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German operation in Finnish Lapland during World War II
Operation Birke (Operation Birch) was a German operation late in World War II in Finnish Lapland to protect access to nickel. Finnish attempts to find
Operation_Birke
German operation during World War II
Finnish Lapland (Operation Birke). During the operation, Oberkommando der Wehrmacht gave an order to change from Operation Birke to Operation Nordlicht on
Operation Nordlicht (1944–1945)
Operation_Nordlicht_(1944–1945)
1944–1945 war between Finland and Germany
withdrawal to Nazi-occupied Norway, as part of Operation Birke (Birch). Despite a failed offensive landing operation by Germany in the Gulf of Finland, the evacuation
Lapland_War
German operation during World War II
prepare for Operation Tanne Ost. While the confiscation order was rescinded in order to facilitate the material transport related to Operation Birke, as Finnish
Operation_Tanne_Ost
German mountain division
Division staff then received word of the 20th Mountain Army's plans for Operation Birke, the evacuation of all troops from Finland into Norway. The Nord Division
6th_SS_Mountain_Division_Nord
Soviet campaign on the Eastern Front during World War II
called Operation Birke, the decision was made by the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht to withdraw completely from northern Norway and Finland in Operation Nordlicht
Petsamo–Kirkenes_offensive
Warfare in cold temperatures
It included: Operation Birke (birch) was a German operation late in World War II in Finnish Lapland to protect access to nickel. Operation Nordlicht (northern
Cold-weather_warfare
1944 Finnish-German battle
northern Finland had remained fairly good. As per earlier planned Operation Birke Germans had been evacuating material and troops to safer positions
Battle_of_Tornio
1945 occupation of Norway by the 1st Airborne Division
gradual withdrawal to northernmost Finland in early September 1944 in Operation Birke. As the value of Petsamo region had decreased, the Germans decided
Operation_Doomsday
Campaign during World War II in Scandinavia
called Operation Birke, the decision was made by the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht to withdraw completely from northern Norway and Finland in Operation Nordlicht
Liberation_of_Finnmark
operation Lapland war Battle of Olhava Operation Tanne Ost Battle of Rovaniemi Battle of Tornio Operation Birke Operation Nordlicht (1944–1945) Petsamo–Kirkenes
List_of_World_War_II_battles
offensive to liberate southern Malaya and Singapore following Operation Zipper. Birke ("Birch") (1944) – German plan to withdraw from northern Finland
List of World War II military operations
List_of_World_War_II_military_operations
Bienenhaus 1944 - Axis anti-partisan operation in the Moslavina Mountains in the Independent State of Croatia Operation Birke 1944 - German plan to withdraw
List of Axis operational codenames in the European Theatre
List_of_Axis_operational_codenames_in_the_European_Theatre
Military unit
to southern Norway and from there to northern Finland. It took part in Operation Barbarossa in mid-1941. It was part of the German AOK Norwegen (Army Norway)
XXXVI Mountain Corps (Wehrmacht)
XXXVI_Mountain_Corps_(Wehrmacht)
1941 campaign by German and Finnish forces against Soviet defenses at Salla, Finland
Operation Arctic Fox (German: Unternehmen Polarfuchs; Finnish: operaatio Napakettu; Russian: Кандалакшская операция, romanized: Kandalakshkaya operatsiya)[a]
Operation_Arctic_Fox
1941 World War II military operation
Operation Silver Fox (German: Silberfuchs; Finnish: Hopeakettu) or the Murmansk operation (Russian: Мурманская операция) from 29 June to 17 November 1941
Operation_Silver_Fox
WW2 battle in Finland
Operation Renntier was a German operation during World War II intended to secure the nickel mines around Petsamo in Finland, against a Soviet attack in
Operation_Renntier
1943 German raid on Svalbard during WW2
Operation Zitronella, also known as Unternehmen Sizilien (Operation Sicily), was an eight-hour German raid on Spitzbergen, in the Svalbard Archipelago
Operation_Zitronella
Month of 1944
of five partisans. In Finnish Lapland the Germans moved from Operation Birke to Operation Nordlicht, an organized retreat using scorched earth tactics
October_1944
Month of 1944
as Oberbefehlshaber West, replacing Walter Model. The Germans began Operation Birke to protect access to nickel in Finnish Lapland. Prime Minister Muraviev
September_1944
Soviet victory
Murmansk. It was part of a larger operation, called Operation Silver Fox (Silberfuchs; Hopeakettu). At the beginning of Operation Barbarossa German units of
Operation_Platinum_Fox
Allied military operation during WW2 to secure the coal mines on Spitsbergen in 1942
Operation Fritham (30 April – 14 May 1942) was an Allied military operation during the Second World War to secure the coal mines on Spitsbergen, the main
Operation_Fritham
1942 British and Norwegian operation on Spitsbergen
Operation Gearbox (30 June – 17 September 1942) was a joint Norwegian and British operation to occupy the Arctic island of Spitsbergen during the Second
Operation_Gearbox
British WWII air raid in Norway and Finland
Operation EF (1941) (the Raid on Kirkenes and Petsamo) took place on 30 July 1941, during the Second World War. After Operation Barbarossa, the German
Operation_EF_(1941)
Military unit
Mountain Corps, were now grouped into 20th Mountain Army, and this began Operation Birke on September 6. The 122nd had extended its north flank during the spring
122nd_Rifle_Division
Military unit
went into effect, and on the 6th the German forces in Finland began Operation Birke, with the goal of a withdrawal into Norway, although the Germans were
205th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)
205th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)
following is a list of military operations conducted in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden during World War II. Birke ("Birch") (1944) — German plan
List of military operations in the Nordic countries during World War II
List_of_military_operations_in_the_Nordic_countries_during_World_War_II
WW2 RAF operation supplying Hurricanes & training Soviet pilots (1941)
Operation Benedict (29 July – 6 December 1941) was the establishment of Force Benedict (Royal Air Force) with units of the Soviet Air Forces (VVS, Voenno-Vozdushnye
Operation_Benedict
German operation during World War 2
Operation Haudegen (Unternehmen Haudegen [Operation Broadsword]) was the name of a German operation during the Second World War to establish meteorological
Operation_Haudegen
Naval branch of the Swedish Armed Forces
The Military Balance 2022. Routledge. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-032-27900-8. Birke, Sune; Braunstein, Christian (2011). Sveriges marina förband och skolor
Swedish_Navy
1941 Allied World War II Operation in the Arctic Campaign
Operation Gauntlet was an Allied Combined Operation from 25 August until 3 September 1941, during the Second World War. Canadian, British and Norwegian
Operation_Gauntlet
Operation Orator was the code name for the defence of the Allied Convoy PQ 18 by British and Australian air force units, based temporarily in North-West
Operation_Orator
Military unit
went into effect, and on the 6th the German forces in Finland began Operation Birke, with the goal of a withdrawal into Norway, although the Germans were
367th_Rifle_Division
Salafi jihadist militant organisation
coalition against ISIS". CNN. 14 December 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2025. Birke, Sarah (5 February 2017). "How ISIS Rules". The New York Review of Books
Islamic_State
Operation Gearbox II (17 September 1942 – 7 September 1943) was a Norwegian and British operation during the Second World War on the Arctic island of
Operation_Gearbox_II
ignored (help) Ziemke, Earl F. (1959). The German Northern Theater of Operations 1940–1945 (PDF). United States Government Printing. ISBN 0-16-001996-6
Finnish invasion of East Karelia (1941)
Finnish_invasion_of_East_Karelia_(1941)
Screenings Home Sandy Perlbinder Shorts The Horseplayer Kurt Voss David Birke, Larry Rattner Dramatic Competition House Party Reginald Hudlin Reginald
List of Sundance Film Festival selections
List_of_Sundance_Film_Festival_selections
Mental phenomenon of holding contradictory beliefs
(1983). "Towards a cognitive theory of exploratory behaviour". In Archer J, Birke LI (eds.). Exploration in Animals and Humans. Wokingham, England: Van Nostrand
Cognitive_dissonance
British archaeologist (1921–2013)
Aammiq § Archaeology Al-Bireh, Rashaya § Archaeology Ard Tlaili ★ Bustan Birke ★ Duris Flaoui ★ Haouch Tall Safiyeh Hashbai ★ Joub Jannine § Archaeological
Lorraine_Copeland
German central heating product manufacturer
and Chairman of Foundation for the Wellbeing of Foster Children. Michael Birke: Stiebel Eltron – ein mittelständisches Unternehmen [Stiebel Eltron – A
Stiebel_Eltron
Nepali hat
made and worn in Nepal including chuclie topi, birke topi, karchupe topi and cap topi. Bhadgaunle Topi Birke topi Gandhi cap List of hat styles Ojha, Ek
Dhaka_topi
Holy site in Hebron, Palestine
Damascus: What’s Left Archived 4 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Sarah Birke, New York Review of Books Totah, Faedah M. "Return to the origin: negotiating
Cave_of_the_Patriarchs
Statistical method for fitting a line
Netanyahu (1998) De Muth (2006). Jaeckel (1972); Scholz (1978); Sievers (1978); Birkes & Dodge (1993). Hirsch, Slack & Smith (1982). Sen (1968), Theorem 5.1, p
Theil–Sen_estimator
American conductor and writer (born 1964)
and Narrator: The Controversy Over Christian Kracht's Novel Imperium". In Birke, Köppe (ed.). Author and Narrator: Transdisciplinary Contributions to a
David_Woodard
Wide-brimmed soft felt or cloth hat now most commonly worn as part of a military uniform
Any Time, Any Place: Fifty Years of the USAF Air Commando and Special Operations Forces, 1944–1994, Airlife Publishing. p. 97. ISBN 978-1557500373 "U.S
Slouch_hat
Set of statistical processes for estimating the relationships among variables
correlation analysis," New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 4, pp. 120–23. Birkes, David and Dodge, Y., Alternative Methods of Regression. ISBN 0-471-56881-3
Regression_analysis
Array of processing elements specialized for parallelizable workloads
Lavagno, Luciano; Urso, Teodoro; Cardellini, Valeria; Cardarilli, Gian Carlo; Birke, Robert; Perri, Stefania (2025). "A Survey on Deep Learning Hardware Accelerators
Spatial_architecture
Military cap, worn by armored forces and other units
Corps soldiers and by all sailors (except military police and special operations sailors). In the Chilean Army, the black beret is worn by the paras and
Black_beret
Military Headdress
beige beret, has been adopted as official headgear by several special operations forces as a symbol of their unique capabilities. Afghan National Army
Tan_beret
Conflict between al-Qaeda and the Islamic State
whitehouse.gov. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014 – via NARA. Birke, Sarah (27 December 2013). "How al-Qaeda Changed the Syrian War". New York
Al-Qaeda–Islamic State conflict
Al-Qaeda–Islamic_State_conflict
Type of headwear
police, who wear a scarlet cap band, and members of Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, who wear a tan cap band. On both navy and army caps, the
Peaked_cap
"Islamic State (IS)". BBC Monitoring. 17 April 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024. Birke, Sarah (27 December 2013). "How al-Qaeda Changed the Syrian War". New York
List of armed factions during the Syrian civil war
List_of_armed_factions_during_the_Syrian_civil_war
King of Spain from 1556 to 1598
of the Modern Age, cc. 1450–1650. Edited by Ronald G. Asch and Adolf M. Birke. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920502-7. Samson, Alexander (2020).
Philip_II_of_Spain
Cast designed to take weight of the foot
of Systematic Reviews. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002302.pub2. PMC 11994982. Birke, J.A.; Patout Jr, C.A. (1 March 2000). "The Contact Cast: An Update and
Total_contact_casting
– Thin Ice (Violin Concerto No. 2) Luke Bedford – Where the Lines Cross Birke J. Bertelsmeier – JUX TAP O SIT IO Dániel Péter Biró – Hagirot JaRon Brown
2026_in_classical_music
British political controversy, 1903–1910
December 1904, 7; Mason 1997, 56. Ford 2013, 15–17. McHugh 2004, 138–139. Birke 2000, 701; Leneman 1997. Lansbury 1985, x, 19, 24. Hamilton 2004, xiv. Lansbury
Brown_Dog_affair
Chemical element with atomic number 30 (Zn)
Fitz, Oliver; Bischoff, Christian; Bauer, Manuel; Gentischer, Harald; Birke, Kai Peter; Henning, Hans-Martin; Biro, Daniel (2021). "Electrolyte Study
Zinc
Berets as part of a military uniform
Bolivian Army: Black – Paratroopers Maroon – Armoured Corps Green – Special Operations Forces, Commandos Camouflage – Special Forces "Bolivian Condors" Tan –
Military_beret
Military headdress
beret as their official headdress was submitted to the Chief of Combined Operations and forwarded by Lord Louis Mountbatten to the Under-Secretary of State
Green_beret
February 26, 2018. "A.X.L." boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved July 1, 2018. "Operation Finale". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved July 21, 2018. Goldberg, Matt (December
List of American films of 2018
List_of_American_films_of_2018
Dutch philosopher and anthropologist
Barbara Noske". The Animals' Agenda. 10 (2): 53. Retrieved April 25, 2022. Birke, Lynda (May 13, 1989). "The great divide". New Scientist. 122 (1664): 67
Barbara_Noske
Cultural region in Southern Germany
Andreas Kraus, 3rd revised edition, Munich, 1997, pp. 451–472, here: p. 467. Birke Grießhammer: Verfolgt – gefoltert – verbrannt. Die Opfer des Hexenwahns
Franconia
Concept in psychology
Handbook of mental simulation and human imagination. Hove, Psychology Press. Birke, Dorothee, Butter, Michael, and Koppe, Tilmann (Eds.) (2011). Counterfactual
Counterfactual_thinking
Town in Lower Saxony, Germany
name is thought to refer to a grove of either beeches (Buche) or birches (Birke). Brandlecht First recorded as Bramtelghet in 1313. The name likely derives
Nordhorn
Military unit
Swedish). Stockholm: Fritze. 1998. p. 23. ISBN 91-38-31325-1. SELIBR 11405918. Birke & Braunstein 2011, pp. 11–12 Persson & von Sydow 2000 Jóhannesson 2001 "Budgetunderlag
Maritime_Component_Command
Collection of wild animals
Behaviour Science. 93 (1–2): 13–17. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.06.019. Birke, L. (2002). "Effects of browse, human visitors and noise on the behaviour
Zoo
Military beret
counter-guerrilla special operations force Portuguese Army Commandos – guerrilla and counter-guerrilla special operations force Special Brigade – Serbian
Red_beret
City in West Virginia, US
American burial mound, known as the Camden Park Mound. Other museums include: Birke Art Gallery, as part of Marshall University Huntington Railroad Museum Museum
Huntington,_West_Virginia
Capital city of Syria
ISBN 978-1-5760-7919-5. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2021. Birke, Sarah (2 August 2013), Damascus: What's Left, New York Review of Books
Damascus
publicly disavowed any relations with ISIL. According to journalist Sarah Birke, there are "significant differences" between al-Nusra Front and ISIL. While
History_of_the_Islamic_State
Military unit
Swedish). Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2025. Birke & Braunstein 2011, pp. 128–130 Braunstein 2006, p. 53 Braunstein 2007, p
Gotland Coastal Artillery Regiment
Gotland_Coastal_Artillery_Regiment
Blue-colored berets and organizations that use them
Malaysia Police Royal Malaysia Police General Operations Force Royal Malaysia Police Marine Operations Force Gendarmery (Serbia), Special Police Units
Blue_beret
Largest island of the Svalbard archipelago
(September 2006), pp.2–5 "Spitsbergen Operation", Lone Sentry website Asmussen, John. "Tirpitz – The History – Operation "Sizilien"". www.bismarck-class.dk
Spitsbergen
Foldable military cap
"cloth folding or 'wedge cap'...Originally designed for wear during field operations and training, it may now also be worn as an undress cap with full and
Side_cap
International symbol of airborne forces
Afghan Commando Forces also wore a maroon beret during certain combat operations and military parades, signifying their para-commando status and differentiating
Maroon_beret
three years. 5 December – The Schleswig-Holstein Musik Festival announces Birke Bertelsmeier as the recipient of its Hindemith-Preis ('Hindemith Prize')
2025_in_classical_music
Islamist movements for jihad
December 2017). "ISIS By the Numbers in 2017". U.S. News & World Report. Birke, Sarah (5 February 2017). "How ISIS Rules". The New York Review of Books
Jihadism
Military unit
444 Braunstein 2006, p. 54 Braunstein 2004, p. 95 Braunstein 2007, p. 106 Birke & Braunstein 2011, pp. 134–135 Berg, Ejnar (2004). Vyer från kastaler, kastell
Härnösand Coastal Artillery Regiment
Härnösand_Coastal_Artillery_Regiment
Religious Studies Institution in Damascus, Syria
Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2021. Sarah Birke (2 August 2013), Damascus: What's Left, New York Review of Books, archived
Faculty of Theology (Damascus)
Faculty_of_Theology_(Damascus)
Uniform hat worn by the Canadian military and mounted police
Astrakhan (hat) Ayam Balmoral bonnet Bell-boy Beonggeoji Bhadgaunle Topi Birke topi Blangkon Blue bonnet Bollenhut Chapan Chullo Coloured Coonskin Cork
Fur_wedge_cap
Former regional command for the Swedish Navy (1928-2004)
book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Birke & Braunstein 2011, p. 41 Birke, Sune; Braunstein, Christian (2011). Sveriges marina förband
East_Coast_Naval_Base
Swedish-British feminist (1878–1963)
Vivisection in Historical Perspective, Routledge, 1987, p. 259ff. Lynda Birke, "Supporting the underdog: Feminism, animal rights and citizenship in the
Lizzy_Lind_af_Hageby
Town in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
town fell into the hands of the Italian family, suffered from military operations and forced re-catholicization, but also enjoyed some development: the
Náchod
destin l'emporter)" – Enrique Iglesias & Nâdiya "Traicionera" – Américo Birke J. Bertelsmeier – Quartettstück for string quartet Martin Bresnick – Joaquin
2008_in_music
Vala [cs], Ralf Wolter, Claudia Wedekind [de], Corny Collins, Hildegard Krekel, Birke Bruck Drama a.k.a. Ivan Savvich Podzhabrin That Can't Shake Our Willi! Rolf
List of German films of the 1970s
List_of_German_films_of_the_1970s
Headgear used in water polo and a number of underwater sports
Astrakhan (hat) Ayam Balmoral bonnet Bell-boy Beonggeoji Bhadgaunle Topi Birke topi Blangkon Blue bonnet Bollenhut Chapan Chullo Coloured Coonskin Cork
Water_polo_cap
Czech Republic invited experts from Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights
2021 Czech parliamentary election
2021_Czech_parliamentary_election
Military unit
Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2016. Birke & Braunstein 2011, p. 47 Eriksson 2008 Kustförsvar 2002, p. 304. Kustförsvar
Vaxholm Coastal Artillery Regiment
Vaxholm_Coastal_Artillery_Regiment
Place in Acre, Mandatory Palestine
quarters, occupies two hills near each other, between which is a great pond (birke), partly cut in the rock and partly built. One of these hills is crowned
Suhmata
Type of headgear popularised in Britain
Astrakhan (hat) Ayam Balmoral bonnet Bell-boy Beonggeoji Bhadgaunle Topi Birke topi Blangkon Blue bonnet Bollenhut Chapan Chullo Coloured Coonskin Cork
Anthony_Eden_hat
Danish). Retrieved 17 March 2021. Larsen, Helge (17 July 2011). "Martin Birke". Dansk Biografisk Leksikon (in Danish) (3 ed.). Gyldendal. Retrieved 20
General_Staff_(Denmark)
Military unit
Nils-Ove Jansson 1997–1998: Vacant 1998–2000: Colonel Lennart Klevensparr Birke & Braunstein 2011, pp. 32–33 Jansson & Johansson 2001, pp. 39–40 Jansson
West_Coast_Naval_Command
Oslo metro station
opened along with the rest of the Holmenkollen Line on 31 May 1898. Villa Birkely was built in 1903, and functioned as a station building. At the time the
Gaustad_(station)
Beret worn as part of a non-military uniform
dark blue beret with embroidery cap badge. The members of the Special Operations Unit of the National Commissioner of Icelandic Police (Víkingasveitin)
Uniform_beret
Constituency of the Storting, the national legislature of Norway
Mission Report" (PDF). Warsaw, Poland: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 4 August 2009. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18
Aust-Agder (Storting constituency)
Aust-Agder_(Storting_constituency)
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