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Optical sound-on-film system
Phonofilm is an optical variable density sound-on-film system developed by inventors Lee de Forest and Theodore Case in the early 1920s. In 1919 and 1920
Phonofilm
Motion picture with synchronized sound
British Talking Pictures, which purchased the primary Phonofilm assets. By the end of 1930, the Phonofilm business would be liquidated. In Europe, others were
Sound_film
Sound system for film
debuted his own Phonofilm sound-on-film system in New York City on April 15, 1923, but due to the relatively poor sound quality of Phonofilm and the impressive
Vitaphone
Storing sound recordings on film
("Finland's Thomas Edison"), who improved Phonofilm's amplification system to be audible in a large theater. Phonofilm was used mainly to record stage performances
Optical_sound
American musician and comedian (1906–1972)
Ben Bernie and All the Lads, made in New York City with the De Forest Phonofilm sound-on-film system. In the 1920s, Levant recorded with the Ben Bernie
Oscar_Levant
Sound system for film
the 1920s. The others were DeForest's Phonofilm, Warner Brothers' Vitaphone, and RCA Photophone. However, Phonofilm was principally an early version of
Movietone_sound_system
1921 song
song, recorded in Phonofilm, as part of their Song Car-Tunes series, and a live action short with this title was filmed in Phonofilm in the UK, directed
The_Sheik_of_Araby
American inventor (1873–1961)
premiered 18 Phonofilm short films at the independent Rivoli Theater in New York City. Starting in May 1924, Max and Dave Fleischer used the Phonofilm process
Lee_de_Forest
Hungarian-American film producer (1873–1976)
through Phonofilm, with Phonofilm even initially being described during its April 15, 1923 public premiere as "Adolph Zukor presents Phonofilm." In 1926
Adolph_Zukor
American media and entertainment conglomerate
was created using Powers' Cinephone system, which used Lee de Forest's Phonofilm system. Pat Powers' company distributed Steamboat Willie, which was an
The_Walt_Disney_Company
American inventor and audio engineer
DeForest on the Phonofilm sound-on-film system until 1927, when Pat Powers hired Garity to develop a sound system closely based upon Phonofilm that Powers
William_Garity
American producer (1870–1948)
cheap.[citation needed] Powers invested in what remained of De Forest's Phonofilm company in the spring of 1927. In June 1927, Powers made an unsuccessful
Pat_Powers_(producer)
English actor (1888–1946)
DeForest Phonofilm The Sheik of Araby (1926) short made by DeForest Phonofilm Knee Deep in Daisies (1926) short made by DeForest Phonofilm The Fair Maid
Miles_Mander
1923 film
needed] Reportedly the film played with sound provided by the De Forest Phonofilm sound-on-film process. This was probably music and sound effects but no
Bella_Donna_(1923_film)
Austrian-American composer (1879–1939)
Forest Phonofilm sound-on-film process. Red Seal Pictures Corporation filed for bankruptcy in late 1926; shortly afterward, the DeForest Phonofilm Corporation
Hugo_Riesenfeld
1924 two-part film directed by Fritz Lang
premiering at the Century Theatre in New York City in the short-lived Phonofilm sound-on-film process. Kriemhild's Revenge was released in the U.S. in
Die_Nibelungen
Animated film series
division of DeForest Phonofilm and Red Seal Pictures Corporation filed for bankruptcy, and the Fleischers ended their use of the Phonofilm system, releasing
Song_Car-Tunes
American actress (1901–1966)
York City in 1925 for Lee DeForest, filmed in the short-lived DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process. The film is preserved in the Maurice Zouary collection
Helen_Menken
Digital optical disc data storage format
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
Compact_disc
American chemist and inventor (1888–1944)
properly credited for his lab's contributions to Phonofilms. Case attended the April 1923 presentation of Phonofilm and was never mentioned during that presentation
Theodore_Case
Scottish comedy actress and revue artist (1902–1980)
which Renée had written. It was produced by Lee De Forest, whose process, Phonofilm, enabled a soundtrack to be played alongside the film (a year before The
Renée_Houston
Class of sound film processes
It was used for the initial release of Walt Disney's Fantasia (1940) Phonofilm, patented by Lee De Forest in 1919, defunct by 1929 Film portal Charles
Sound-on-film
1929 American drama film by Scott Pembroke
Karloff. The film is one of the last produced in the sound-on-film process Phonofilm. While the film has no audible dialog, it was released with a synchronized
Two_Sisters_(1929_film)
British actor and comedian (1876–1951)
Josser, made in the Phonofilm sound-on-film system by British Sound Film Corporation Spirits (1928), short film made in Phonofilm, directed by Hugh Croise
Ernie_Lotinga
Series of animated cartoons
Seal Pictures Company, which was equipped with the early Lee DeForest Phonofilm sound reproduction equipment. The Red Seal theater chain—formed by the
Screen_Songs
American actor, singer, comedian, and theatrical producer (1858–1935)
phonograph record in 1906, and recited the poem in a short film made in the Phonofilm sound-on-film process in 1923. It was in The Black Hussar that Hopper
DeWolf_Hopper
1928 film by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks
Forest's Phonofilm Corporation. In the aftermath, Powers hired a former DeForest technician, William Garrity, to produce a cloned version of the Phonofilm system
Steamboat_Willie
Magnetic audio tape recording format
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
Cassette_tape
1926 film
Home" (1853) by Stephen Foster, and was recorded in the Lee de Forest Phonofilm sound-on-film system. My Old Kentucky Home appears to be the first attempt
My Old Kentucky Home (1926 film)
My_Old_Kentucky_Home_(1926_film)
Device for analogue recording of sound
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
Phonograph
Vinyl analog sound storage discs
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
LP_record
1923 American silent Western film
minutes. A musical soundtrack was recorded in the short-lived DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process, but sources vary on whether this record soundtrack
The_Covered_Wagon
President of the United States from 1923 to 1929
Federal Radio Commission. On August 11, 1924, Theodore W. Case, using the Phonofilm sound-on-film process he developed for Lee de Forest, filmed Coolidge
Calvin_Coolidge
Sidewalk attraction in Los Angeles, California
co-developer of the Zoomar lens; Lee de Forest, inventor of the audion and phonofilm; Ray Dolby, a pioneer in audio technology and chief electronics designer
Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame
Recording of sound and playing it back
with strongly recorded high frequencies.[citation needed] In the 1920s, Phonofilm and other early motion picture sound systems employed optical recording
Sound recording and reproduction
Sound_recording_and_reproduction
1923 film
Sweet Song is a 1923 American two-reel short film made in the De Forest Phonofilm sound-on-film process. The film was directed by J. Searle Dawley and stars
Love's Old Sweet Song (1923 film)
Love's_Old_Sweet_Song_(1923_film)
1929 film by Henrik Galeen
Studios. Once considered a lost film, a print including its DeForest Phonofilm music-and-effects soundtrack is in the collections of the George Eastman
After_the_Verdict_(film)
silent era. In 1927–29, he directed several short films in the DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process, including Arthur Roberts Sings "Topsey-Turvey"
Bertram_Phillips
American comedian (1896–1963)
early DeForest Phonofilm short A Musical Monologue in which he played the accordion and sang. Bernie also appeared in a DeForest Phonofilm Ben Bernie and
Phil_Baker_(comedian)
1929 film by Frederic Zelnik
along with English intertitles. The sound was recorded via the De Forest Phonofilm sound-on-film process. The film is an adaptation of the 1922 Edgar Wallace
The Crimson Circle (1929 film)
The_Crimson_Circle_(1929_film)
American aviator (1902–1974)
including Charles A. Lindbergh (1927), a UK documentary by De Forest Phonofilm; 40,000 Miles with Lindbergh (1928), featuring Lindbergh himself; and
Charles_Lindbergh
Form of physical media
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
Cassette_(format)
American entertainer (1900–1946)
one more than the normal. In 1927, the UK division of Lee de Forest's Phonofilm made a short film of Brown playing this instrument. He also played a six-octave
Teddy_Brown
1925 film
DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process. The Song Car-Tunes series eventually totaled 36 films, of which 19 were made in sound using Phonofilm. The film
The Sidewalks of New York (film)
The_Sidewalks_of_New_York_(film)
Disc-shaped analog sound storage medium
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
Phonograph_record
1925 film
A Night in Dixie is a Phonofilm musical short film from 1925. Performers in the film include The Club Alabama Revue with Billy Fowler's band with Abbie
A_Night_in_Dixie
British film director (1884–1966)
between 1912 and 1941. He directed three films in the early DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process, The Man in the Street (1926), The Antidote (1927)
Thomas_Bentley_(director)
1929 film by Alfred Hitchcock
British part-sound films include: The Gentleman, a short film in the Phonofilm sound-on-film process, was an excerpt of The 9 to 11 Revue, directed by
Blackmail_(1929_film)
Early film audio synchronization system
well as three "variable-density" sound-on-film systems, Lee De Forest's Phonofilm, and Fox-Case's Movietone, and the German system Tri-Ergon. When Joseph
RCA_Photophone
Film that gives an illusion of three-dimensional depth
17). On September 22, 1924, Luna-cy! was re-released in the De Forest Phonofilm sound-on-film system. The late 1920s to early 1930s saw little interest
3D_film
Digital Sound. Retrieved 2026-04-28 – via shotonwhat.com. "De Forest Phonofilm". www.imdb.com. Retrieved 2026-05-03. "Theatrical Releases in Dolby Vision
List_of_film_sound_systems
Title of a series of short film "talkies" of 1920s
The Better 'Ole. Although independent producers like Lee de Forest's Phonofilm were successfully making sound film shorts as early as 1922, they were
Vitaphone_Varieties
Magnetic tape sound recording format
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
8-track_cartridge
Traditional Scottish folk song
other compilations. The Fleischer brothers filmed this song in DeForest Phonofilm, part of their Song Car-Tunes series, released 15 September 1925, and
My_Bonnie_Lies_over_the_Ocean
Suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Trade, appeared in a Lee DeForest film to celebrate the opening of a Phonofilm studio in Rushcutters Bay. In the 20th century, when neighbouring Darlinghurst
Rushcutters_Bay
1929 American film
film is one of the last produced in the sound-on-film process known as Phonofilm. While the film has no audible dialog, it was released with a synchronized
Brothers_(1929_American_film)
Brand of memory card with preloaded music
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
SlotMusic
British comedian (1881–1957)
October 1928, he appeared in a short film, The Fire Brigade, made in the Phonofilm sound-on-film process. He then appeared in several films from 1934, generally
Robb_Wilton
Motion pictures without synchronized recorded sound
sound-on-disc and sound-on-film sound formats, such as Photokinema (1921), Phonofilm (1923), Vitaphone (1926), Fox Movietone (1927) and RCA Photophone (1928)
Silent_film
American opera singer
Studios. She also appeared in a short film made by Lee De Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process in 1922, which is now in the Maurice Zouary film
Marie_Rappold
Symbols usually representing media playback controls
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
Media_control_symbols
1920 single by Original Dixieland Jazz Band
Story (1953) and The Drowning Pool (1975). The song was also used in a Phonofilm sound-on-film cartoon produced by Max Fleischer and released 30 October
Margie_(song)
American comedian and actor (1894–1971)
Phonofilm company and made an unsuccessful takeover bid. Powers soon hired a former de Forest technician, William Garity, to replicate the Phonofilm sound
Billy_Gilbert
Read-only optical disc for high-fidelity audio storage
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
Blu-spec
1927 film by Alan Crosland
On April 15, 1923, Lee De Forest introduced the sound-on-film system Phonofilm, which had synchronized sound and dialogue, but the sound quality was
The_Jazz_Singer
British film director (1903–1989)
Cass for a short film Henry Cass Demonstration Film made in DeForest's Phonofilm sound-on-film process. The film was previewed at the Engineers Society
Henry_Cass
American actress
Dance, presented in a program of 18 short films made in the Lee DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process at the Rivoli Theater in New York City. The films
Lillian_Powell
Digital audio medium
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
High_Fidelity_Pure_Audio
Read-only optical disc for high-fidelity audio storage
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
Super_Audio_CD
Medium for recording and reproducing sound
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
Phonograph_cylinder
1926 novelty song written by Ted Waite
from 1926, written by Ted Waite. A short film was made in 1926 in the Phonofilm sound-on-film process with music hall comedian Dick Henderson (1891–1958)
I've Never Seen a Straight Banana
I've_Never_Seen_a_Straight_Banana
1851 opera by Giuseppe Verdi
Lee de Forest presented 18 short films in his sound-on-film process Phonofilm, including an excerpt of act 2 of Rigoletto with Eva Leoni and Company
Rigoletto
Digital audio cassette format developed by Sony
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
Digital_Audio_Tape
produced 19 sound cartoons, part of the Song Car-Tunes series, using the Phonofilm "sound-on-film" process. The series also introduced the "bouncing ball"
History_of_animation
Song
cartoon of the song in the Song Car-Tunes series, made in the DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process. The first line of the Chorus lyrics is sung by
Old_Black_Joe
Digital audio recording company
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
Soundstream
Stage variety revue
short film, Betty Chester, the Well-Known Co-Optimist Star, made in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process. The show's music and lyrics were written by Melville
The_Co-Optimists
Illicitly-produced gramophone discs made from discarded X-ray prints in the USSR
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
Ribs_(recordings)
American actress (1903–1986)
Love's Old Sweet Song (1923), which was made by Lee de Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process and starred Helen Weir and Louis Wolheim. Not making
Una_Merkel
1929 British film by Sinclair Hill
short story by Stacy Aumonier. The soundtrack was recorded using the phonofilm sound-on-film process. The film includes a sequence featuring the Ballets
Dark_Red_Roses
British actor (1881–1943)
Whistler (released December 1926), directed by Miles Mander, and made in the Phonofilm sound-on-film system. The Man Who Bought London (1916) The Flame (1920)
Reginald_Fox
Russian Armenian born vaudevillian, stage performer, writer, impresario and director
Rockettes repertoire as well. Wooden Soldiers was filmed in the DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process, and premiered on 15 April 1923 at the Rivoli Theater
Nikita_Balieff
1925 film
a Rose on Me is a film, produced by Out of the Inkwell Studios in the Phonofilm sound-on-film system, and released on March 1, 1925, as part of the Song
Mother, Mother, Mother Pin a Rose on Me
Mother,_Mother,_Mother_Pin_a_Rose_on_Me
British film studios
first British sound films when a short film was made using the DeForest Phonofilm sound system. By the late 1920s, usage of the studio had been abandoned
Clapham_Studios
1928 film
vocalisations made in the original 1928 version. Some scenes were also reordered. Phonofilm Sound film Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons
Dinner_Time_(film)
British comedian
Lard Song and Tommy Lorne and "Dumplings", both filmed in the DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process. Although he had previously resisted playing as
Tommy_Lorne
Swedish-American actor
Swedish-language short film, a version of Retribution, in the DeForest Phonofilm process. Upon his return to the U.S., he worked again with Sidney Olcott
Arthur_Donaldson_(actor)
Double-sided optical disc
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
DualDisc
east coast to California. Around 1925, they filmed and then released a Phonofilm. In 1926 white female trombonist Velzoe Brown joined the band. The economic
The_Pollyanna_Syncopators
American animation studio
images. It was during this time that Lee de Forest started filming his Phonofilms experiments featuring several of the major Broadway headliners. The Red
Fleischer_Studios
British actress (1892–1970)
1927, she appeared in Packing Up, a short film produced in the DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process; the short featured Malcolm Keen and was directed
Mary_Clare
1952 film by Gene Kelly and Stanley Donen
fictional films This scene pays homage to the original 1921 DeForest Phonofilm demonstration, featuring DeForest explaining the system. This is a reference
Singin'_in_the_Rain
Japanese reel-to-reel digital tape format
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
ProDigi
Eddie Boland The Radio Bug (1926) short comedy filmed in both silent and Phonofilm versions Listen Lena (1927) Lady and Gent (1932) If I Had a Million (1932)
Stephen_Roberts_(director)
Fisher Price portable audio player
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
Pocket_Rockers
American swing dance
dance in a short film The Flat Charleston recorded with the DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film system, and released in December 1926. 1927: The 15 March
Charleston_(dance)
American comedian and actor (1892–1964)
A Few Moments With Eddie Cantor, Star of "Kid Boots" (1923, DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film short film) as Himself Kid Boots (1926) as Samuel (Kid)
Eddie_Cantor
American actress (1899–1983)
film. Swanson appeared in a 1925 short produced by Lee de Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process. She made a number of films for Paramount, including
Gloria_Swanson
Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon Dictabelt (1947) Sound-on-film Phonofilm (1919) Tri-Ergon (1922) Movietone (1926) Photophone (1929) Fantasound
Steno-Cassette
1923 film by Clarence G. Badger
Perlmutter (1924) and Partners Again (1926). In 1927, the UK division of Phonofilm produced a short film with Augustus Yorke (1860-1939) and Nicholas Adams
Potash_and_Perlmutter
PHONOFILM
PHONOFILM
PHONOFILM
PHONOFILM
PHONOFILM
PHONOFILM
PHONOFILM
PHONOFILM
PHONOFILM