting
Class of ranked-choice electoral systems
Positional voting is a ranked voting electoral system in which the options or candidates receive points based on their rank position on each ballot and
Positional_voting
Non-proportional electoral system
non-transferable vote, and block plurality voting, is a type of block voting method for multi-winner elections. Each voter may cast as many votes as the number
Plurality_block_voting
"EJR" and "strong-EJR". They also adapt three voting rules to this setting: The Sequential Phragmen rule is fully online - it makes decisions round by
Perpetual_voting
Single-winner ranked-voting electoral system
other ranked-vote systems – such as single transferable voting (STV), instant-runoff voting (IRV), Coombs' method, and Baldwin's method – allow for many
Contingent_vote
Election result affecting losing candidate
candidate affects the results of an election simply by participating. Voting rules that are not affected by spoilers are said to be spoilerproof, and satisfy
Spoiler_effect
Voting systems using paired comparisons
Round-robin, paired comparison, or tournament voting methods, are a set of ranked voting systems that choose winners by comparing every pair of candidates
Round-robin_voting
Single-winner rated voting system
Score voting, sometimes called range voting, is an electoral system for single-seat elections. Voters give each candidate a numerical score, and the candidate
Score_voting
Electoral or law making voting system
Weighted voting are voting rules that grant some voters a greater influence than others (which contrasts with rules that assign every voter an equal vote). Such
Weighted_voting
Principle that voting for a candidate should help them
satisfy the participation criterion. All deterministic voting rules that satisfy pairwise majority-rule can fail in situations involving four-way cyclic ties
Participation_criterion
Number of votes a candidate needs to win
have full quota. Quota rule Single transferable vote Proportional representation Largest remainders method Instant-runoff voting Pukelsheim, Friedrich
Electoral_quota
Partially compensatory electoral system
a two-vote setup, where split ticket voting is allowed. How proportional the outcome depends on many factors including the vote transfer rules, such which
Vote_linkage
Winner-take-all approval voting
Block approval voting (also called unlimited voting, in reference to limited voting) is a winner-take-all system where each voter either approves or disapproves
Block_approval_voting
Voting system
on to a second election (a second round of voting). The two-round system is in the family of plurality voting systems that also includes single-round plurality
Two-round_system
Selection of decision-makers by random sample
(elected officials) should not write the rules, making sortition the best choice for creating constitutions and other rules around the allocation of power within
Sortition
Problem in social choice
multiwinner voting. In sequential purchase rules, each candidate project should be "bought" by the voters, using some virtual currency. Several such rules are
Combinatorial participatory budgeting
Combinatorial_participatory_budgeting
Property of electoral systems
alternatives (IIA) criterion that nevertheless is failed by a number of voting rules. A method that passes the criterion is said to be clone independent.
Independence of clones criterion
Independence_of_clones_criterion
Single-winner electoral system
Grofman and G. Owen (1986), JAI Press, pp. 113–122. H. P. Young, "Optimal Voting Rules", Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, no.1 (1995), pp. 51–64. H. P. Young
Kemeny_method
Impossibility of straightforward game forms
voting", i.e. it depends on their beliefs about other voters' ballots. A corollary of this theorem is the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem about voting rules
Gibbard's_theorem
Use of approximation algorithms in voting
voting rules; Analyzing the distortion of various input formats for preference elicitation in participatory budgeting. Utilitarian rule Score voting Caragiannis
Implicit_utilitarian_voting
Multi-winner, semi-proportional electoral system
limited voting where each elector has one vote, or as a simple version of single transferable vote where votes are not transferred. Unlike block voting or
Single_non-transferable_vote
Single-winner electoral system
sometimes called the usual judgment or continuous Bucklin voting, is a single-winner rated voting rule that selects the candidate with the highest median score
Graduated_majority_judgment
System favoring larger parties over smaller ones
voting system where representation in a governing body or electoral district is only awarded to the candidate or party that receives the most votes.
Winner-take-all_system
called weights) in rules of apportionment, or in algorithms of fair division with different entitlements. Fractional approval voting is a special case
Fractional_approval_voting
Social choice theorem on superiority of majority voting
publication. If rated voting is allowed, a wide variety of rules satisfy May's conditions, including score voting or highest median voting rules. Arrow's theorem
May's_theorem
Criterion that prevents lesser-evil voting
ranked voting systems fail this criterion. Lesser-evil-voting is particularly prevalent in plurality-based voting systems like ranked choice voting (RCV)
Sincere_favorite_criterion
Single-winner electoral system
pairings. This system of ranked voting was first proposed by Nicolaus Tideman in 1987. Unlike Instant Runoff Voting, Ranked Pairs is guaranteed to satisfy
Ranked_pairs
Multiple-winner electoral system
is a simplified version of proportional approval voting. It is a special case of Thiele's voting rules, proposed by Danish statistician Thorvald N. Thiele
Sequential proportional approval voting
Sequential_proportional_approval_voting
Electoral pathology or paradox
as such rules can have "backwards" responses to voters' opinions, where popularity causes defeat while unpopularity leads to a win. Such rules treat the
Non-negative_responsiveness
Nonpartisan blanket primary
contrast, some municipal elections use instant-runoff voting (IRV) with a single round of voting, remove the primary to save money and give voters more
Top-four_primary
Multiple-winner electoral system
approval voting (SAV), also known as equal and even cumulative voting, is an electoral system that is a form of multiwinner approval voting as well as
Satisfaction_approval_voting
Type of mixed electoral system
Germany, citizens gave only one vote, so that voting for a representative automatically meant also voting for the representative's party, which is still
Mixed-member proportional representation
Mixed-member_proportional_representation
Property of electoral systems
include all positional voting rules (such as first-preference plurality and the Borda count) as well as score voting and approval voting. There are three variants
Consistency_criterion
An electoral system (or voting system) is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined
List_of_electoral_systems
Proportional-representation ranked voting system
CPO-STV becomes the same as Condorcet voting, in the same way that traditional STV becomes instant-runoff voting (IRV). The system was invented by Nicolaus
CPO-STV
district magnitude ranging from 14 to 45, and through first-past-the-post voting in two single-member constituencies. South Korea uses the additional member
List of electoral systems by country
List_of_electoral_systems_by_country
Voting method
exhaustive ballot is a voting system used to elect a single winner. Under the exhaustive ballot the elector casts a single vote for their chosen candidate
Exhaustive_ballot
Multi-issue voting rule
Storable voting is a multi-issue voting rule intended to promote minority rights relative to a simple majority system. Storable voting was the first multi-issue
Storable_votes
Property of electoral systems
The majority criterion is a voting system criterion applicable to voting rules over ordinal preferences required that if only one candidate is ranked first
Majority_winner_criterion
Electoral district with one representative in a legislature
sizeable minority (or even a majority, in the case of plurality voting) of the electorate votes for candidates from other parties. This enables political parties
Single-member_district
Multi-winner electoral system
from the upper apportionment. This can be seen as globally adjusting the voting power of each party's voters by the minimum amount necessary so that the
Biproportional_apportionment
Mixed electoral system
proportional representation (PR). First-past-the-post voting alongside PR is a common pairing in parallel voting, but many other combinations are possible. The
Parallel_voting
Class of voting systems
elimination methods are a class of voting systems that repeatedly eliminate the last-place finisher of another voting method until a single candidate remains
Sequential_elimination_method
Proportional-representation voting system
The quota or divide-and-rank methods make up a category of apportionment rules, i.e. algorithms for allocating seats in a legislative body among multiple
Largest_remainder_method
Single-winner electoral system
votes from the number of approval votes. It is a cardinal system and a variant of score voting. It has also been referred to as dis&approval voting,
Combined_approval_voting
Combination of direct and representative democracy
foundation of proxy voting but differs from this earlier model in the degree of scale. Unlike proxy voting, liquid democratic votes may be delegated to
Liquid_democracy
Single-winner electoral system
ranked-choice voting is flawed. But there's an easy fix". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2022-11-09. the way Alaska uses ranked-choice voting also
Nanson's_method
Multiple-winner electoral system
Limited voting (also known as partial block voting) is a voting system in which electors have fewer votes than there are positions available. The positions
Limited_voting
Study of rational collective decision-making
theorem proves a stronger result for ranked-choice voting systems, showing that no such voting rule can be sincere (i.e. free of reversed preferences)
Social_choice_theory
Single-winner ranked voting rule
electors voting against their least-favorite candidate; the candidate ranked last by the most voters is eliminated. The method fails several voting system
Coombs'_method
Grouping of candidates for election
An electoral list is made according to the applying nomination rules and election rules. Depending on the type of election, a political party, a general
Electoral_list
Result in social choice theory
Donald G. (2008). "Deliver Us from the Plurality Vote". Disposing dictators, demystifying voting paradoxes: social choice analysis. Cambridge, New York:
McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem
McKelvey–Schofield_chaos_theorem
Type of block voting
The general ticket or party block voting (PBV), is a type of block voting in which voters opt for a party or a team of candidates, and the highest-polling
General_ticket
Phenomenon in electoral systems
Tactical voting – Voters in countries that can cast a vote in the list vote and cast a local vote (such as Germany) may decide not to vote for a local
Overhang_seat
Electoral system with lottery among ballots
ballot-paper will receive extra votes as a result, from voters who are apathetic (especially in elections with compulsory voting) or who have a strong preference
Random_ballot
Single-winner electoral system
runoff voting (SRV). The runoff step was introduced in an attempt to reduce strategic incentives in ordinary score voting, such as bullet voting and tactical
STAR_voting
Electoral system
capital of Tennessee." Vote on motion "Knoxville shall be the capital of Tennessee." Outcome uncertain. This particular tactical voting would not work if Knoxville
Motion_and_amendment
PHRAGMENS VOTING-RULES
PHRAGMENS VOTING-RULES
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PHRAGMENS VOTING-RULES
PHRAGMENS VOTING-RULES
PHRAGMENS VOTING-RULES
PHRAGMENS VOTING-RULES