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Invertebrates defense system
Phenoloxidase system is a major defense system in many invertebrates which ultimately leads to melanization of pathogens and damaged tissues. The process
Phenoloxidase_system
Cell type that plays a role in the immune system of invertebrates
not readily spread on foreign surfaces and are the major producers of phenoloxidase, which is the major enzyme of the melanization immune pathway. Prohemocytes
Hemocyte (invertebrate immune system cell)
Hemocyte_(invertebrate_immune_system_cell)
Species of darkling beetle, larval form
males who received no food. Phenoloxidase activity was dependent on the nutritional condition of the males, with phenoloxidase activity being two to six
Mealworm
Species of fly
linked through the enzyme phenoloxidase, which works in the phenoloxidase system. This system is the main immunological defense system of S. thoracica. The
Sepsis_thoracica
Genus of fungi
February 2025). "Innate Immunity in Insects: The Lights and Shadows of Phenoloxidase System Activation". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 26 (3):
Entomophthora
defense system in invertebrates is the melanization of pathogens and damaged tissues. This important process is controlled by the enzyme phenoloxidase (PO)
Prophenoloxidase
Gluey polymers secreted by microorganisms to form biofilms
metabolic degradation pathways are not fully understood, enzymes including phenoloxidase laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) and laccase-like enzymes are involved in the oxidation
Extracellular polymeric substance
Extracellular_polymeric_substance
Proteins that transport oxygen throughout the bodies of some invertebrate animals
superfamily is composed of phenoloxidases, hexamerins, pseudohemocyanins or cryptocyanins, and (dipteran) hexamerin receptors. Phenoloxidase are copper-containing
Hemocyanin
Species of crustacean
Purification, cloning and contribution in shrimp defense immunity via phenoloxidase activation". Developmental & Comparative Immunology. 81: 167–179. doi:10
Whiteleg_shrimp
Process used to treat contaminated media such as water and soil
Tank Systems. EPA 542-F-11-008" (PDF). EPA. June 2011. Duran N, Esposito E (2022). "Potential Applications of Oxidative Enzymes and Phenoloxidase-like
Bioremediation
Species of crustacean
Retrieved 2019-04-13. Kim, Sang Gu (June 2011). "Hemocyanin-derived phenoloxidase activity with broad temperature stability extending into the cold environment
Horsehair_crab
Marine animals, subphylum of chordates
transparent and gelatinous. The tunic is composed of proteins, crosslinked by phenoloxidase reaction, and complex carbohydrates, and includes tunicin, a variety
Tunicate
Chemical element with atomic number 25 (Mn)
functionality, such as phagocytosis and activation of pro-phenoloxidase, suppressing the organisms' immune systems. This causes the organisms to be more susceptible
Manganese
Species of beetle
defense mechanisms. Central to the beetle's immune arsenal is the enzyme Phenoloxidase (PO), a critical player in the cellular immune response and vital for
Nicrophorus_vespilloides
Family of viruses
to asphyxiate it, thanks to another type of hemocyte, which uses the phenoloxidase pathway to produce melanin. Small particles can be phagocytosed, and
Polydnaviriformidae
Genus of flies
L, Söderhäll K (September 2021). "Immune properties of invertebrate phenoloxidases". Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 122 104098. Elsevier. Bibcode:2021DCImm
Drosophila
peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13), versatile peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.16), and many phenoloxidases of the laccase type. LMEs have been known to be produced by many species
Lignin-modifying_enzyme
Class of chemical compounds
0027. PMID 20265564. Locke M, Krishnan N (1971). "The distribution of phenoloxidases and polyphenols during cuticle formation". Tissue & Cell. 3 (1): 103–126
Polyphenol
Species of spider
adult. Encapsulation is a type of immune response that is dependent on phenoloxidase; it’s widely used as a defense against macro-parasites. However, encapsulation
Schizocosa_ocreata
Influence of mother's environment and genotype on offspring's phenotype
food poor environments produced offspring with less phenoloxidase, and thus had a weaker immune system, than moths who reproduced in food rich environments
Maternal_effect
Single celled parasite, rodent malaria
increased expression of the prophenoloxidase gene, cascading to increase phenoloxidase and thereby melanization. Some phytochemicals show efficacy against
Plasmodium_berghei
Species of fungus
het loci. Podospora anserina is known to produce laccases, a type of phenoloxidase. Original genetic studies by gel electrophoresis led to the finding
Podospora_anserina
Raising and breeding insects as livestock
Giovanni; Scaloni, Andrea; Vincken, Jean-Paul (2017). "Involvement of phenoloxidase in browning during grinding of Tenebrio molitor larvae". PLOS ONE. 12
Insect_farming
Superfamily of proteins with similar structures and diverse functions
Lemaitre B (November 2008). "Drosophila Serpin-28D regulates hemolymph phenoloxidase activity and adult pigmentation". Developmental Biology. 323 (2): 189–196
Serpin
Enzymes produced by fungi and secreted outside their cells
Esposito, Elisa (2000). "Potential applications of oxidative enzymes and phenoloxidase-like compounds in wastewater and soil treatment: a review". Applied
Fungal extracellular enzyme activity
Fungal_extracellular_enzyme_activity
Species of thorny-headed worm
the host P. laevis needs to deal with their host's immune system. Levels of phenoloxidase and total immune activity were significantly reduced in infected
Pomphorhynchus_laevis
Antiparasite defence mounted for the benefit of individuals other than the actor
(lysozyme-like activity increases, phenoloxidase activity decreases), and that the specifics of this social immune system differed between the sexes: female
Social_immunity
Genus of damselflies
González-Tokman; Córdoba-Aguilar; Lanz-Mendoza; González-Santoyo (2010). "Phenoloxidase activity and melanization do not always covary with sexual trait expression
Hetaerina
Species group of the subgenus Drosophila
from the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi targets the Drosophila phenoloxidase cascade". Developmental and Comparative Immunology. 33 (5): 681–9. Bibcode:2009DCImm
Drosophila quinaria species group
Drosophila_quinaria_species_group
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