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An oxygen diffusion-enhancing compound is any substance that increases the availability of oxygen in body tissues by influencing the molecular structure
Oxygen diffusion-enhancing compound
Oxygen_diffusion-enhancing_compound
American drug development company
technology of oxygen diffusion-enhancing compounds and its lead drug, trans sodium crocetinate (TSC). TSC acts to increase the rate at which oxygen moves through
Diffusion_Pharmaceuticals
Aggressive type of brain cancer
preclinical and clinical investigations into the use of an oxygen diffusion-enhancing compound such as trans sodium crocetinate as radiosensitizers, and
Glioblastoma
Topics referred to by the same term
protein, the associated protein Trans sodium crocetinate, an oxygen diffusion-enhancing compound Thyristor switched capacitor, a feature in some AC power
TSC
Carotenoid chemical compound
constitute a subclass of oxygen diffusion-enhancing compounds. Transcrocetinate sodium was one of the first such compounds discovered. Transcrocetinate
Crocetin
Therapy using ionizing radiation, usually to treat cancer
preclinical and clinical investigations into the use of an oxygen diffusion-enhancing compound such as trans sodium crocetinate as a radiosensitizer. Charged
Radiation_therapy
Oxygen needed to remove organics from water
Microorganisms living in oxygenated waters use dissolved oxygen to oxidatively degrade the organic compounds, releasing energy which is used for growth and reproduction
Biochemical_oxygen_demand
American chemical engineer (1938–2025)
Diffusion Pharmaceuticals in March 2020. Gainer pioneered investigation into the mechanism of action underlying oxygen diffusion-enhancing compounds (ODECs)
John_L._Gainer
Chemical reaction between a fuel and oxygen
reaction between a fuel (the reductant) and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as
Combustion
Cancer medication
reported in 2010 on investigations into the use of the novel oxygen diffusion-enhancing compound trans sodium crocetinate (TSC) when combined with temozolomide
Temozolomide
Situation where tumor cells have been deprived of oxygen
an oxygen diffusion-enhancing compound to reoxygenate the hypoxic zones of tumors. The developer of oxygen diffusion-enhancing compounds, Diffusion Pharmaceuticals
Tumor_hypoxia
Chemical element with atomic number 15 (P)
subsequent modifications) were made with heads of white phosphorus, an oxygen-releasing compound (potassium chlorate, lead dioxide, or sometimes nitrate), and
Phosphorus
Paleoproterozoic surge in atmospheric oxygen
end of the GOE. The appearance of highly reactive free oxygen, which can oxidize organic compounds (especially genetic materials) and thus is toxic to the
Great_Oxidation_Event
Gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction with its environment
metal is subjected to a hot atmosphere containing oxygen, sulfur ("sulfidation"), or other compounds capable of oxidizing (or assisting the oxidation of)
Corrosion
Chemical element with atomic number 55 (Cs)
1021/j150537a023. Okamoto, H. (2009). "Cs-O (Cesium-Oxygen)". Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion. 31: 86–87. doi:10.1007/s11669-009-9636-5. S2CID 96084147
Caesium
Unusual compound of aluminium in its rare oxidation state I
Aluminium(I) oxide is a compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula Al2O. It can be prepared by heating the stable oxide Al2O3 with elemental
Aluminium(I)_oxide
agents address low oxygen levels (hypoxia) in tumors, which can hinder radiation effectiveness. Nitroimidazoles: Mimic oxygen, enhancing free radical formation
Radiosensitizer
Designed to release oxygen in biological environments
mechanisms include oxygen-releasing compounds, such as inorganic peroxides and hydrogen peroxide-based systems, as well as oxygen-carrying materials,
Oxygen_generating_biomaterial
Compounds consisting of sodium, oxygen and cobalt
compounds of sodium, cobalt, and oxygen with the general formula Na xCoO 2 for 0 < x ≤ 1. The name is also used for hydrated forms of those compounds
Sodium_cobalt_oxide
Medical imaging technique
disorders of the liver may be evaluated using diffusion-weighted, opposed-phase imaging and dynamic contrast enhancement sequences. Extracellular contrast agents
Magnetic_resonance_imaging
Group of highly reactive chemical elements
1021/j150537a023. Okamoto, H. (2009). "Cs-O (Cesium-Oxygen)". Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion. 31: 86–87. doi:10.1007/s11669-009-9636-5. S2CID 96084147
Alkali_metal
Substance that lowers surface tension
A surfactant is a chemical compound that decreases the surface tension or interfacial tension between two liquids, a liquid and a gas, or a liquid and
Surfactant
Chemical element with atomic number 14 (Si)
Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, which are compounds of silicon and oxygen, often with metallic ions when negatively charged silicate
Silicon
Oxygen-delivering blood cell and the most common type of blood cell
allows for less viscous blood, higher concentrations of oxygen, and better diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. The size of red blood cells
Red_blood_cell
Hypothetical modification of Mars into an Earth-like habitable planet
Without a pressure suit, no amount of breathable oxygen delivered by any means will sustain oxygen-breathing life for more than a few minutes. In the
Terraforming_of_Mars
Process that leads to chemical changes
batteries. In a combustion reaction, an element or compound reacts with an oxidant, usually oxygen, often producing energy in the form of heat or light
Chemical_reaction
Process used to treat contaminated media such as water and soil
bioremediation is to remove harmful compounds to improve soil and water quality. Bioventing is a process that increases the oxygen or air flow into the unsaturated
Bioremediation
Passing of drugs through the blood brain-barrier
influence a compound's ability to transverse the blood–brain barrier. In this study, they examined several different factors to investigate diffusion across
Drug_delivery_to_the_brain
Zone in which oxygen saturation in seawater in the ocean is at its lowest
inhibited by oxygen can take place like denitrification and anammox. Both processes extract elemental nitrogen from nitrogen compounds and that elemental
Oxygen_minimum_zone
Technique used for wastewater treatment
which interact with the contaminants and degrade them. The refractory compounds are thus converted into reaction intermediates and, ultimately, into water
Electro-oxidation
Common food coloring
Brilliant blue FCF (Blue 1) is a synthetic organic compound used primarily as a blue colorant for processed foods, medications, dietary supplements, and
Brilliant_blue_FCF
Central nervous system stimulant
effect in ADHD, dextroamphetamine enhances cognitive control and may reduce impulsivity in patients with BED by enhancing the cognitive processes responsible
Amphetamine
Boosting the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream
in the bloodstream is boosted in order to enhance athletic performance. Because such blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the muscles, a higher concentration
Blood_doping
materials differ in their properties. Thus, in comparison with silicon, compound semiconductors have both advantages and disadvantages. For example, gallium
List of semiconductor materials
List_of_semiconductor_materials
Type of lithium-ion cell
rate-capability compared to materials with two-dimensional frameworks for Li+ diffusion. LiMn2O4→Li1−xMn2O4+xLi++xe− The voltage, capacity, and current density
Lithium ion manganese oxide battery
Lithium_ion_manganese_oxide_battery
Metal–air electrochemical cell
insulating product, cycling Li-air batteries clogs pores meant for oxygen diffusion. The chemistry of a standard Li-air battery inevitably produces lithium
Lithium–air_battery
Emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light
its frequent use in safety signs and labels. Fluorescent compounds are often used to enhance the appearance of fabric and paper, causing a "whitening"
Fluorescence
Phenomenon of surface adhesion
Most industrial adsorbents fall into one of three classes: Oxygen-containing compounds – are typically hydrophilic and polar, including materials such
Adsorption
State of matter
phases for product removal, or single phase for reaction. Rapid diffusion accelerates diffusion controlled reactions. Temperature and pressure can tune the
Supercritical_fluid
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
compounds; manganese compounds; cobalt compounds; and uranium compounds. In aerobic eukaryotes, a complex mechanism has developed to use the oxygen in
Glycolysis
Chemical element with atomic number 93 (Np)
of flowing oxygen. Many of the resulting compounds also have an equivalent compound that substitutes uranium for neptunium. Some compounds that have been
Neptunium
Metal-joining technique
g. a carbide tip and a steel holder), and to act as a diffusion barrier (e.g. to stop diffusion of aluminum from aluminum bronze to steel when brazing
Brazing
Species of cephalopod
area that water can come into contact with, thus resulting in enhanced diffusion of oxygen into the blood. Some evidence indicates that lamellae and vessels
Common_octopus
Medical imaging technique
commonly, a paramagnetic contrast agent (usually a gadolinium compound) is given. Gadolinium-enhanced tissues and fluids appear extremely bright on T1-weighted
Physics of magnetic resonance imaging
Physics_of_magnetic_resonance_imaging
Alloys with high proportions of several metals
rate and thus intermetallic compound will appear in HEAs. Instead, HEAFs have higher cooling rate and limit the diffusion rate, so they seldom have intermetallic
High-entropy_alloy
Nutrient within the soil
essential for plant growth and reproduction. They are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca)
Plant_nutrients_in_soil
Family of polymers
pliable, durable parts in high volume Silanones exotic class of compounds with silicon–oxygen double bonds Moretto, Hans-Heinrich; Schulze, Manfred; Wagner
Silicone
Antimicrobial agent that inactivates or destroys microbes
A disinfectant is a chemical substance or compound used to inactivate or destroy microorganisms on inert surfaces. Disinfection does not necessarily kill
Disinfectant
Mixture or metallic solid solution composed of two or more elements
metallic bonding rather than by covalent bonds typically found in chemical compounds. The alloy constituents are usually measured by mass percentage for practical
Alloy
Type of battery
potassium-ion battery is focusing on achieving fast ion diffusion kinetics, stable SEI formation as well as enhanced safety. Along with the sodium ion, potassium-ion
Potassium-ion_battery
Atmospheric phenomenon
(or allotropes) of oxygen are involved in the ozone-oxygen cycle: oxygen atoms (O or atomic oxygen), oxygen gas (O 2 or diatomic oxygen), and ozone gas (O
Ozone_depletion
Layer of gases surrounding an astronomical body held by gravity
mainly retain higher molar mass atmospheres made of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, with trace amounts of inert gas. Atmospheres have been detected around
Atmosphere
Chemical element with atomic number 9 (F)
fluorides: unstable difluorides have been reported for oxygen (the only known compound with oxygen in an oxidation state of +2), sulfur, and selenium; tetrafluorides
Fluorine
Chemical compound
oxygen vacancies and small polarons (electrons localized on cerium cations). Increasing the concentration of oxygen defects increases the diffusion rate
Cerium(IV)_oxide
Chemical element with atomic number 5 (B)
three valence electrons for forming covalent bonds, resulting in many compounds such as boric acid, the mineral sodium borate, and the ultra-hard crystals
Boron
Effects of ionizing radiation
also lead to segregation and diffusion of atoms within materials, leading to phase segregation and voids as well as enhancing the effects of stress corrosion
Radiation_damage
Fluid-filled space in organs
lymphatic drainage due to blockage can compound these effects. Interstitial edema can prevent oxygen diffusion across tissue and in the brain, kidney
Interstitium
Organ system for circulating blood in animals
magnesium, and calcium), and organic compounds (mostly carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids). The primary oxygen transporter molecule is hemocyanin. There
Circulatory_system
Chemical element with atomic number 42 (Mo)
and superalloys. Most molybdenum compounds have low solubility in water. Heating molybdenum-bearing minerals under oxygen and water affords molybdate ion
Molybdenum
High-energy-density electrical storage device
of zinc with oxygen in air. During discharge, a mass of zinc particles forms a porous anode, which is saturated with an electrolyte. Oxygen from the air
Zinc–air_battery
Form of phototherapy
crossing (ISC) with oxygen to produce singlet oxygen. This species is highly cytotoxic, rapidly attacking any organic compounds it encounters. It is
Photodynamic_therapy
it has a diffusion distance of about 320 nm. The reduction product of superoxide is hydrogen peroxide, one of the most studied reactive oxygen species
Reactive oxygen species production in marine microalgae
Reactive_oxygen_species_production_in_marine_microalgae
Technology for splitting specific gases out of mixtures
10 to 25 tonnes of 25 to 40% oxygen per day. There are three main diffusion mechanisms. The first (b), Knudsen diffusion holds at very low pressures where
Membrane_gas_separation
Chemical element with atomic number 1 (H)
the gas H2 (dihydrogen) and in molecules, such as in water and organic compounds. The most common isotope of hydrogen, 1H, consists of one proton, one
Hydrogen
Chemical element with atomic number 24 (Cr)
oxygen concentration. Chromium is a member of group 6, of the transition metals. The +3 and +6 states occur most commonly within chromium compounds,
Chromium
Capacity of a substance to dissolve in a homogeneous way
between the dissolving substance and the solvent D {\displaystyle D} = diffusion coefficient d {\displaystyle d} = thickness of the boundary layer of the
Solubility
Deterioration of rocks and minerals through exposure to the elements
the very slow diffusion rate of CO2 out of the soil. The CO2 and organic acids help break down aluminium- and iron-containing compounds in the soils beneath
Weathering
Chemical element with atomic number 72 (Hf)
ISBN 978-0-8031-0505-8. O'Hara, Andrew; Demkov, Alexander A. (2014). "Oxygen and nitrogen diffusion in α-hafnium from first principles". Applied Physics Letters
Hafnium
Circulatory system of fetuses
affinity for oxygen than does adult hemoglobin, which, together with the difference in partial pressure of oxygen, allows a diffusion of oxygen from the mother's
Fetal_circulation
Steel alloy resistant to corrosion
self-heal when exposed to oxygen. It can be further alloyed with elements like molybdenum, carbon, nickel and nitrogen to enhance specific properties for
Stainless_steel
Gas layer surrounding Earth
e., by quantity of molecules), dry air contains 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other trace gases
Atmosphere_of_Earth
MRI procedure that measures brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow
arterial spin labeling and diffusion MRI. Diffusion MRI is similar to BOLD fMRI but provides contrast based on the magnitude of diffusion of water molecules in
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging
Industrial process for ammonia production
present. Sulfur compounds, phosphorus compounds, arsenic compounds, and chlorine compounds are permanent poisons. Oxygenic compounds like water, carbon
Haber_process
Bio-electrochemical system
microbial oxidation of reduced compounds (also known as fuel or electron donor) on the anode to oxidized compounds such as oxygen (also known as oxidizing agent
Microbial_fuel_cell
Fuel cell that produces electricity by oxidization
found, and can be prevented by thin (<100 nm) ceria diffusion barriers. If the conductivity for oxygen ions in SOFC can remain high even at lower temperatures
Solid_oxide_fuel_cell
Type of medication applied to the skin
susceptible to oxidation by atmospheric oxygen or microorganism action. The stability against oxidation can be enhanced by the introduction of antioxidants
Topical_cream_formulation
Study of the chemical elements and compounds necessary for normal plant life
oats, barley and rice require nitrogen compounds to be present in the soil in which they grow. Carbon and oxygen are absorbed from the air while other
Plant_nutrition
Alternative respiratory strategies in hypoxic waters
An oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) is characterized as an oxygen-deficient layer in the world's oceans. Typically found between 200 m to 1500 m deep below regions
Microbiology of oxygen minimum zones
Microbiology_of_oxygen_minimum_zones
Device to detect the presence or absence of gases
require a minimum of a few percent oxygen in the atmosphere to be tested and they can be poisoned or inhibited by compounds such as silicones, mineral acids
Gas_detector
Deep-water aeration without disrupting the natural stratification of water
standpoint. Under low oxygen conditions, iron and manganese dissolve as ions, with the majority existing as soluble ferrous or manganese compounds. At very high
Hypolimnetic_aeration
Potential method of reducing climate change
in such a way that destroys the compound. Methane is lost in the atmosphere by reactions with excited atomic oxygen (O('D)), Cl, atomic fluorine (F)
Atmospheric_methane_removal
Union of biological and artificial materials
developing smart implants and drug delivery systems, in prosthetics for enhancing user control through neural or muscular interfaces and environmental sustainability
Biohybrid_system
Form of physical vapor deposition
nitrogen may be employed to reduce diffusion lifetime, positively bolstering surface kinetic barriers. To further enhance film roughness, the substrate may
Electron-beam physical vapor deposition
Electron-beam_physical_vapor_deposition
Gas layer surrounding Mars
escape of oxygen, carbon and nitrogen. Molecular hydrogen (H2) is produced from the dissociation of H2O or other hydrogen-containing compounds in the lower
Atmosphere_of_Mars
Microscopic algae
important for life on earth; they produce approximately half of the atmospheric oxygen and use the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide to grow photoautotrophically.
Microalgae
Ultrafine particles of silver between 1 nm and 100 nm in size
oxidative catalytic enhancement of a nanostructure via excitation of its surface plasmon resonance. The defining feature for enhancing the oxidative catalytic
Silver_nanoparticle
Pulmonary function measurement
data meta-analysis in heart failure found that the double-diffusion approach enhanced classification compared with DL,CO alone. In post-COVID cohorts
Pulmonary diffusing capacity for nitric oxide
Pulmonary_diffusing_capacity_for_nitric_oxide
Chemical compound and greenhouse gas
hexafluoride or sulphur hexafluoride (British spelling) is an inorganic compound with the formula SF6. It is a colorless, odorless, non-flammable, and non-toxic
Sulfur_hexafluoride
Reduction in ductility of a metal exposed to hydrogen
methods like In situ eddy current and ultrasonic monitoring of hydrogen diffusion is also reported Recent studies have shown that hydrogen-assisted degradation
Hydrogen_embrittlement
Class of extreme chemical compounds
the most unreactive elements, so it was commonly assumed that helium compounds could not exist at all, or at least not under normal conditions. Helium's
Helium_compounds
Chemical element with atomic number 92 (U)
it useful in the gaseous diffusion process to separate the rare uranium-235 from the common uranium-238 isotope. This compound can be prepared from uranium
Uranium
Boundary between bed sediment and the overlying water column
Therefore, chemical compounds in the water can undergo two main processes here: 1) diffusion and 2) biological mixing. Chemical diffusion into and out of
Sediment–water_interface
Concentration of water vapour in the air
humidity reduces ambient oxygen concentrations (dry air is typically 20.9% oxygen, but at 100% relative humidity the air is 20.4% oxygen), flue gas fans must
Humidity
Chemical compound
oxide or neptunium dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NpO2, composed of neptunium and oxygen. Solid neptunium(IV) oxide is one of two
Neptunium(IV)_oxide
Chemical compound
molecular formula was established by mass-spectrometry along with salannin, a compound whose chemical formula and properties are very close those of nimbin. Nimbin
Nimbin_(chemical)
White powder insoluble in water
protected by applying zinc oxide coating. The coating reduces the diffusion of oxygen through PEN. Zinc oxide layers can also be used on polycarbonate
Zinc_oxide
Class of enzymes
radical into normal molecular oxygen (O2) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2). Superoxide is produced as a by-product of oxygen metabolism and, if not regulated
Superoxide_dismutase
Isotope of hydrogen with two neutrons
of oxygen-16 (16O) is about 0.19 millibarn and that of oxygen-17 (17O) is about 240 millibarns. While 16O is by far the most common isotope of oxygen in
Tritium
Physico-chemical processes contributing to protect a surface against oxidation
oxide relative to the volume of the parent metal, the mechanism of oxygen diffusion through the metal oxide to the parent metal, and the relative chemical
Passivation_(chemistry)
Biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms
concern for drinking water use because nitrate can interfere with blood-oxygen levels in infants and cause methemoglobinemia or blue-baby syndrome. Where
Nitrogen_cycle
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