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Central part of the general packet radio service
activated. The packet data protocol (PDP; e.g., IP, X.25, FrameRelay) context is a data structure present on both the serving GPRS support node (SGSN) and
GPRS_core_network
The Packet Data Serving Node, or PDSN, is a component of a CDMA2000 mobile network. It acts as the connection point between the radio access and IP networks
Packet_data_serving_node
Mobile communications LTE standard
UEs. The Serving Gateway routes and forwards user data packets, while also acting as the mobility anchor for the user plane during inter-eNodeB handovers
System_Architecture_Evolution
Internet Engineering Task Force standard communications protocol
the mobile node. When acting as transmitter, a mobile node sends packets directly to the other communicating node, without sending the packets through the
Mobile_IP
Protocol Packet Data Service Packet Data Service Option Packet Data Session PCS – Personal Communications Services PDSN – packet data serving node Permissive
List_of_CDMA_terminology
the A8/A9 and A10/A11 interfaces to enable handoffs of Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) packet data sessions between ANs and between 1xEV-DO and 1xRTT systems
A12_Authentication
UTRAN component similar to a base station controller in GSM hierarchy
through Media Gateway (MGW) and to the SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) in the Packet Switched Core Network. The logical connections between the network
Radio_Network_Controller
Enhanced 3G mobile telecommunications standard
user's data traffic flows directly from the base station to the Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN), which is the gateway to external packet data networks
Evolved High Speed Packet Access
Evolved_High_Speed_Packet_Access
Device or point within a network capable of creating, receiving, or transmitting data
node. In data communication, a physical network node may either be data communication equipment (DCE) such as a modem, hub, bridge or switch; or data
Node_(networking)
CompuServe developed its own packet switching network, implemented on DEC PDP-11 minicomputers acting as network nodes that were installed throughout
List of packet-switched networks
List_of_packet-switched_networks
Section of cellular telephone network
as an SS7 node with connections to the MSC and serving GPRS support node (SGSN) (when using GPRS). It also provides all the required data to the operation
Base_station_subsystem
eNodeB) and pico / macro eNodeBs, as well as the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), Mobility Management Entity (MME), Serving Gateway (SWG) and Evolved Packet
Continuous_Computing
US-based packet switched data network
ConnNet was a packet switched data network operated by the Southern New England Telephone Company serving the U.S. state of Connecticut. ConnNet was the
ConnNet
Label to identify a network interface of a computer or other network node
interface of a computer or a network node participating in a computer network using IPv6. IP addresses are included in the packet header to indicate the source
IPv6_address
Standardized protocol
buffer the data during such transits for at least one frame or packet before sending it on. Extra padding is allowed for the multiplexed data to move within
Synchronous optical networking
Synchronous_optical_networking
Identifier used in GPRS (cellular data) networks
(cellular data) networks. It is used to identify a Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context (a unique data session) in the Mobile Station (MS) and in the Serving GPRS
Network Service Access Point Identifier
Network_Service_Access_Point_Identifier
Software-based endpoint of network communications
software structure within a network node of a computer network that serves as an endpoint for sending and receiving data across the network. The structure
Network_socket
Computer networking technique
a packet only once, even if it needs to be delivered to a large number of receivers. The nodes in the network take care of replicating the packet to
Multicast
SS7 protocol
Register, Authentication Centre, Short message service center and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN). The primary facilities provided by MAP are: Mobility Services:
Mobile_Application_Part
3GPP TS 48.018. 3GPP TS 48.018 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS);Base Station System (BSS) -Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN);BSS GPRS Protocol (BSSGP)
BSSGP
Kleinrock: Donald Davies ... did make a single node packet switch before ARPA did Cambell-Kelly, Martin (1987). "Data Communications at the National Physical
History_of_the_Internet
Major functions of mobile network
location area to location area. The main differences are that the "Serving GPRS Support Node" (SGSN) is the element involved. The tracking area is the LTE
Mobility_management
Group of communications protocols
core network for signaling between gateway GPRS support nodes (GGSN) and serving GPRS support nodes (SGSN). This allows the SGSN to activate a session on
GPRS_Tunnelling_Protocol
Type of decentralized and distributed network architecture
physical network topology, where the nodes in the overlay form a subset of the nodes in the physical network. Data is still exchanged directly over the
Peer-to-peer
Type of wireless telecommunication wide area network
in the license-free spectrum. This technology splits a data telegram into multiple sub packets and sends them after applying error correcting codes, in
Mioty
Network latency caused by excessive packet buffering
router or other network equipment buffering too many data packets. Bufferbloat can also cause packet delay variation (also known as jitter), as well as
Bufferbloat
Network device that connects DSL interfaces to a digital communications channel
telephone exchange, and may also serve multiple data and voice customers within a neighborhood serving area interface, sometimes in conjunction with a
DSLAM
Internet ecosystem layer that addresses bottlenecks
algorithmically directed to nodes that are optimal in some way. When optimizing for performance, locations that are best for serving content to the user may
Content_delivery_network
Cyber espionage group
to maintain OPSEC. Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) is a main component of the GPRS network, which handles all packet switched data within the network
LightBasin
Distributed application structure in computing
commands in network packets. Another DEL-capable computer, the server-host, received the packets, decoded them, and returned formatted data to the user-host
Client–server_model
Type of cyber-attack
the data contained in a fragmented packet relative to the data in the original packet. If the sum of the offset and size of one fragmented packet differs
Denial-of-service_attack
Component of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
to allow the subscriber to access packet services. Current location of subscriber (VLR and serving GPRS support node/SGSN). Call divert settings applicable
Network_switching_subsystem
Computer system that receives and forwards requests
track usage by individuals. Some anonymizing proxy servers may forward data packets with header lines such as HTTP_VIA, HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR, or HTTP_FORWARDED
Proxy_server
Type of computer server system
accounts, FTP services, and IRC. Some offer access through packet switched networks or packet radio connections. A precursor to the public bulletin board
Bulletin_board_system
Broadband network architecture term
way to the premises/home/building) and FTTC/N (fiber laid to the cabinet/node, with copper wires completing the connection). Residential areas already
Fiber_to_the_x
IP network architecture
Tunnel Architecture: This configuration allows user data to bypass the Serving GPRS Support Node(SGSN) on the user plane, reducing both latency and complexity
Flat_IP
Cellular telephone network standard since 1991
This expanded over time to include data communications, first by circuit-switched transport, then by packet data transport via its upgraded standards
GSM
Architectural framework of telecommunications
services over a circuit-switched network, rather than over an IP-based packet-switched network. Various VoIP technologies are available on smartphones;
IP_Multimedia_Subsystem
Third generation mobile cellular system
UMTS has since been enhanced as High Speed Packet Access (HSPA). UMTS supports theoretical maximum data transfer rates of 42 Mbit/s when Evolved HSPA
UMTS
Technology used to provide broadband to the end consumer via fiber
BM optical packets received by the OLT are different from packet to packet, since the ONUs are not synchronized to transmit optical packet in the same
Passive_optical_network
Assembled components serving a common purpose for communications
structure of a communication system, the transmitter first converts the data received from the source into a light signal and transmits it through the
Communications_system
Subfield of electronics engineering
1960s that researchers started to investigate packet switching — a technology that allows chunks of data to be sent between different computers without
Telecommunications engineering
Telecommunications_engineering
Equipment used to provide high speed data services
downstream traffic, is carried in IP packets encapsulated according to DOCSIS standard. These packets are carried on data streams that are typically modulated
Cable modem termination system
Cable_modem_termination_system
Family of 3G mobile technology standards
original set of 64. The 1X standard supports packet data speeds of up to 153 kbit/s with real world data transmission averaging 80–100 kbit/s in most
CDMA2000
Peer-to-peer file sharing protocol
functionality was added allowing clients to add peers based on the data found on connected nodes. In 2017, BitTorrent, Inc. released the BitTorrent v2 protocol
BitTorrent
UMTS Serving GPRS Support Nodes (SGSNs) (Iu-PS), and UMTS RNCs and media gateways (MGWs) (Iu-CS). The basic component of AAL2 is the CPS packet. A CPS
ATM_Adaptation_Layer_2
British computer scientist and Internet pioneer (1933–2020)
activities to develop packet satellite research. UCL adopted TCP/IP in November 1982, ahead of the ARPANET, becoming one of the first nodes on the Internet
Peter_T._Kirstein
established one of the first two international nodes of the ARPANET. In 1978 he co-authored "Issues in packet-network interconnection" with Vint Cerf, one
List_of_Internet_pioneers
Telecommunications network in Australia
premises. A fibre serving area comprises 12 fibre serving area modules connected to a fibre access node, which services up to 110,400 premises. NBN Co planned
National_Broadband_Network
Control of Mobile Originated SMS through both circuit-switched and packet-switched serving network entities Interworking with SoLSA (Support of Localised
Customized Applications for Mobile networks Enhanced Logic
Customized_Applications_for_Mobile_networks_Enhanced_Logic
lines run to a streetside cabinet containing a distribution frame called a Serving Area Interface (SAI). The SAI is connected to the main distribution frame
Outside_plant
American semiconductor company
processors in 2010, including the single-core Transcede 3000, which serves the eNodeB processing needs of a picocell, while consuming less than 10 watts (W) of
Mindspeed_Technologies
Application layer protocol
in small packets to almost solve the problem of the HOLB (head-of-line blocking); a push capability to allow server application to send data to clients
HTTP
Digital workload distribution techniques
response time and avoid unevenly overloading some compute nodes while other compute nodes are left idle. Load balancing is the subject of research in
Load_balancing_(computing)
1994–2008 South Korean government ministry
Jongno-gu, central Seoul. The last minister was Rho Jun-hyong, who began serving in March 2006. The ministry was dissolved on February 28, 2008 and combined
Ministry of Information and Communication (South Korea)
Ministry_of_Information_and_Communication_(South_Korea)
Wireless standard for intelligent building networks
designed to provide reliable, low-latency transmission of small data packets at data rates up to 100 kbit/s, and is suitable for control and sensor applications
Z-Wave
Principle that Internet service providers should treat all data equally
so-called deep packet inspection capabilities. Deep packet inspection helped make real-time discrimination between different kinds of data possible, and
Net_neutrality
Ethernet-based fieldbus system
standard Ethernet packet or frame (according to IEEE 802.3) is no longer received, interpreted, and copied as process data at every node. The EtherCAT slave
EtherCAT
European standard for trunked radio systems
priority cell and the serving cell is not. The neighbour cell supports a service (that is, TETRA standard speech, packet data, or encryption) that is
TETRA
Confederation of broadcasting organisations
confederation of indigenous broadcasting organisations from countries serving indigenous and minority language populations. Members are radio and television
World Indigenous Television Broadcasters Network
World_Indigenous_Television_Broadcasters_Network
to statistical multiplexing and from character based communications to packet based communications. Work on the OSI reference model was initiated in 1977
Trillium_Digital_Systems
Mechanical apparatus used to send messages
maritime signal code. They are brightly coloured and easily distinguishable, serving purposes such as spelling out messages, identifying letters and numbers
Semaphore
Line of multiservice edge routers
Processor I. The proprietary ASIC was the fundamental core of Juniper's Packet Forwarding Engine (PFE). The PFE consisted of a shared memory, a single
Juniper_M_series
Call assistance services
New York, Pittsburgh, Jacksonville, Oakland, Denver, and Montreal, each serving as the primary gateway to particular overseas countries with overflow connections
Operator_assistance
Method of sending messages to multiple mobile phone users
responsibility is to deliver the CB messages to the base stations (BTSs), Node Bs, ENodeBs and gNodeBs which handle the requested cells. Cell broadcast is not affected
Cell_Broadcast
Non-profit organisation
Accession 1,30 m; 24 vols.” National Archives Node 2190363, 1976. https://nationalarchives.gov.za/node/2190363 "About HAMNET". HAMNET South Africa. Retrieved
South_African_Radio_League
4G mobile communication standard
combine traditional macrocells with lower-power nodes such as picocells, femtocells, and relay nodes. This architecture is designed to improve network
LTE_Advanced
Satellite System (GMSS) consists of several satellite phone providers serving private customers. It can be compared to PLMN (wireless telephony carriers)
Global Mobile Satellite System
Global_Mobile_Satellite_System
Fifth-generation mobile telecommunications standard
and that its higher data capacity could increase exposure to attacks. A 2022 study identified a design flaw in the Evolved Packet System (EPS) that could
5G
analog telephone to the wireless network and also serves as a wireless mesh node, relaying signals from other mesh potatoes to a central wireless internet
South African wireless community networks
South_African_wireless_community_networks
Networking protocol for real-time communication
was also officially launched to oversee the protocol, and Synapse was serving as its reference homeserver implementation. Later that year, in October
Matrix_(protocol)
Text messaging implementation
message over the air interface to the Mobile Switching Center (MSC)/Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN). Along with the actual text of the Short Message, the destination
Short Message Service technical realisation (GSM)
Short_Message_Service_technical_realisation_(GSM)
Set of digital telephony standards
channel can also be used for sending and receiving X.25 data packets, and connection to X.25 packet network, this is specified in X.31. In practice, X.31
ISDN
American projects to promote computer research
to include 13 nodes interconnected at 1.5 Mbit/s (T-1) by July 1988. Additional links were added to form a multi-path network, and a node located in Atlanta
National Science Foundation Network
National_Science_Foundation_Network
Packets of geographic data in vector format
Vector tiles, tiled vectors or vectiles are packets of geographic data, packaged into pre-defined roughly-square shaped "tiles" for transfer over the web
Vector_tiles
phased enhancement programme to provide high-integrity packet switched data, including mobile X.25 packet access, international interfacing and the development
Communications and information systems of the British Armed Forces
Communications_and_information_systems_of_the_British_Armed_Forces
American communications company
Federated Wireless is an American SaaS company serving the telecom sector and headquartered in Arlington County, Virginia. The company is "commercializing
Federated_Wireless
for packet filtering and creating device drivers. nmap network security scanner uses Lua as the basis for its scripting language, named nse. NodeMCU uses
List of applications using Lua
List_of_applications_using_Lua
Field of telecommunication services
softphone computer applications to transmit conversations encoded as data packets. While one of the most common and cost-effective uses of IP telephony
Telephony
Network topology and switching Bandwidth Links Network switching circuit packet Nodes terminal Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space-division Frequency-division
List of telephone country codes
List_of_telephone_country_codes
Version of Windows Server, released in 2003
Server network comprises at least one controlling head node and subordinate processing nodes that carry out most of the work. Compute Cluster Server
Windows_Server_2003
Primitive long-distance flat-rate plan
employing a single telephone line between the customer location and the serving central office. Each access line could be arranged for outward (OUT-WATS)
Wide_Area_Telephone_Service
Code added to allow recovery of lost data
r(i) = p(i) − q(i) can be calculated. So we have enough data points to construct r and evaluate it to find the lost packets. So both the sender and the receiver require
Erasure_code
Artificial satellite that relays radio signals
and 15 meters wavelength. The satellite was not placed in orbit to send data from one point on Earth to another, but the radio transmitter was meant to
Communications_satellite
Broadband internet service
fiber-to-the-node (FTTN) or fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP) communications network. In the more common FTTN deployment, fiber-optic connections carry all data (internet
AT&T_Internet
Multimedia delivery method
data is delivered through a network for playback using a digital media player or media player software. Media is transferred in a stream of packets from
Streaming_media
U.S. naval officer and computer scientist (1906–1992)
Later, while giving these lectures while working for DEC, she passed out packets of pepper, calling the individual grains of ground pepper picoseconds.
Grace_Hopper
Wi-fi network provided by local government
of distinct users has been shown to be moderate to light. Private firms serving multiple cities sometimes maintain an account for each user, and allow
Municipal_wireless_network
figures). There is one television broadcast station, which in 1997 was serving 3,000 televisions; the Peoples Television (PTV) is a free service providing
Telecommunications in Montserrat
Telecommunications_in_Montserrat
Technology to send internet signals over conventional power line grids
received signals, separating the data packets from the power. This process involves extracting the original digital data from the modulated carrier signals
Broadband_over_power_lines
January 2010. There were 61 (2003) internet service providers in Belgium, serving 8.113 million internet users in 2009. The country code for Belgian websites
Telecommunications_in_Belgium
Problem of finding a cycle through all vertices of a graph
determine if there is a Hamiltonian path from the start node to each end node and send packets across the corresponding path. Utilizing this strategy guarantees
Hamiltonian_path_problem
Linked hypertext system on the Internet
1990. The hyperlink structure of the web is described by the webgraph: the nodes of the web graph correspond to the web pages (or URLs), the directed edges
World_Wide_Web
Telstra executive, Professor Peter Gerrand, who became the Society's longest serving Chairman (1993–2003) and Editor-in-Chief of TJA (1994–2014). The TSA's
Telecommunications Association (TelSoc)
Telecommunications_Association_(TelSoc)
Chinese internet regulations
control protocol (TCP) packets for keywords or sensitive words. If the keywords or sensitive words appear in the TCP packets, access will be closed.
Great_Firewall
US Department of Defense combat support agency
microwave, copper cable, and fiber optic links; Defense Data Network packet-switching nodes; Defense Switched Network (DSN) multi-function voice switches;
Defense Information Systems Agency
Defense_Information_Systems_Agency
Telephone switching system used in the UK
hypothetical area with 30 exchanges could be served by three groups of directors serving A-digit levels 2 & 3; 4 & 7, and 5, 6 & 8. But it was not possible to have
Director_telephone_system
Handheld mobile device
smartphones. Music streaming apps and services have grown rapidly in popularity, serving the same use as listening to music stations on a terrestrial or satellite
Smartphone
Defunct Canadian telephone and internet provider
1948 to 1962. On 9 June 1979, it acquired the Labrador Telephone Company serving Labrador City from the Iron Ore Company of Canada and, in late 1988, it
NewTel_Communications
Defunct telecommunications node in the United States; part of the Bell System
2017 and cut over to a Genband G5/G6 packet switch. The No. 1 Electronic Switching System Arranged with Data Features (No. 1 ESS ADF) was an adaptation
Number One Electronic Switching System
Number_One_Electronic_Switching_System
PACKET DATA-SERVING-NODE
PACKET DATA-SERVING-NODE
PACKET DATA-SERVING-NODE
PACKET DATA-SERVING-NODE
PACKET DATA-SERVING-NODE
PACKET DATA-SERVING-NODE
PACKET DATA-SERVING-NODE
PACKET DATA-SERVING-NODE
PACKET DATA-SERVING-NODE