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Decrease of pH levels in the ocean
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's ocean. Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately
Ocean_acidification
Body of salt water covering most of Earth
very long time to acidify these waters, and equally as long to recover from that acidification. But as the top layer of the ocean (the photic zone) is
Ocean
Earth will be exposed to changes in acidification and several other ocean biogeochemical changes. Ocean acidification may force some organisms to reallocate
Effects of climate change on oceans
Effects_of_climate_change_on_oceans
Human-caused changes to climate on Earth
some effects will continue for centuries. These include ocean heating, ocean acidification and sea level rise. Climate change threatens people with increased
Climate_change
Aspect of climate change
acidifying it. Ocean acidification is occurring in every ocean across the world. Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the World's oceans
Ocean acidification in the Arctic Ocean
Ocean_acidification_in_the_Arctic_Ocean
Scientific study of the ocean
studies have advanced knowledge on ocean acidification, ocean heat content, ocean currents, sea level rise, the oceanic carbon cycle, the water cycle, Arctic
Oceanography
Atmospheric constituent and greenhouse gas
atmosphere. This has led to a rise in average global temperature and ocean acidification. Another direct effect is the CO2 fertilization effect. The increase
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Earth
Carbon_dioxide_in_the_atmosphere_of_Earth
habitat loss, the introduction of invasive species, ocean pollution, ocean acidification and ocean warming. These impact marine ecosystems and food webs
Human_impact_on_marine_life
Phenomenon where corals expel algae tissue
sunscreen ingredients that are nonbiodegradable and can wash off of skin ocean acidification due to elevated levels of CO2 caused by air pollution being exposed
Coral_bleaching
Unicellular algae responsible for the formation of chalk
other ocean calcifiers) vulnerable to ocean acidification. In 2008, field evidence indicating an increase in calcification of newly formed ocean sediments
Coccolithophore
Rain that is unusually acidic
such as sugar maple (Acer saccharum). Soil acidification Impacts of acidic water and soil acidification on plants could be minor or in most cases major
Acid_rain
Chemistry of oceans and seas
increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere have led to ocean acidification, which has negative effects on marine ecosystems. The international
Marine_chemistry
Global warming about 55 million years ago
global warming and of massive carbon inputs to the ocean and atmosphere, including ocean acidification. A main difference is that during the PETM, the planet
Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum
Paleocene–Eocene_thermal_maximum
Factors which adversely affect tropical coral reefs
warming of oceans. Furthermore, the ocean's function as a carbon dioxide sink, alterations in the atmosphere, ultraviolet light, ocean acidification, viral
Environmental issues with coral reefs
Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs
Carbon-oxygen gas
it forms carbonate and mainly bicarbonate (HCO3–), which causes ocean acidification as atmospheric CO2 levels increase. Carbon dioxide is 53% denser
Carbon_dioxide
Pollution of oceans from substances discarded by humans
including microplastics, ocean acidification, nutrient pollution, toxins, and underwater noise. Plastic pollution in the ocean is a type of marine pollution
Marine_pollution
Index of chemical compounds with the same name
hydrogen ion (H+) is often used to abbreviate the hydronium ion. Ocean acidification is the direct consequence of elevated concentrations of hydrogen
Hydrogen_ion
Mass extinction ending the Triassic period
William M. (2012-06-01). "Recognising ocean acidification in deep time: An evaluation of the evidence for acidification across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary"
Triassic–Jurassic_extinction
Large-scale methods to reflect sunlight and cool Earth
not reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, meaning that ocean acidification and other climate change effects would persist. The IPCC Sixth Assessment
Solar_radiation_modification
Ocean/atmosphere carbon exchange process
caused acidification of the oceans. Climate change, a result of this excess CO2 in the atmosphere, has increased the temperature of the ocean and atmosphere
Oceanic_carbon_cycle
Coral reef system in Queensland, Australia
rising levels of ocean acidification. Ocean acidification occurs when excess atmospheric carbon dioxide gets absorbed into the ocean. This causes a decrease
Great_Barrier_Reef
Chemical compound
(19 November 2024). "Irrigation water acidification using captured CO2; An option to traditional acidification systems" (PDF). World Ag Expo. Retrieved
Carbonic_acid
Limits to safe impact on the Earth ecology
underlying control variable for the ocean acidification boundary. The ocean chemist Peter Brewer thinks "ocean acidification has impacts other than simple changes
Planetary_boundaries
Bay in Oregon
Washington, 85% identified ocean acidification as a problem affecting them today, and 95% identified ocean acidification as a problem that will affect future
Netarts_Bay
Threat to the reef which harms corals
Ocean acidification threatens the Great Barrier Reef by reducing the viability and strength of coral reefs. The Great Barrier Reef, considered one of
Ocean acidification in the Great Barrier Reef
Ocean_acidification_in_the_Great_Barrier_Reef
Species of cephalopod
ocean absorbs an estimated 30% of emitted anthropogenic CO2. As the ocean absorbs CO2, it becomes more acidic and lowers in pH. Ocean acidification lowers
Giant_Pacific_octopus
Contamination of water bodies
goals. Ocean acidification is another impact of water pollution. Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH value of the Earth's oceans, caused
Water_pollution
Order of molluscs
waters associated with ocean acidification due to their calcium carbonate shell. The shell of a pteropod was immersed in ocean water with the projected
Pteropoda
Water from a sea or an ocean
process called ocean acidification that is related to carbon dioxide emissions: Between 1950 and 2020, the average pH of the ocean surface fell from approximately
Seawater
Impact of human life on Earth and environment
effects including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction, and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and
Human impact on the environment
Human_impact_on_the_environment
Ecosystem in saltwater environment
global warming are absorbed by the ocean, ocean chemistry is changing through processes like ocean acidification which in turn threatens marine ecosystems
Marine_ecosystem
Anoxic extinction event in the Cretaceous period
carbonate, and a further release of carbon dioxide. Evidence of ocean acidification can be gleaned from δ44/40Ca increases coeval with the extinction
Cenomanian–Turonian boundary event
Cenomanian–Turonian_boundary_event
Lowest layer in the ocean
global warming and ocean acidification, and biodiversity estimated as being at the lowest levels in 58 years. Ocean acidification is particularly harmful
Deep_sea
Earth's most severe extinction event
marine organisms that were very vulnerable to acidification has further been used to argue that acidification was not a major extinction contributor. The
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Permian–Triassic_extinction_event
Autotrophic members of the plankton ecosystem
future phytoplankton productivity. The effects of anthropogenic ocean acidification on phytoplankton growth and community structure have also received
Phytoplankton
Calcium carbonate mineral
Climate change is exacerbating ocean acidification, possibly leading to lower natural calcite production. The oceans absorb large amounts of CO2 from
Calcite
Species of bivalve
events including the reduction of seawater pH, as observed under ocean acidification. M. gigas was originally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl
Pacific_oyster
Oceanographer, researcher
influence focuses on the effects of climate change on the global ocean, including ocean acidification. Hill was born in Tacoma,Washington, U.S. and raised in the
Tessa_M._Hill
Capacity of water to resist changes in pH that would make the water more acidic
romanized: al-qaly, lit. 'ashes of the saltwort') is the capacity of water to resist acidification. It should not be confused with basicity, which is an absolute measurement
Alkalinity
Shell formation mechanism
the chemical composition of ocean water associated with ocean acidification. As pH decreases due to ocean acidification, the availability of carbonate
Marine_biogenic_calcification
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up acidification in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Acidification may refer to: Ocean acidification, decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans Freshwater
Acidification
Natural processes of carbon exchange
Laboratories. Retrieved 30 October 2020. "What is Ocean Acidification?". National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 30
Carbon_cycle
Approach to carbon sequestration
permanently storing it in solid carbonate minerals or ocean alkalinity. The latter also slows ocean acidification. Enhanced weathering is a chemical approach to
Enhanced_weathering
Practice of protecting wild plant and animal species and their habitats
as coral fossils and ancient ice core carbon analysis) suggests ocean acidification has occurred in the geological past (more likely at a slower pace)
Wildlife_conservation
Ecological concept
effect on mitigating CO2-induced acidification at the surface ocean." Unfortunately, the impact on ocean acidification would likely not change due to the
Iron_fertilization
Marine invertebrates of the subphylum Anthozoa
endangered species list and at risk of species loss. Ocean acidification (falling pH levels in the oceans) is threatening the continued species growth and
Coral
Measure of the level of acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution
the ocean surface fell from approximately 8.15 to 8.05. Carbon dioxide emissions from human activities are the primary cause of ocean acidification, with
PH
US-based non-profit organization
International Ocean Acidification Initiative – Focused on ocean science capacity, The Ocean Foundation's International Ocean Acidification Initiative works
The_Ocean_Foundation
Species of krill
widespread decreases in krill hatching success. The further effects of ocean acidification on the krill life cycle however remains unclear but scientists fear
Antarctic_krill
can reduce the impact of acidification. Warm-water coral reefs are very sensitive to global warming and ocean acidification. Coral reefs provide a habitat
Effects_of_climate_change
Permanent obstruction on the seabed which causes waves to break
favorable. A type of open ocean surf break, these occur where sand build ups occur well offshore to produce breaking waves in the open ocean, which are sometimes
Surf_break
Geochemical transformation of silicate rocks
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC. "Ocean Acidification". Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute
Carbonate–silicate_cycle
Equation used to estimate pH of a weak acid or base solution
2024. "Ocean acidification | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration". www.noaa.gov. Retrieved 4 November 2024. "Ocean Acidification | NRDC"
Henderson–Hasselbalch equation
Henderson–Hasselbalch_equation
The European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA) was Europe's first major research initiative and the first large-scale international research effort
European Project on Ocean Acidification
European_Project_on_Ocean_Acidification
Deep layer of the ocean between 4000 and 9000 meters
drastically as the rest of the world, but the zone is still afflicted by ocean acidification. Pollutants, such as plastics, are also present in this zone. Plastics
Abyssal_zone
14th of 17 Sustainable Development Goals to conserve life below water
Reduce marine pollution; protect and restore ecosystems; reduce ocean acidification; sustainable fishing; conserve coastal and marine areas; end subsidies
Sustainable Development Goal 14
Sustainable_Development_Goal_14
Ecoregion of Asia–Pacific
marine debris, dredging, sunscreen contamination, climate change, ocean acidification (OA), disease, recreational diving, sea level rise, temperature increase
Coral_Triangle
French biogeochemist (born 1944)
a French-American biogeochemist. He is known for his research on ocean acidification, mercury pollution, the only known cadmium metalloenzyme, and the
François_M._M._Morel
Biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into various chemical forms
lower ability to neutralize acidity, so acidification can occur with less nitrogen deposition. This acidification can negatively impact fish and aquatic
Nitrogen_cycle
Hard shell of some spherical marine animals
evaluate the relative conditions of the oceans throughout Earth's history. The effects of ocean acidification and sea temperature change can be detrimental
Test_(biology)
First epoch of the Paleogene Period
were released into the atmosphere and ocean systems, causing a spike in global temperatures and ocean acidification. In the Paleocene, the continents of
Paleocene
Energy stored by oceans
accumulated there. Ocean acidification – Decrease of pH levels in the ocean Ocean deoxygenation – Reduction of the oxygen content of the oceans Ocean stratification –
Ocean_heat_content
Storing carbon in a carbon pool
when dissolved in water, making ocean acidification a significant consequence of elevated CO 2 levels. The acidification also limits the rate at which CO
Carbon_sequestration
that are harmful to life, when improperly managed. Climate warming, ocean acidification, and sea level rise are global changes enhanced by the industry's
Health and environmental impact of the petroleum industry
Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry
Reduction of the oxygen content of the oceans
dissolved oxygen Ocean acidification – Decrease of pH levels in the ocean Seaweed – Macroscopic marine algae Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere
Ocean_deoxygenation
Study of marine organisms and their environment
end-of-21st-century ocean acidification in previous experiments, a 2020 replication study found that "end-of-century ocean acidification levels have negligible
Marine_larval_ecology
shown to increase with greater CO2 concentrations associated with ocean acidification. Some of the more common illnesses reported from harmful algal blooms
Effects of climate change on human health
Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health
Chemical transfer pathway between Earth's biological and non-biological parts
Jonathon H.; Paganini, Adam W. (2015). "Biochemical adaptation to ocean acidification". Journal of Experimental Biology. 218 (12): 1946–1955. Bibcode:2015JExpB
Biogeochemical_cycle
Macroscopic marine algae
for coastal aquatic species, and reducing local ocean acidification. The IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate recommends
Seaweed
Species of fish
cast doubt on the effect of acidification, stating "our findings indicate that the reported effects of ocean acidification on the behaviour of coral reef
Orange_clownfish
Reducing pH values in coastal marine ecosystems
between alkalinity and acidity. While ocean acidification occurs due to the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the absorption of carbon
Estuarine_acidification
Second period of the Mesozoic Era
183 Ma and is marked by the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, a global episode of oceanic anoxia, ocean acidification, and elevated global temperatures associated
Jurassic
Sudden warming of the planet on a geologic time scale
Lucas J.; McCarren, Heather; Kroon, Dick (10 June 2005). "Rapid Acidification of the Ocean During the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum". Science. 308 (5728):
Hyperthermal_event
Parvorder of mammal
hunting, baleen whales also face threats from marine pollution and ocean acidification. It has been speculated that man-made sonar results in strandings
Baleen_whale
Depth in the oceans below which no calcium carbonate sediment particles are preserved
the CCD to rise, with zones of downwelling first being affected. Ocean acidification, which is also caused by increasing carbon dioxide concentrations
Carbonate_compensation_depth
Calcareous marine nodules composed of crustose red algae
to ocean acidification. Changes in ocean carbonate chemistry driven by increasing anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions promotes ocean acidification. Increasing
Rhodolith
Any large system of circulating ocean surface currents
cycles in the Gulf of Alaska affect ocean acidification". UAF. Retrieved 2025-04-29. "Ocean acidification | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"
Ocean_gyre
Marine scientist
Kleypas is a marine scientist known for her work on the impact of ocean acidification and climate change on coral reefs, and for advancing solutions to
Joan_Kleypas
Species of coral
variety of factors, including disease, algae growth, climate change, ocean acidification, and human activity. In May 2006, Elkhorn coral was officially listed
Elkhorn_coral
Monotypic subfamily of fishes
threats to populations include global warming, which causes ocean warming and acidification. Clownfish are damselfishes (family Pomacentridae) in the genus
Clownfish
Ongoing extinction event caused by human activity
climate change, destruction of wetlands, deforestation, overfishing, ocean acidification, human population growth, economic growth, and increasing consumption
Holocene_extinction
Any significant accumulation of water, generally on a planet's surface
Environment Agency". eea.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-11-03. "Ocean acidification | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration". noaa.gov. Retrieved 2024-10-28
Body_of_water
Areas of seawater, freshwater, or groundwater that are depleted of dissolved oxygen
most species from the world's oceans, may have resulted from widespread anoxic conditions combined with ocean acidification driven by a massive release
Anoxic_waters
Low oxygen conditions or levels
Lubchenco, J. and Menge, B.A. (2019) "The dynamics and impact of ocean acidification and hypoxia". Oceanography, 32(3): 62–71. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2019
Hypoxia_(environmental)
Organisms living in water or air that drift in the current or wind
variations, temperature changes) and man-made factors (e.g. river dams, ocean acidification, rising temperatures) can strongly affect zooplankton populations
Plankton
Species of starfish
fluids. A study found that P. ochraceus will not be affected by ocean acidification in the same way as most calcareous marine animals. This normally
Pisaster_ochraceus
Marine consumer-resource system
Overfishing Acidification Pteropods and brittle stars together form the base of the Arctic food webs and both are seriously damaged by acidification. Pteropods
Marine_food_web
Unicellular algae responsible for the formation of chalk
surface ocean. Consequently, the now increasing phenomenon of ocean acidification can affect these organisms and their biological activity. As ocean acidification
Gephyrocapsa_huxleyi
Canadian environmental organization
ecosystems. Stopping ocean acidification requires a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Ecosystems can better adapt and survive acidification if natural resilience
Living_Oceans_Society
Marine protected area in American Samoa
described below. Since 1750, the acidity of the ocean has increased by 30%. An increase in ocean acidification destabilizes Samoan reefs by impacting crustose
National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa
National_Marine_Sanctuary_of_American_Samoa
Process of population movement to cities
"Understanding Ocean Acidification | NOAA Fisheries". fisheries.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018. "Ocean Acidification"
Urbanization
Species of sea urchin
calcification rates to predicted end of 21st century CO2-induced ocean acidification". Ocean acidification. EPOCA. Retrieved 2012-09-19. McClanahan, T. R. (1999)
Echinometra_viridis
Standard rate of extinction
reason why members of this group went extinct is related to ocean acidification. Ocean acidification makes it hard for the echinoderms to build their shells
Background_extinction_rate
Extinction event around 260 million years ago
in soil acidification and a decline of terrestrial infaunal invertebrates. Some researchers have cast doubt on whether significant acidification took place
Capitanian mass extinction event
Capitanian_mass_extinction_event
Species of mollusc
including ending exports and increasing regulatory staff. Presently, ocean acidification is another serious threat to the queen conch. Acidity levels are
Aliger_gigas
Variety of families of Mollusca
diseases, habitat degradation, and climate change impacts, including ocean acidification and rising water temperatures. As a keystone species, oysters provide
Oyster
Plankton
anthropogenic causes, acidification of the ocean will increase as the result of increasing CO2 sequestration by the ocean; the ocean is a great sink for
Mixotrophic_dinoflagellate
Idso, Craig (January 5, 2010). "ACID TEST: The Global Challenge of Ocean Acidification". The Heartland Institute. Archived from the original on December
List of Sigourney Weaver performances
List_of_Sigourney_Weaver_performances
Chemical compound
growth rate. The calcification processes are changed by ocean acidification. Where the oceanic crust is subducted under a continental plate sediments will
Calcium_carbonate
Overuse of a shared resource
release of pollution that leads to ozone depletion, global warming, ocean acidification (by way of increased atmospheric CO2 being absorbed by the sea),
Tragedy_of_the_commons
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