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Movements to amend the financial system
Monetary reform refers to proposals to change a country's monetary system, including how money is created, regulated, and distributed. Such reforms seek
Monetary_reform
1998 Russian currency reform
Russia launched a monetary reform on January 1, 1998. Preparation started in August 1997. Replacement of the old banknotes occurred gradually, until 2002
Monetary reform in Russia, 1998
Monetary_reform_in_Russia,_1998
The monetary reform in the Soviet Union of 1947 (known as the "postwar reform") was carried out during December 16–19, 1947. It was the second Soviet
Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1947
Monetary_reform_in_the_Soviet_Union,_1947
Monetary reform in Ukraine
Ukrainian banknotes before and after the 1996 monetary reform The 1996 Ukrainian monetary reform was carried out from 2 to 16 September 1996, and oversaw
1996 Ukrainian monetary reform
1996_Ukrainian_monetary_reform
1923 book by John Maynard Keynes
A Tract on Monetary Reform is a book by John Maynard Keynes, published in 1923. Keynes presented an argument in favour of a policy that would try to stabilize
A_Tract_on_Monetary_Reform
Monetary reformers are economists, politicians, and activists who seek fundamental changes to monetary systems, banking practices, or currency policies
List_of_monetary_reformers
The 1922–1924 monetary reform of the Soviet Union was a set of monetary policies which was implemented in the Soviet Union as a part of the Soviet government’s
Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1922–24
Monetary_reform_in_the_Soviet_Union,_1922–24
Currency of Belarus
2009 as an issue date (the date of an unsuccessful attempt at currency reform). On December 27, 2016, for the first time in the Belarusian ruble's history
Belarusian_ruble
1961 redenomination and devaluation of the ruble
A monetary reform of the Soviet ruble, also known as the Khrushchev reform (after Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet leader at the time), took place on 1 January
Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1961
Monetary_reform_in_the_Soviet_Union,_1961
Defunct right wing party in Ireland
The Irish Monetary Reform Association (also known as the Monetary Reform Party) was a minor Irish political party that existed from the 1940s to the 1960s
Irish Monetary Reform Association
Irish_Monetary_Reform_Association
Reform of money supply and the banking system in the Britain
Monetary reform is the process of fundamentally changing policies regarding money. It can include changes to the money creation process, fractional-reserve
Monetary_reform_in_Britain
Exclusive legal control over a currency
Monetary sovereignty is the power of the state to exercise exclusive legal control over its currency and monetary policy. This includes the authority
Monetary_sovereignty
Roman emperor from 306 to 337
rebus bellicis held that the rift widened between classes because of this monetary policy; the rich benefited from the stability in purchasing power of the
Constantine_the_Great
Monetary reform of 1991 (known also as Pavlov Reform) was the last such reform in the Soviet Union. The reform retired and confiscated large-denomination
Pavlov_Reform
Khan of Bukhara from 1583 to 1598
Ahsi Yasse (Turkestan). In 1583, Abdullah Khan made another monetary reform. This reform was centred around the capital, Bukhara (which minted silver
Abdullah_Khan_II
Movement to amend the financial system
Russia's monetary reform of 1993 took place from 26 July to 7 August 1993. Russia's 1993 currency reform was intended to tame inflation and exchange the
Monetary reform in Russia, 1993
Monetary_reform_in_Russia,_1993
1916 book by Silvio Gesell
economist, entrepreneur, and social reformer Silvio Gesell. It is a treatise on land reform and monetary reform. It attempted to provide a solid basis
The_Natural_Economic_Order
The Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform (COMER) is a Canadian economics-oriented think tank, publishing house, and education centre based in Toronto
Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform
Committee_on_Monetary_and_Economic_Reform
British writer (1951–2024)
years his focus was works of non-fiction relating to politics and monetary reform. Born in London on 14 April 1951, the son of writer Nicholas Mosley
Ivo_Mosley
Soviet official and Russian banker (1937–2003)
the 1991 Soviet monetary reform, commonly referred to as the Pavlov reform, in early 1991. Early on he told the media that the reform was initiated to
Valentin_Pavlov
Currency of the Soviet Union (1922–1991)
with the end of the Monetary Reforms. Banknotes used up until 1993 were de-jure declared withdrawn with the 1993 Monetary reform started by Viktor Geraschenko
Soviet_ruble
Measure of money supply
be recorded as a form of equity. Broad money Credit theory of money Monetary reform Money creation Money supply § MB Fractional reserve banking See, e
Monetary_base
Islamic banking in Turkey and MENA
modern monetary systems presents opportunities and challenges for financial reform. Islamic central banks have limited conventional monetary policy instruments
Participation_banking
American economist (1899–1946)
school of economics. He was a founding author of the Chicago plan for monetary reform that found broad support in the years following the 1930s Depression
Henry_Calvert_Simons
Political party in the United Kingdom
active in local politics. Notable supporters of Social Credit or "monetary reform" in Britain in the 1920s and 1930s included aircraft manufacturer A
Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Social_Credit_Party_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland
Unit of currency
The kopeck was first introduced in Russia in 1535 as a result of the monetary reform of Elena Glinskaya, who was serving as regent. As of 2026[update],
Kopeck
Former Russian state financial institution
ministry, which was therefore effectively in charge of Russia's monetary policy until the reforms of the 1890s. Following the appointment of Nikolai von Bunge
State Bank of the Russian Empire
State_Bank_of_the_Russian_Empire
Government management of money
A monetary system is a system where a government manages money in a country's economy. Modern monetary systems usually consist of a national treasury,
Monetary_system
issue of 10-ruble notes by saying that it is easier to return banknotes to monetary circulation: "We issue a lot of 10-ruble coins, but they immediately settle
Modification of banknotes of the Russian ruble (2022—2025)
Modification_of_banknotes_of_the_Russian_ruble_(2022—2025)
Reform of money supply and the banking system in the US
Monetary reform in the United States refers to proposals and movements to change how money is created and regulated in the financial system. Reform efforts
Monetary reform in the United States
Monetary_reform_in_the_United_States
Mathematician and astronomer (1473–1543)
negotiations. Copernicus for years advised the Royal Prussian sejmik on monetary reform, particularly in the 1520s when that was a major question in regional
Nicolaus_Copernicus
British businessman (born 1955)
between monetary and fiscal policy. Turner argues monetary finance is technically feasible and can be non-inflationary. Turner's monetary reform proposals
Adair Turner, Baron Turner of Ecchinswell
Adair_Turner,_Baron_Turner_of_Ecchinswell
Spanish diplomat, politician, and writer (1863–1950)
effort focused on exchange-rate stabilization, fiscal credibility, and monetary reform in post-1898 Spain. The debates centered on proposals for the regularización
Álvaro de Figueroa, 1st Count of Romanones
Álvaro_de_Figueroa,_1st_Count_of_Romanones
Policy of interest rates or money supply
Monetary policy is the policy adopted by the monetary authority of a nation to affect monetary and other financial conditions to accomplish broader objectives
Monetary_policy
of the 1947 monetary reforms in the country, including a currency reform to curb inflation. The economic recovery after the monetary reforms was unequal
Soviet_famine_of_1946–1947
Collection of narrow banking reforms proposed for the US in 1935
University of Chicago economists in 1933 as a comprehensive plan to reform the monetary and banking system of the United States. The Great Depression had
Chicago_Plan
Silver coin
eight Spanish reales. It was minted in the Spanish Empire, following a monetary reform in 1497, with content 25.563 g (0.8219 ozt) fine silver. It was widely
Spanish_dollar
Object or record accepted as payment
interest rate as their main instrument. Proposals for monetary system changes are monetary reform. The definition of money says it is money only "in a
Money
Political party in Canada
political party in Canada that promoted social credit theories of monetary reform. It was the federal wing of the Canadian social credit movement. The
Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada
The International Movement for Monetary Reform is an umbrella organization for monetary reform organizations with nearly 30 organizations around the world
International Movement for Monetary Reform
International_Movement_for_Monetary_Reform
Funds held in demand deposit accounts
Rainer Stefano (18 August 2023). Monetary Policy Normalization: One Hundred Years After Keynes' Tract on Monetary Reform. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-031-38708-1
Demand_deposit
German academic (born 1948)
voice in both fields. Huber is recognized as a leading theorist in monetary reform, particularly for his work on sovereign money systems. He coined the
Joseph_Huber_(economist)
Improvement of what is wrong or corrupt
hyphen), not "reform". Catalytic reforming Education reform Electoral reform Land reform Microeconomic reform Monetary reform Progressivism Reform (Religion)
Reform
1990s set of proposed US economic reforms and associated conspiracy theory
1,000 copies of his proposal, titled Draining the Swamp: Monetary and Fiscal Policy Reform (1996), and sent copies to members of Congress, believing
NESARA
Banking system where institutions hold only a fraction of deposits as reserves
money – Economy's supply of money that is determined endogenously Monetary reform – Movements to amend the financial system Positive Money – Not-for-profit
Fractional-reserve_banking
Estonian coin
depicts the image of a 13th-century Viking cargo ship. With the Estonian monetary reform in January 1928 the law was changed as the Riigikogu had an amendment
1_kroon_coin_(1934)
Financial institution and UN specialized agency
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international financial institution and a specialized agency of the United Nations, headquartered in Washington
International_Monetary_Fund
Irish Catholic priest
written in support of the views of An Ríoghacht – which advocated an Irish monetary system completely independent of the United Kingdom – in an article for
Denis_Fahey
Not-for-profit advocacy group
Brussels that campaigns for monetary reform. Founded in 2010, the organization promotes central bank reforms and alternative monetary policy, with a focus on
Positive_Money
Currency not backed by any commodity
money supply causes inflation while Keynesian, Post-Keynesian and modern monetary theory economists argue that an increase in money supply is insufficient
Fiat_money
Financial-economic agreement reached in 1944
to the Committee on Reform of the International Monetary System and Issues, tasked with advising on international monetary reform. The dollar price in
Bretton_Woods_system
Economic theory and proposal by Silvio Gesell
proposals. Freigeld has several special properties: It is maintained by a monetary authority to be spending-power stable (no inflation or deflation) by means
Freiwirtschaft
Monetary policy of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China
1935 currency reform was a monetary policy announced by the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China on November 4, 1935. This reform marked the abandonment
1935_currency_reform
1971 decoupling of the US dollar from gold
Lessons for International Monetary Reform". A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System: Lessons for International Monetary Reform. Bretton Woods, October
Nixon_shock
Historical Russian coin equal to 1/4 kopeck
a Russian coin with a value equal to 1⁄2 denga. Following the 1535 monetary reform of Elena Glinskaya, it had a value equal to 1⁄4 kopeck (100 kopecks
Polushka
Offering of loans exclusively from time deposits
full reserve banking as a prominent component of its proposed reform of the Swiss monetary system. For Islamic banking and finance, Mahmoud El-Gamal and
Full-reserve_banking
Reforms in Russia (1696–1725)
favorable environment for Russian-made goods. Peter also instituted a monetary reform that introduced copper coinage to Russia and reduced the amount of
Government reform of Peter the Great
Government_reform_of_Peter_the_Great
Banking platform
five entities are jointly developing mBridge. They include the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, the Bank of Thailand, the Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates
MBridge
Medieval French currency
and a unit of account (i.e., a monetary unit used in accounting) used in early modern France. The 1262 monetary reform established the livre tournois
Livre_tournois
Currency of the United Kingdom
gold-silver ratio went down to 40 × 0.899 / 3.481 = 10.3. After the French monetary reform of 1425, the gold half-noble (1⁄6th pound, 40 pence) was worth close
Pound_sterling
Method of implementing monetary policy
Central banks regularly use OMOs as one of their tools for implementing monetary policy. A frequent aim of open market operations is — aside from supplying
Open_market_operation
Former right-wing provincial political party in Alberta, Canada
During its first years, when led by William Aberhart, it was a radical monetary reform party, at least in theory if not in effect. It encouraged credit unions
Alberta_Social_Credit_Party
Branch of economics covering theories of money
Monetary economics is the branch of economics that studies the nature, role, and impact of money and monetary institutions. It provides a framework for
Monetary_economics
Irish politician (1880–1958)
First Dáil. He would later become the founder of the far-right Irish Monetary Reform Association, a political organisation that obtained some strength in
James Lennon (Irish politician)
James_Lennon_(Irish_politician)
Process of changing the face value of a currency unit
In monetary economics, redenomination is the process of changing the face value of banknotes and coins in circulation. It may be done because inflation
Redenomination
Former currency of Russia
initiation of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic during the monetary reform of 1922–1924 banknotes, or chervonets. They were provided with the
Chervonets
Political party in Canada
on 31 March 2017. The party stood for Canadian nationalism, monetary and electoral reform, and opposed liberal globalization and free trade agreements
Canadian_Action_Party
Canadian politician (1888–1947)
January 1888 – 11 August 1947) was a lawyer, populist politician, and monetary reform advocate in the Canadian province of British Columbia. He served as
Gerry_McGeer
Monetary policy tool
Quantitative easing (QE) is a monetary policy action where a central bank purchases predetermined amounts of government bonds, company shares, or other
Quantitative_easing
Dutch monetary reform foundation
Geld (Dutch for "Our Money") is a foundation that promotes sovereign monetary reform in the Netherlands. The 2015 citizens initiative gathered over 100
Ons_Geld
Georgia, by Republican Senator Nelson Aldrich, chairman of the National Monetary Commission, and several Wall Street bankers. The final version, with provisions
Criticism of the Federal Reserve
Criticism_of_the_Federal_Reserve
American economist (1867–1947)
banking, which he advocated as one of the authors of A Program for Monetary Reform where the general proposal is outlined. Fisher was born in Saugerties
Irving_Fisher
Currency denomination
The Russian ten-ruble note was introduced in the 1998 Monetary reform to replace the 10,000 ruble note, but was discontinued in 2010 due to inflation
Russian_ten-ruble_banknote
Saying attributed to Viktor Chernomyrdin
uttered in the context of Russia's efforts in economic reforms, namely the monetary reform in Russia, 1993. Chernomyrdinki were often accidental rather
Chernomyrdinka
Macroeconomic theory
Modern Monetary Theory or Modern Money Theory (MMT) is a heterodox macroeconomic theory concerning the role of fiscal and monetary policy in sovereign
Modern_Monetary_Theory
Former Italian coin
the restoration of the European monarchies, Napoleonic reforms were also abolished in the monetary sphere. The Austrian Empire, which ruled northern Italy
1_Centesimo_(Italian_coin)
1930s programs of U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt
you, we won't do it again. Monetarists state that the banking and monetary reforms were a necessary and sufficient response to the crises. In an interview
New_Deal
Finland-Swedish philosopher and statesman (1806–1881)
committee from 1863 to 1868, during which time he carried through the monetary reform that pegged the Finnish markka to silver. Ennobled in 1866, he is commemorated
Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman
State-owned investment fund
drawing rights (SDRs) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) reserve positions held by central banks and monetary authorities, along with other national
Sovereign_wealth_fund
Period between the Second Empire and the Duvalier family
presidency on 1879. The presidency of Lysius Salomon (1879–1888) brought monetary reform and a cultural renaissance, yet his attempts to extend his rule sparked
Republic_of_Haiti_(1859–1957)
Currency of Russia
weight of one ruble was equal to the weight of one grivna. Since the monetary reform of 1534, one Russian accounting ruble became equivalent to 100 silver
Russian_ruble
German-Argentine economist (1862–1930)
Order List of Writings by Silvio Gesell Money reform A collection of online text related to monetary reform and interest-free money, in several languages
Silvio_Gesell
Central bank of the People's Republic of China
of the People's Republic of China. It is responsible for carrying out monetary policy as determined by the PRC People's Bank Law and the PRC Commercial
People's_Bank_of_China
Birmingham grass-roots democracy pressure group
in monetary reform. Its platform called for extending and redistributing suffrage rights to the working class, of the kind set out in the Reform Bill
Birmingham_Political_Union
Phase of U.S. party politics, c. 1854–1896
and Populist movements challenged the major parties and helped move monetary reform, corporate power, and agrarian distress toward the center of national
Third_Party_System
Irish politician (1920–1987)
been elected to the Dáil at that time. He stood for election on the Monetary Reform Association ticket, an anti-semitic and Social Credit party confined
Oliver_J._Flanagan
Financial institution that is chartered by a state
management functions of the monetary, the banking and the foreign exchange operations (hereinafter referred collectively as the monetary and banking operations);
State_bank
1993 political party in Canada
seats. The party was populist and ran on a platform of banking and monetary reform. It also advocated direct democracy, referendums and recall elections
Canada_Party
Japanese statesman (1841–1909)
step-by-step approach to monetary reform was an early example of the cautious gradualism that characterized his broader reform philosophy. From late 1871
Itō_Hirobumi
American economist and statistician (1912–2006)
Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy. With George
Milton_Friedman
Digital form of fiat money
global company more than the state: "The eye here is on maintaining UK monetary sovereignty against upheaval from the likes of Big Tech." A major issue
Central_bank_digital_currency
Term used to describe people by their preferred approach to monetary policy
A monetary hawk, or hawk for short, is someone who advocates keeping inflation low as the top priority in monetary policy. In contrast, a monetary dove
Monetary_hawk_and_dove
In which a single state controls the international monetary system
Monetary hegemony is an economic and political concept in which a single state has decisive influence over the functions of the international monetary
Monetary_hegemony
Pre-1916 Russian monetary unit
to one altyn, while 200 dengi was equal to one ruble. In 1535, the monetary reform of Elena Glinskaya was introduced; the northern denga, known as the
Denga
Financial researcher and author (1941–2017)
researcher and author in the field of monetary theory, trader in stock and financial markets, and advocate of monetary reform. Zarlenga's parents Dino and Lisa
Stephen_Zarlenga
the CBDC by the end of 2024. It received praise from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) for its role in driving financial innovation and expanding digital
Central bank digital currencies by country
Central_bank_digital_currencies_by_country
2018 referendum
system. Positive Money helped establish the International Movement for Monetary Reform in 2013, and affiliated organizations developed similar initiatives
2018 Swiss sovereign-money initiative
2018_Swiss_sovereign-money_initiative
Economy mainly driven by sales of services
for ongoing contracts. Full cost accounting and most accounting reform and monetary reform measures are usually thought to be impossible to achieve without
Service_economy
Political party in Canada
by perennial candidate John Turmel. The party ran on a platform of monetary reform, including the abolition of interest rates and the income tax; the
Abolitionist_Party_of_Canada
Brazilian economist (born 1956)
best known for being one of the "fathers" of the Real Plan, the 1994 monetary reform that ended hyperinflation in Brazil. He teaches economics at the Catholic
Gustavo_Franco
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