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Topics referred to by the same term
Modular redundancy may refer to: Dual modular redundancy, in reliability engineering where system components are duplicated Triple modular redundancy
Modular_redundancy
Method for increasing reliability
computing, triple modular redundancy, sometimes called triple-mode redundancy, (TMR) is a fault-tolerant form of N-modular redundancy, in which three systems
Triple_modular_redundancy
reliability engineering, dual modular redundancy (DMR) is when components of a system are duplicated, providing redundancy in case one should fail. It is
Dual_modular_redundancy
Fault-tolerant computer system
systems (dual modular redundancy DMR), and the error can be automatically corrected if there are at least three systems (triple modular redundancy TMR), via
Lockstep_(computing)
Duplication of critical components to increase reliability of a system
major forms of redundancy: Hardware redundancy, such as dual modular redundancy and triple modular redundancy Information redundancy, such as error detection
Redundancy_(engineering)
Time triple modular redundancy, also known as TTMR, is a patented single-event upset mitigation technique that detects and corrects errors in a computer
Time triple modular redundancy
Time_triple_modular_redundancy
Scheme for controlling errors in data over noisy communication channels
in table). Though simple to implement and widely used, this triple modular redundancy is a relatively inefficient ECC. Better ECC codes typically examine
Error_correction_code
Reliable digital data delivery methods on unreliable channels
controllers traditionally use Hamming codes, although some use triple modular redundancy. Interleaving allows distributing the effect of a single cosmic ray
Error detection and correction
Error_detection_and_correction
application software. Triconex products are based on patented Triple modular redundancy (TMR) industrial safety-shutdown technology. Today, Triconex TMR products
Triconex
Design approach
Modular design, or modularity in design, is a design principle that subdivides a system into smaller parts called modules (such as modular process skids)
Modular_design
Set of computers configured in a distributed computing system
the advent of clusters, single-unit fault tolerant mainframes with modular redundancy were employed; but the lower upfront cost of clusters, and increased
Computer_cluster
Topics referred to by the same term
Transmyocardial revascularization, heart disease treatment Triple modular redundancy, a computing voting system Tunnel magnetoresistance, a magnetoresistive
TMR
Resilience of systems to component failures or errors
via relays, with a voting method of memory error detection (triple modular redundancy). Several other machines were developed along this line, mostly for
Fault_tolerance
Adage about conflicting sources of information
St Anne (Shandon) § Clock, known as "the four-faced liar" Triple modular redundancy § Chronometers Bloch, Arthur (2003). Murphy's Law. New York: Perigee
Segal's_law
Navigation using astronomical objects to determine position
set the ship's clocks and calendar. Two chronometers provided dual modular redundancy, allowing a backup if one ceases to work but not allowing any error
Celestial_navigation
Type of nuclear fission reactor
A small modular reactor (SMR) is an emergent class of nuclear fission reactors with a rated electrical power of less than 300 megawatts (MWe), which use
Small_modular_reactor
Resistance against ionizing radiation of electronics
logic" for each bit to continuously determine its result (triple modular redundancy). This increases area of a chip design by a factor of 5, so must be
Radiation_hardening
Topics referred to by the same term
for professional mobile radio and amateur radio users Dual modular redundancy, redundancy back-up system IMAX Digital Media Remastering, a process re-rendering
DMR
Type of computing error
performance, and/or higher power consumption. The concept of triple modular redundancy (TMR) can be employed to ensure very high soft-error reliability in
Soft_error
assemblies with formal equivalence guarantees. Redundancy (engineering) Triple modular redundancy Data redundancy Fault tolerant design Reliability engineering
N-version_programming
Electrical network switch which can use field-replaceable units
configuration, which can allow for higher bandwidth, or redundancy in the event of failure. Modular switches also typically support hot-swap of switch modules
Modular_switch
Record of humanity's attempts to find east-west position on Earth
Ships often carried more than one chronometer. Two would give dual modular redundancy, allowing a backup if one should cease to work, but not allowing any
History_of_longitude
Pioneering telex exchanges
majority monitoring. (The Apollo Moon landing program also used Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) for failure-critical equipment). Over 50 T200 systems went into
T200 telex and data switching system
T200_telex_and_data_switching_system
Device to detect bubbles in liquid-filled tubes
Kuspriyanto (March 2013). "Fault Tolerant Air Bubble Sensor using Triple Modular Redundancy Method". Telkomnika (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control)
Bubble_sensor
off. This causes normal cathode coatings to fail prematurely. Dual modular redundancy "Definition of hot spare". PCMAG. Retrieved 2025-09-09. "Hot Spare"
Hot_spare
Boolean function
down into several simpler logical gates. Many systems have triple modular redundancy; they use the majority function for majority logic decoding to implement
Majority_function
less than 200 kRad, working temperature from -60 to 125 °C triple modular redundancy on block level with self-healing both registers and cache (4KB each
KOMDIV-32
Programming paradigm in which many processes are executed simultaneously
systems, this method can provide a cost-effective approach to achieve n-modular redundancy in commercial off-the-shelf systems. The origins of true (MIMD) parallelism
Parallel_computing
equipment. The benefit was that there was no need to implement the dual modular redundancy scheme on Solaris at this stage. However, the project had to manage
Submarine_Command_System
Self-correcting computer data storage
Hsiao. If cost and space is not a concern but speed is, a triple modular redundancy (TMR) may be used due for its faster hardware implementation. Space
ECC_memory
Overview of computer engineering topics
multithreading Dependability Active redundancy Dual modular redundancy Triple modular redundancy High-availability Seamless Redundancy N-version programming RAID
Computer engineering compendium
Computer_engineering_compendium
Czechoslovak computer
which decided on the correct result by voting, an example of triple modular redundancy (if all three results were different, the operation was repeated)
SAPO_(computer)
Digital workload distribution techniques
backup component that takes over in the event of a failure (dual modular redundancy). Some RAID systems can also utilize hot spare for a similar effect
Load_balancing_(computing)
NASA spacecraft (2006–present)
commands once the spacecraft is beyond Jupiter. The spacecraft uses dual modular redundancy transmitters and receivers, and either right- or left-hand circular
New_Horizons
Eckhardt, D. E., "Fundamental Differences in the Reliability of N-Modular Redundancy and N-Version Programming", The Journal of Systems and Software, 8
Software_fault_tolerance
Structure that contains the Saturn rocket guidance system
Available online: PDF Lyons, R.E. and Vanderkulk, W. "The Use of Triple-Modular Redundancy to Improve Computer Reliability". IBM Journal, April 1962, pp. 200–209
Saturn_V_instrument_unit
Manufacturer of fault-tolerant computers
developed in Austin, Texas. In 1991, the Integrity S2 used TMR, Triple Modular Redundancy, where each logical CPU used three MIPS R2000 microprocessors to execute
Tandem_Computers
Data used to detect errors in other data
most used in practice, such as Fletcher's checksum, Adler-32, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs), address these weaknesses by considering not only the value
Checksum
32-bit CPU microprocessor core originally designed by the European Space Agency
version of the LEON2 processor. Flip-flops are protected by triple modular redundancy and all internal and external memories are protected by EDAC or parity
LEON
graph Ternary Golay code Tiger (hash function) Transverse redundancy check Triple modular redundancy Turbo code UOWHF Universal hashing Universal Product Code
List of algebraic coding theory topics
List_of_algebraic_coding_theory_topics
Vehicle communications protocol
redundant nodes — Cyphal is suitable for applications that require modular redundancy. Simple logic, low computational requirements — Cyphal targets a wide
Cyphal
Sub-discipline of systems engineering that emphasizes dependability
do not have a fail-safe mode. For example, aircraft may use triple modular redundancy for flight computers and control surfaces (including occasionally
Reliability_engineering
Solar observation mission (2006–present)
the STEREO mission. STEREO also carries Actel FPGAs that use triple modular redundancy for radiation hardening. The FPGAs hold the P24 MISC and CPU24 soft
STEREO
Computer network protocol
increased by adding redundancy for critical elements. A distinction can be made between system and media redundancy. System redundancy can also be implemented
Profinet
Chinese modular space station (since 2021)
the modular space station, launched on 29 April 2021. Wentian (问天; Wèn Tiān; 'Quest for the Heavens') for the first laboratory module of the modular space
Tiangong_space_station
Network switch which can operate together others
With modular switching, there is one enclosure and one set of power supplies. High-end modular switches have high-resiliency / high-redundancy features
Stackable_switch
System to carry people below a helicopter in flight
inadvertent load release while still allowing for intentional release. This redundancy comes in two basic forms, a belly band, or dual hook. Both systems provide
Helicopter flight rescue system
Helicopter_flight_rescue_system
Programmable digital computer used to control machinery
from small modular devices with tens of inputs and outputs (I/O), in a housing integral with the processor, to large rack-mounted modular devices with
Programmable_logic_controller
Concept in computing
operation of the machine, eventually bringing the machine back to a state of redundancy. In the context of servers, important expansion cards, such as disk controllers
Hot_swapping
Bullpup assault rifle
launchers, and Yuri Lebedev. The team set out to design an integrated and modular system that would incorporate all the best features of a close-combat long
OTs-14_Groza
Armoured vehicle
The SEP modular armoured vehicle (Splitterskyddad enhetsplattform), Swedish for "Fragmentation Protected Standard Platform", is a hybrid diesel-electric
Splitterskyddad EnhetsPlattform
Splitterskyddad_EnhetsPlattform
Data centre where servers from multiple customers are located
power infrastructure. "A number of colocation companies have praised the modular approach to data centers to better match customer demand with physical
Colocation_centre
failure handling techniques. Isolation in these types of systems requires redundancy. Should one part of the system fail, a redundant part will need to take
Recovery-oriented_computing
Machine capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically
which vary in size. Their architectural structure allows hyper-redundancy for modular robots, as they can be designed with more than 8 degrees of freedom
Robot
Using existing code in new software
reusable components. Code reuse aims to save time and resources and reduce redundancy by taking advantage of assets that have already been created in some form
Code_reuse
Data storage technology
are called RAID levels. RAID levels are distinguished by the amount of redundancy they afford and the minimum number of drives they require, as well as
RAID
Unique numeric book identifier since 1970
their length to be determined, as follows: A check digit is a form of redundancy check used for error detection, the decimal equivalent of a binary check
ISBN
Automotive technology
redundancy, fail-operational systems, and other safety and security measures: computational redundancy through lockstep CPUs; functional redundancy through
Drive_by_wire
Network switch
The Cisco Catalyst 6500 is a modular chassis network switch manufactured by Cisco Systems from 1999 to 2015, capable of delivering speeds of up to "400
Cisco_Catalyst_6500
Ethernet switch product line
lines have merged closer together. In some cases, particularly in the modular chassis switches, a configuration called hybrid has emerged - this is where
Cisco_Catalyst
Flight instrument
February 2009). "The Dangers of Interaction with Modular and Self-Healing Avionics Applications: Redundancy Considered Harmful" (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2009
Air data inertial reference unit
Air_data_inertial_reference_unit
Real-time operating system
sensors, keyboard, buzzer, memories), algorithms (hash table, cyclic redundancy check (CRC), MD2, entropy pool, run-length encoding (RLE)), communication
BeRTOS
Data compression approach allowing perfect reconstruction of the original data
compression is possible because most real-world data exhibits statistical redundancy. By contrast, lossy compression permits reconstruction only of an approximation
Lossless_compression
Electrical device that uses batteries to prevent any interruption of power flow
2016-03-03. Detailed explanation of UPS redundancy options"High-Availability Power Systems, Part II: Redundancy Options" (PDF). Archived from the original
Uninterruptible_power_supply
Design feature or practice
systems can never be made fail-safe, as continuous availability is needed. Redundancy, fault tolerance, or contingency plans are used for these situations (e
Fail-safe
Non-functional requirements for system evaluation
predictability process capabilities producibility provability recoverability redundancy relevance reliability repairability repeatability reproducibility resilience
List of system quality attributes
List_of_system_quality_attributes
Engineering designation
as in underground water distribution networks which have designed-in redundancy. In plumbing situations where one-way flow is desired, it is implemented
Gender of connectors and fasteners
Gender_of_connectors_and_fasteners
Designing how data is held in a database
space vs performance. The more normalized the design is, the less data redundancy there is (and therefore, it takes up less space to store), however, common
Database_design
Pyrotechnic device
other pyrotechnic devices. It is the central multi-purpose component of a modular system of detonating cords, pyrotechnics and various other explosive charges
NASA_Standard_Initiator
Special-purpose Ethernet physical layer for avionics, by Airbus
The six primary aspects of an AFDX data network include full duplex, redundancy, determinism, high speed performance, switched and profiled network. Many
Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet
Avionics_Full-Duplex_Switched_Ethernet
Internal computer component that provides power to other components
the cables of a modular power supply must only be used with this particular modular power supply model. Usage with another modular power supply, even
Power_supply_unit_(computer)
Family of archive file formats used by 7-Zip
are compressed within a single stream, in order to exploit the combined redundancy inherent in similar files. Compression and encryption of archive headers
7z
Interchangeable part used for repair
for a pump or motor. This “spare” requirement would be determined by redundancy of equipment used in the industrial processes. 2. Consumables can be divided
Spare_part
Network protocol for automation
generation, environmental and flight controls. TTP is used in FADEC and modular aerospace controls, and flight computers. In addition, TTP devices have
Time-Triggered_Protocol
Small network-layer delivery protocol for cubesats
responding on. Furthermore, subsystem inter-dependencies are reduced, and redundancy is easily added by adding multiple similar nodes to the communication
Cubesat_Space_Protocol
Active protection system
Rheinmetall and IBD Deisenroth Engineering, as part of their Advanced Modular Armor Protection concept. The system was also known under the name AAC
AMAP-ADS
Highest layer in network protocol models
explicitly separated from lower layers like session and presentation to modularize network services and applications for interoperability and clarity. Contrasting
Application_layer
British property developer
In June 2020, the company announced it was consulting on up to 200 redundancies, and revealed its pre-tax profits were down 35 per cent, accompanied
Berkeley_Group_Holdings
Series of programmable logic controllers
complex variants were configured by mounting modular boards in a dedicated drawer. Simatic S5-010 – Modular PLC system Simatic S5-010K – Variant for injection
Simatic
Artificial intelligence field of study
Researchers in safety-critical AI have proposed using architectural redundancy and design diversity to reduce the risk that a single faulty, compromised
AI_safety
Ferry in Kerala, India
shore in case of failure. Built under IRS inland vessel rules ensuring redundancy and safety compliance. Optimisation trials: 13–14 November 2016 – software
Aditya_(boat)
Multi-agency disaster response model for national civil defense
vocabulary and plain English (i.e. no 10-codes) Modular organization - the organizational structure is modular and can be changed as needed to fit the incident's
National Incident Management System
National_Incident_Management_System
Regulating device used on transmission networks
high-power levels. 3-level topologies have begun to give way to Multi-Modular Converter (MMC) Topologies, which allow for more levels in the voltage
Static synchronous compensator
Static_synchronous_compensator
Concept for a crewed interstellar spacecraft
plastic balloon in space and coat it with metal. The spacecraft would be modular, and the main living area would be three identical 300 feet (91 m) wide
Enzmann_starship
Modular compute server design
A blade server is a stripped-down server computer with a modular design optimized to minimize the use of physical space and energy. Blade servers have
Blade_server
DeviceKit is a modular hardware abstraction layer designed for use in Linux systems that is designed to simplify device management and replace the current
DeviceKit
Land service branch of the U.S. military
forces and to question the number of divisions and brigades as well as the redundancy of maintaining two reserve components, the Army National Guard and the
United_States_Army
Facility used to house computer servers
and B-side power feeds. This arrangement is often made to achieve N+1 redundancy in the systems. Static transfer switches are sometimes used to ensure
Data_center
Network which provides access to consolidated, block-level data storage
switches are for redundancy purposes set up in a meshed topology. A single SAN switch can have as few as 8 ports and up to 32 ports with modular extensions
Storage_area_network
Sortation system consisting of a chain of conveyor belts
the sorter possible. Train: A group of carriers is called a train. For redundancy, there are typically a number of trains joined end-to-end to form one
Cross_belt_sorter
Engineering discipline
Design and Materials, Planned Inspections, Fool-proof design, and Backup Redundancy decreases risk and increases the cost. The risk can be decreased to ALARA
Safety_engineering
Processes designed to improve upon traditional methods
assembly (DfMA), prefabrication, preassembly, off-site manufacture (including modular building) and onsite innovations such as additive manufacture (3D printing)
Modern methods of construction
Modern_methods_of_construction
Light single-engined multirole fighter aircraft from Sweden
systems and new displays. The MFDs are interchangeable and designed for redundancy in the event of failure, flight information can be presented on any of
Saab_JAS_39_Gripen
General-purpose functional programming language
Standard ML (SML) is a general-purpose, high-level, modular, functional programming language with compile-time type checking and type inference. It is
Standard_ML
Electric vehicle manufacturer
40 minutes of calibration for the vehicle to become operational again. Redundancy is implemented at the vehicle level and at the component level for fail-operational
REE_Automotive
Quantum error correcting code
than traditional qubit codes. Instead of needing many qubits to act as redundancy for a single qubit, the GKP code instead requires a precisely constructed
Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill code
Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill_code
Collection of loosely coupled services used to build computer applications
teams to develop, deploy, and scale services independently, improving modularity, scalability, and adaptability. However, it introduces additional complexity
Microservices
American electric full-size SUV
91 is built on Faraday Future’s Variable Platform Architecture (VPA), a modular electric vehicle platform developed to support multiple body styles and
Faraday_Future_FF_91
Using multiple network connections in parallel to increase capacity and reliability
bandwidth beyond what a single connection could sustain, and provides redundancy where all but one of the physical links may fail without losing connectivity
Link_aggregation
Defunct UK housebuilder
Homes (also written as ilke Homes) was a UK housebuilder specialising in modular homes for both social housing and for open market sale and private rental
Ilke_Homes
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