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Neural pathway in the visual system
neuroanatomy, the optic radiation (also known as the geniculocalcarine tract, the geniculostriate pathway, and posterior thalamic radiation) are axons from
Optic_radiation
Body parts responsible for vision
especially the retina The optic nerve The optic chiasma The optic tract The lateral geniculate body The optic radiation The visual cortex The visual
Visual_system
Visual maladies
body→Optic radiation→Primary visual cortex The type of field defect can help localize where the lesion is located (see picture given in infobox). The optic nerve
Visual_pathway_lesions
Cranial nerve connecting the eye to the brain
the optic chiasm). From the lateral geniculate body, fibers of the optic radiation pass to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the brain. In more
Optic_nerve
Loss of vision in a quarter of the visual field
quarter of the visual field. It can be associated with a lesion of an optic radiation. While quadrantanopia can be caused by lesions in the temporal and
Quadrantanopia
Component of the visual system in the brain's thalamus
activating system. Neurons of the LGN send their axons through the optic radiation, a direct pathway to the primary visual cortex. In addition, the LGN
Lateral_geniculate_nucleus
Neural pathway within the human visual system
Cerebrum. Inferior view.Deep dissection Optic nerve (CN II) Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) Bistratified cell Optic radiation Optic tract. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved
Optic_tract
Light-conducting fiber
transmit light from one end to the other. Such fibers are widely used in fiber-optic communication, where they permit transmission over longer distances and
Optical_fiber
Scientific theory in vertebrate development
the theory. Most importantly, the loop of the optic radiation undoes the potential repair of the optic projection on the cortex, which is the central
Axial_twist_theory
Area in visual space that can be seen when the eye fixates a point
the center of the optic chiasma causes bitemporal hemianopia A lesion to the optic tract, or involving the complete optic radiation causes homonymous
Visual_field
Medical condition
Optic neuropathy is damage to the optic nerve from any cause. The optic nerve is a bundle of millions of fibers in the retina that sends visual signals
Optic_neuropathy
Nerve crossings outside the central nervous system
occurs, for example, in the optic tract between the optic chiasm and the optic tectum. Another example is the optic radiation which rotates the retinal
Chiasm_(anatomy)
White matter structure of the brain
fibers from the optic system, coming from the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. More posteriorly, this becomes the optic radiation. Some fibers
Internal_capsule
Glial cell tumor of the optic nerve
Optic nerve glioma (or optic glioma), a form of glioma which affects the optic nerve, is often one of the central nervous system manifestations of neurofibromatosis
Optic_nerve_glioma
Spinocerebellar tract Spino-olivary tract Spinoreticular tract Optic tract Optic radiation Retinohypothalamic tract Medullary striae of fourth ventricle
List of regions in the human brain
List_of_regions_in_the_human_brain
The thermo-optic coefficient of a material is the change in refractive index with the response to temperature. The coefficient is a fundamental optical
Thermo-optic_coefficient
Central organ of the human nervous system
forming the optic tracts. The optic tract fibres reach the brain at the lateral geniculate nucleus, and travel through the optic radiation to reach the
Human_brain
Cable assembly containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light
A fiber-optic cable, also known as an optical-fiber cable, is an assembly similar to an electrical cable but containing one or more optical fibers that
Fiber-optic_cable
Reflex action of the human eye
light on each retina is taken to the occipital lobe via the optic nerve and optic radiation (after a synapse in the lateral geniculate body of the posterior
Accommodation_reflex
Clarity of vision
to the visual cortex along a collection of nerve fibers called the optic radiation. [citation needed] Any pathological process in the visual system, even
Visual_acuity
Loss of vision in half the visual field
right optic tract can cause a loss of the left field of view in both eyes. Likewise, damage to the left posterior brain or left optic radiation can cause
Hemianopsia
Degeneration of white matter near the lateral ventricles of the brain
devoted to PVL. Vlasyuk (1981) first revealed the high incidence of optic radiation lesions and demonstrated that PVL is a persistent process where old
Periventricular_leukomalacia
Each side of the forebrain represents the opposite side of the body
thalamic LGN to the visual cortex. (See figure; this path is known as the optic radiation.) As a result, the retinal map shows the visual periphery on the medial
Contralateral_brain
Neural pathway involved with circadian rhythms
monosynaptically, to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) via the optic nerve and the optic chiasm. The suprachiasmatic nuclei receive and interpret information
Retinohypothalamic_tract
Device that emits light via optical amplification
of electromagnetic radiation. The word laser originated as an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. The first laser was
Laser
frontal and temporal perisylvian region, and in the temporal stem and optic radiation, of the left hemisphere, whereas females have a larger amount of gray
Sexual dimorphism in human physiology
Sexual_dimorphism_in_human_physiology
Electromagnetic radiation humans can see
Light, visible light, or visible radiation is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by the human eye. Visible light spans the visible spectrum
Light
Form of electromagnetic radiation
Ultraviolet radiation (UV; sometimes called ultraviolet light) is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 100–400 nanometers, shorter than that of
Ultraviolet
Artery which supplies blood to the occipital lobe of the brain
Homonymous hemianopsia (often upper quadrantic): Calcarine cortex or optic radiation nearby. Bilateral homonymous hemianopsia, cortical blindness, awareness
Posterior_cerebral_artery
Part of the brain at the back of the head
Retinal sensors convey stimuli through the optic tracts to the lateral geniculate bodies, where optic radiations continue to the visual cortex. Each visual
Occipital_lobe
Optic nerve head, the point of exit for ganglion cell axons leaving the eye
optic disc or optic nerve head is the point of exit for ganglion cell axons leaving the eye. Because there are no rods or cones overlying the optic disc
Optic_disc
German ophthalmologist (1851–1935)
optic radiation as well as the optic tract. Wilbrand's knee: A group of extramacular ganglion cell axons that extend forward into the posterior optic
Hermann_Wilbrand
American neurosurgeon
Kelly B.; Abdulrauf, Saleem I. (2008). "Anatomic Relationship of the Optic Radiations to the Atrium of the Lateral Ventricle". Operative Neurosurgery. 63
Saleem_Abdulrauf
Neural oscillations in the frequency range of 8–12 Hz
12 Hz in 21 year olds. This shift has been linked to changes in the optic radiation and correlates with improvement in visual perception. Alpha waves can
Alpha_wave
Type of neuron located in the thalamus
information leaves the parvocellular cells via relay cells in the optic radiations, traveling to the primary visual cortex layer 4C-β. The parvocellular
Parvocellular_cell
White matter tract in the human brain
Fasciculus, Inferior Occipitofrontal Fasciculus, and Meyer's Loop of the Optic Radiation". Am J Neuroradiol. 25 (5): 677–691. PMC 7974480. PMID 15140705. Retrieved
Uncinate_fasciculus
Human disease
mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness), is a rare autosomal-recessive genetic disorder that causes childhood-onset diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and
Wolfram_syndrome
Topics referred to by the same term
part or all of the body to a controlled amount of ionizing radiation Optic or acoustic radiations, signal pathway structures of human brain white matter in
Radiation_(disambiguation)
Form of electromagnetic radiation
up to 4 gigabit/s, compared to the cost of burying fiber optic cable, except for the radiation damage. "Since the eye cannot detect IR, blinking or closing
Infrared
Nerve tract of the brain
fasciculus, inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus, and Meyer's loop of the optic radiation". AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 25 (5): 677–91. PMC 7974480. PMID 15140705
Occipitofrontal_fasciculus
Type of neurofibromatosis disease
Cerebral peduncle, pons, midbrain, globus pallidus, thalamus, and optic radiations. Their exact identity remains a bit of a mystery since they disappear
Neurofibromatosis_type_I
Biological study Of bipolar disorder
corpus callosum, regions adjacent to the anterior cingulate, the left optic radiation, and right superior longitudinal tract, and increased in the cerebellum
Biology_of_bipolar_disorder
ophthalmology ophthalmic artery optic canal optic chiasm optic disc optic foramen optic nerve optic papilla optic radiation optic recess optic tract ora serrata oral
Index_of_anatomy_articles
Medical condition
nucleus, and myelination of occipital part of the internal capsule, optic radiation, and the dentate nuclei. Facial features might include a smooth philtrum
POLR3-related_leukodystrophy
Medical condition from optic nerve damage
Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a medical condition characterized by loss of vision caused by damage to the optic nerve as a result of
Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Non-arteritic_anterior_ischemic_optic_neuropathy
Range 300-3000 GHz of the electromagnetic spectrum
an EO (electro-optic) Dipole Dendrimer Excitation (DDE) emitter, no practical technologies existed for generating and detecting radiation in a frequency
Terahertz_radiation
Sensor that uses optical fiber
A fiber-optic sensor is a sensor that uses optical fiber either as the sensing element ("intrinsic sensors"), or as a means of relaying signals from a
Fiber-optic_sensor
Pathologic overview
degeneration condition spreads from the anterior part or from the rear. The optic radiation (OR), which is a set of axons that lead to the visual cortex, is more
Pathology of multiple sclerosis
Pathology_of_multiple_sclerosis
Sensory abilities in snakes
The ability to sense infrared thermal radiation evolved independently in three different groups of snakes, consisting of the families of Boidae (boas)
Infrared_sensing_in_snakes
Swelling of the eye's optic disc due to high intracranial pressure
Papilledema or papilloedema is optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure due to any cause. The swelling is usually bilateral
Papilledema
Excess growth of certain parts of the body
apnea Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer Hypogonadism Compression of the optic chiasm by the growth of pituitary adenoma leading to visual problems About
Acromegaly
Eye condition caused by ultraviolet radiation
prevented by wearing eye protection that blocks most of the ultraviolet radiation, such as welding goggles with the proper filters, a welder's helmet, sunglasses
Photokeratitis
quarter of the visual field, usually resulting from damage to the optic radiations or visual cortex. Quadriplegia Paralysis affecting all four limbs,
Glossary_of_neuroscience
problem. A prize of $10,000 was offered to the team that could track optic radiations, and teams from 168 countries took part in the competition. A winning
High-definition fiber tracking
High-definition_fiber_tracking
which the temperature is calculated. Fibre optic sensors offer complete immunity to RF and microwave radiation with high temperature operating capability
Fiber-optical_thermometer
Optic nerve sheath meningiomas (ONSM) are rare benign tumors of the optic nerve. 60–70% of cases occur in middle age females, and is more common in older
Optic_nerve_sheath_meningioma
equipment – Radiation conditions for use in the determination of characteristics IEC 61270 Capacitors for microwave ovens IEC 61274 Fibre optic interconnecting
List_of_IEC_standards
Electrical potential evoked in the nervous system
to confirm damage to visual pathway including retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic radiations, and occipital cortex. One application is in measuring
Evoked_potential
on the inverse process of the electro-optic effect. It was reported for the first time in 1962, when radiation from a ruby laser was transmitted through
Optical_rectification
In cancer or tumor treatments
In radiotherapy, radiation treatment planning (RTP) is the process in which a team consisting of radiation oncologists, radiation therapist, medical physicists
Radiation_treatment_planning
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye
electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light (or simply light)
Visible_spectrum
Medical procedure
Position verification and correction must ensure that the radiation spares sensitive tissue like the optic nerve to preserve the patient's vision. For ocular
Proton_therapy
Decreased output of hormones by the pituitary gland
and feet, coarse facial features), and if the tumor extends to the optic nerve or optic chiasm, there may be visual field defects. Headaches may also accompany
Hypopituitarism
Structure in the brain
and 5. The axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus, through the optic radiation, end in the primary visual cortex around the calcarine fissure. See
Isothalamus
Gradual loss of flux intensity through a medium
360 nm (violet) to 750 nm (red). When the Sun's radiation reaches the sea surface, the shortwave radiation is attenuated by the water, and the intensity
Attenuation
Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from 1 m to 1 mm
Microwave is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than other radio waves but longer than infrared waves. Its wavelength ranges
Microwave
Type of thermometer sensing radiation
A pyrometer, or radiation thermometer, is a type of remote sensing thermometer used to measure the temperature of distant objects. Various forms of pyrometers
Pyrometer
Condition characterized by absence of pigment
albinism are mainly caused by reduced melanin during optic development, leading to misrouting of optic nerve fibers and underdevelopment of the fovea. Lack
Albinism_in_humans
Surgical using radiation
higher doses to targets surrounded or backstopped by radiation-sensitive structures such as the optic chiasm or brainstem. The development of "intensity
Radiosurgery
Device that converts sound into an electrical signal
recording. Fiber-optic microphones possess high dynamic and frequency range, similar to the best high-fidelity conventional microphones. Fiber-optic microphones
Microphone
Branch of physics that studies light
studies the behaviour, manipulation, and detection of electromagnetic radiation, including its interactions with matter and instruments that use or detect
Optics
Benign brain tumor
growing in the inner wing (clinoidal) most often cause direct damage to the optic nerve leading especially to a decrease in visual acuity, progressive loss
Sphenoid_wing_meningioma
Medical condition
sensitive optic nerves. Proton therapy – A type of radiation therapy that uses protons instead of X-rays. "for eye melanomas, proton beam radiation therapy
Eye_neoplasm
Tumor of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord (meninges)
control may occur. Risk factors include exposure to ionizing radiation such as during radiation therapy, a family history of the condition, and neurofibromatosis
Meningioma
Metal alloy
variety of applications, including semiconductor radiation detectors, photorefractive gratings, electro-optic modulators, solar cells, and terahertz generation
Cadmium_zinc_telluride
Device used for modulating a laser beam
Stark effect (QCSE) in a quantum well structure. Compared with an Electro-optic modulator (EOM), an EAM can operate with much lower voltages (a few volts
Electro-absorption_modulator
Neurological impairment of voluntary muscle movement
a lack of coordination in some physiological process. Examples include optic ataxia (lack of coordination between visual inputs and hand movements, resulting
Ataxia
Optical phenomenon
recently, some physicists have developed a fiber optic based system which they believe will emit Hawking radiation. Sonic black hole Analog models of gravity
Optical_black_hole
sun angle on climate Electro-gyration Electro-optic effect Electroluminescence Electromagnetic radiation Electromagnetic spectrum Electromagnetic wave
Index_of_optics_articles
Brazilian anti-radiation missile
in order to evaluate the fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) module. This module, consisting of three interferometric fiber optic gyroscopes, is part of the Inertial
MAR-1
Structure in the midbrain
non-mammalian vertebrates, the homologous structure is known as the optic tectum or optic lobe. The adjective form tectal is commonly used for both structures
Superior_colliculus
Type of antenna
attached to the rim of the dish. The shroud shields the antenna from radiation from angles outside the main beam axis, reducing the sidelobes. It is
Parabolic_antenna
Absence of an organ or tissue from birth
diarrhea, and failure to thrive. Optic nerve aplasia (ONA) is a congenital optic nerve anomaly defined as the absence of the optic nerve head, the retinal blood
Aplasia
Clouding of the lens inside the eye, causing poor vision
most commonly due to aging but may also be caused by trauma to the eye, radiation exposure, conditions present from birth or complications from other conditions
Cataract
Visual illusion
Phosphenes that are induced by movement or sound may be associated with optic neuritis. Phosphenes can be induced by mechanical, electrical, or magnetic
Phosphene
Marvel Comics fictional character
absorb harmful radiation and process it to gain sustenance. Gazer lost his powers on M-Day, along with 90% of mutants. Succumbing to radiation sickness, he
War_(Marvel_Comics)
SI unit of time
laser-cooling a cloud of caesium atoms to one microkelvin (10−6 K) in a magneto-optic trap. These cold atoms are then launched vertically by laser light. The
Second
Electronic sensors that convert light into electrical signals
an electronic signal. These sensors are able to detect electromagnetic radiation from the infrared down to the ultraviolet wavelengths. They are used in
Electro-optical_sensor
Cancerous tumor of the developing eye
such as optic nerve invasion; choroidal invasion, scleral invasion, and intracranial invasion. CT scan is generally avoided because radiation can stimulate
Retinoblastoma
Tumor of the glial cells of the brain or spine
increased intracranial pressure. When the glioma is located in or around the optic nerve, cognitive impairments such as vision loss can happen. Spinal cord
Glioma
Regions of an electromagnetic field
of radiation scattering off an object. Non-radiative near-field behaviors dominate close to the antenna or scatterer, while electromagnetic radiation far-field
Near_and_far_field
C D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V W X Y AOM – acousto-optic modulator AOPDF – acousto-optic programmable dispersive filter APD – avalanche photodiode
Laser_acronyms
Autoimmune endocrine disease
compartments, which within the confines of the bony orbit may lead to dysthyroid optic neuropathy, increased intraocular pressures, proptosis, venous congestion
Graves'_disease
Room designed to be completely echo free
from the radiation within the chamber. Mains power and test signal cabling into the test chamber require high quality filtering. Fiber optic cables are
Anechoic_chamber
Neural pathways between the thalamus and cerebral cortex
Thalamocortical radiations also innervate gustatory and olfactory pathways, as well as pre-frontal motor areas. Visual input from the optic tract is processed
Thalamocortical_radiations
instrumentation. Areas of expertise include electro-optic remote sensing, atmospheric radiation transport, the science of combustion, computational physics
Spectral Sciences Incorporated
Spectral_Sciences_Incorporated
Neoplasm in the brain
be caused by CT scan radiation. Uncommon risk factors include exposure to vinyl chloride, Epstein–Barr virus, ionizing radiation, and inherited syndromes
Brain_tumor
Inflammation of the eyelid
disease Pathways Optic nerve Optic disc Optic neuritis optic papillitis Papilledema Foster Kennedy syndrome Optic atrophy Optic disc drusen Optic neuropathy
Blepharitis
Bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit
process that is causing the displacement of the eye may also compress the optic nerve or ophthalmic artery, and lead to blindness. Many patients with exophthalmos
Exophthalmos
Instrument for measuring the concentration of suspended particulates
stream to prevent particulates from circulating or depositing within the optic chamber. Sheath air prevents contamination caused by build-up and deposits
Nephelometer
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