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Secret programme of the African National Congress
Operation Vula (also known as Operation Vulindlela, Xhosa for Open the Road) was a secret domestic programme of the African National Congress (ANC) during
Operation_Vula
South African writer and activist, known for 1979 prison escape from Pretoria Prison
article series called Talking to Vula: The Story of the Secret Underground Communications Network of Operation Vula. In 2013, the story of the prison
Tim_Jenkin
Armed wing of the African National Congress
intelligence organisations. MK began planning a campaign called "Operation O Mayibuye", or "Operation Mayibuye", from Liliesleaf Farm. The South African Heritage
UMkhonto_weSizwe
Encryption technique
Tim (May–October 1995). "Talking to Vula: The Story of the Secret Underground Communications Network of Operation Vula". Mayibuye. Archived from the original
One-time_pad
1990–93 summits to end formal segregation and racial discrimination policies
their involvement in Operation Vula, an ongoing clandestine ANC operation inside the country. Police raids also turned up Operation Vula material which de
Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa
Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa
State intelligence agency, 1947 to 1991
Rivonia Trial, and the 1990 Operation Vula trial. It also carried out "Stratcom" disinformation and "dirty tricks" operations which some have likened to
Security Branch (South Africa)
Security_Branch_(South_Africa)
South African spy and diplomat
was known for his work in ANC intelligence, particularly as part of Operation Vula. In the post-apartheid period, he worked as a special adviser to Nkosazana
Moe_Shaik
South African chemical weapons program
Bureau operative Petrus Jacobus Botes, who claimed to have directed bureau operations in Mozambique and Swaziland, asserted that in May 1989 he was ordered
Project_Coast
1899–1902 war in South Africa
period of the war now largely gave way to a guerrilla war, but one final operation remained. President Kruger and what remained of the Transvaal government
Second_Boer_War
Political party in South Africa
Trial uMkhonto weSizwe Radio Freedom Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College Operation Vula Bisho massacre Shell House massacre Allied organisations Congress of
African_National_Congress
1854–1902 Boer republic in Southern Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Orange_Free_State
Rape and murder of teenage girl in South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Murder_of_Anene_Booysen
1836–1852 Boer migrations away from the British Cape Colony
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Great_Trek
British dominion in southern Africa from 1910 to 1961
refused to surrender and took to the countryside to carry out guerrilla operations against the British, who responded by implementing scorched earth tactics
Union_of_South_Africa
1960 South African Police killing of protestors
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Sharpeville_massacre
Proposed state for Afrikaners of South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Volkstaat
1966–1990 war between South Africa and PLAN
The incursions were designated Operation Sceptic, Operation Protea, and Operation Daisy, respectively. While Operation Rekstok was underway in March 1979
South_African_Border_War
Republic of South Africa (1961-1984)
collection at home and abroad. It swiftly gained notoriety for its covert operations, infiltration of anti-apartheid organisations, and routine use of torture
Republic of South Africa (1961–1984)
Republic_of_South_Africa_(1961–1984)
1880–1881 war in South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
First_Boer_War
Boer guerilla faction (1900–1902)
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Bittereinder
1934–1977 political party
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
United_Party_(South_Africa)
Former countries in southern Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Boer_republics
South African political history
Operation Vula, through which the ANC would seek to re-establish an armed underground and political leadership inside South Africa. Through Operation
History of the African National Congress
History_of_the_African_National_Congress
Anti-immigrants vigilante organisation in South Africa
Operation Dudula is an organisation which turned into a political party in South Africa. It is often described as a fascist organisation and the group
Operation_Dudula
Southern African philosophy
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Ubuntu_philosophy
Method of assessing whether a person has Afro-textured hair
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Pencil_test_(South_Africa)
1839 - 1843 country in Southern Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Natalia_Republic
Bantustan in South Africa (1976–1994)
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Transkei
1815–1840 period of civil conflict in southern Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Mfecane
Bantustan in South Africa (1977–1994)
commander-in-chief and was authorised to deploy the armed forces in both cross-border operations as well as domestically. During its last days in 1994, the Bophuthatswana
Bophuthatswana
Apartheid legislation
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Pass_law
British colony from 1877 to 1881 and 1902 to 1910
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Transvaal_Colony
1956 anti-apartheid march in Pretoria
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Women's_March_(South_Africa)
Restorative justice tribunal in post-apartheid South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)
Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)
British colony from 1902 to 1910
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Orange_River_Colony
Zulu–Boer War in 1838, the battle of the Great Trek
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Battle_of_Blood_River
Election of the Herenigde Nasionale Party to government
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
1948 South African general election
1948_South_African_general_election
1977–1989 anti-apartheid party in South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Progressive_Federal_Party
First South African election held under nonracial, universal suffrage
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
1994 South African general election
1994_South_African_general_election
1838 massacre in present-day Weenen, South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Weenen_massacre
South African politician and civil servant
African National Congress (ANC) in exile, ultimately as an officer for Operation Vula. She represented the ANC at the negotiations to end apartheid and subsequently
Janet_Love
1816–1897 native state in southern Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Zulu_Kingdom
Bantustan in South Africa (1979–1994)
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Venda_(Bantustan)
Autobiography of Nelson Mandela
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Long_Walk_to_Freedom
Former Dutch supply station in Southern Africa (1652–1806)
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Dutch_Cape_Colony
Bantustan in South Africa (1972–1994)
an anti-ANC front in the Eastern Cape region, as part of the abortive Operation Katzen. In 1990, Brigadier Oupa Gqozo deposed Sebe and ruled as a dictator—despite
Ciskei
South African system of racial segregation
as Operation Protea in 1981 and Operation Askari in 1983 involved both full scale conventional warfare and a counter-insurgency reprisal operation. The
Apartheid
Afrikaans term for white minority rule in South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Baasskap
Political party in South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Democratic Party (South Africa)
Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)
Political party in South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Freedom_Front_Plus
British colony from 1843 to 1910
was formed under the chairmanship of Harry Escombe. It controlled the operations for improving the sea entrance until 1893 when on the establishment of
Colony_of_Natal
1968–1969 cricketing controversy
Africa before the 1968 season. The second part of the plan was put into operation in March 1968. Vorster resolved to send a secret message to the MCC through
D'Oliveira_affair
Political party in South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Workers Organisation for Socialist Action
Workers_Organisation_for_Socialist_Action
British colonial war in 1879
Wolseley, having relieved Chelmsford after Ulundi, took over the final operations. On 28 August the king was captured and sent to Cape Town. It is said
Anglo-Zulu_War
Term used to describe post-apartheid South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Rainbow_nation
19th-century Afrikaner cultural and nationalist movement
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Afrikaner_Calvinism
1852–1902 Boer republic in Southern Africa
through with annexing the Transvaal, Burgers assured Shepstone of his co-operation. It is argued by some that Shepstone had annexed the area in haste, "without
South_African_Republic
British colony from 1806 to 1910
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Cape_Colony
Raid on the South African Republic
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Jameson_Raid
South African politician
infiltrated South Africa on his return as one of the commanders of Operation Vula, with a mission to build viable underground and military structures
Charles_Nqakula
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Huguenots_in_South_Africa
Territory under apartheid in South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Bantustan
1976 student-led anti-apartheid protests in South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Soweto_uprising
1918–1994 Afrikaner Calvinist male organisation in South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Afrikaner_Broederbond
South African trade union, 1919–1930s
The South African ICU was a general union, with a loose structure. Its operations were largely based in black urban communities and on farms, and its social
Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union
Industrial_and_Commercial_Workers'_Union
Former area of Cape Town, South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
District_Six
Term used in apartheid era South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Honorary_whites
1960 speech by British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan
African nationalism would undermine colonial rule anyway. To obtain co-operation from the new African governments, the British government would need to
Wind_of_Change_(speech)
1914–1997 South African political party
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
National_Party_(South_Africa)
1990s South African photojournalistic group
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Bang-Bang_Club
"Yes" vote by white South Africans to abolish apartheid
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
1992 South African apartheid referendum
1992_South_African_apartheid_referendum
Political party in South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania
1815–1848 state in southern Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Jere_Ngoni_Kingdom
1902 peace treaty which ended the Second Boer War
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Treaty_of_Vereeniging
South African legislations which were used to enforce apartheid
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Apartheid_legislation
carrying out the operation, I learned unofficially that the flash was produced by an Israeli-South African test code-named Operation Phoenix. The explosion
South Africa and weapons of mass destruction
South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction
Gold rush in Johannesburg, South Africa
that, when crushed, contained gold. Though there were smaller mining operations in the region, it was not until 1884 and the subsequent 1886 discovery
Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush
South African Intelligence chief (1949–2025)
of the status of this contact. To facilitate this process he allowed Operation Vula to continue because this deepened the contact between Nelson Mandela
Niel_Barnard
1914 pro-German insurrection in South Africa
opposed to the South African government's decision to undertake offensive operations. He resigned his commission on 15 September 1914, writing "It is sad that
Maritz_rebellion
Youth wing of the African National Congress
Trial uMkhonto weSizwe Radio Freedom Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College Operation Vula Bisho massacre Shell House massacre Allied organisations Congress of
African National Congress Youth League
African_National_Congress_Youth_League
Right-wing political party in South Africa
Zulu militia from SADF special forces starting in the 1980s as part of Operation Marion. Inkatha members were involved in several massacres in the run-up
Inkatha_Freedom_Party
1911–1934 political party in South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
South_African_Party
Civil rights organisation for Indians in South Africa (1894–1994)
members including Nair and Pravin Gordhan became operatives in the ANC's Operation Vula. The ANC and SACP were unbanned in 1990 in order to facilitate the conduct
Natal_Indian_Congress
Attacks against foreigners in South Africa
Operation Dudula marchers which resulted in clashes between the two groups. The Dudula Movement, a similar although unrelated movement to Operation Dudula
Xenophobia_in_South_Africa
British colonists in the Cape Colony
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
1820_Settlers
Crisis in South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis
Secessionist movement in South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Cape_independence
1838 Zulu killing of Boers in present-day South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Piet Retief Delegation massacre
Piet_Retief_Delegation_massacre
Political party in South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
African Christian Democratic Party
African_Christian_Democratic_Party
Women wing of the African National Congress
Trial uMkhonto weSizwe Radio Freedom Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College Operation Vula Bisho massacre Shell House massacre Allied organisations Congress of
African National Congress Women's League
African_National_Congress_Women's_League
1992 massacre in South Africa
raid formed part of the activities of the South African Defence Force's Operation Marion. The ANC resumed negotiations shortly after the Bisho massacre
Boipatong_massacre
Homophobic hate crime
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Corrective_rape
South African court case
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Little_Rivonia_Trial
South African neo-Nazi political party
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging
1993 mass killing by militants in Kenilworth, Cape Town, South Africa
the church was in a white area. Letlapa Mphahlele, national director of operations for APLA, took responsibility for ordering the attacks as part of his
Saint_James_Church_massacre
Term for a US policy during the late 1960s and 1970s
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Tar_Baby_option
1984–1994 legislature of South Africa
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Tricameral_Parliament
South African diamond and gold mining entrepreneurs from the 1870s to the First World War
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Randlord
1896 telegram
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Kruger_telegram
constitutional referendum Vaal uprising Langa massacre Rubicon speech Operation Vula Dakar Conference Transkei coup d'état Ciskei coup d'état Venda coup
Sexual violence in South Africa
Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa
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