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Ability to see in low light conditions
Mesopic vision, sometimes also called twilight vision, is a combination of photopic and scotopic vision under low-light (but not necessarily dark) conditions
Mesopic_vision
Type of color vision with four types of cone cells
using their mesopic vision. In mesopic vision, both cone cells and rod cells are active. While rods typically do not contribute to color vision, in these
Tetrachromacy
Visual perception under low-light conditions
and show a face inversion effect. Photopic vision – Visual perception under well-lit conditions Mesopic vision – Ability to see in low light conditions
Scotopic_vision
Visual perception under well-lit conditions
Cone cell Contrast (vision) Mesopic vision Night vision Purkinje effect Photometry (optics) Photosensitive ganglion cell Scotopic vision Spectral sensitivity
Photopic_vision
Ability to perceive differences in light frequency
are most sensitive to wavelengths near 555 nm. Between these regions, mesopic vision comes into play and both rods and cones provide signals to the retinal
Color_vision
Ability to see in low light conditions
Night vision is the ability to see in low-light conditions, either naturally with scotopic vision or through a night-vision device. Night vision requires
Night_vision
Anatomical composition of the Neanderthal body
material culture compared to Cro-Magnons. Neanderthals may have developed mesopic vision in low-light conditions, and a stronger respiratory system to fuel a
Neanderthal_anatomy
region of overlap, both systems are active and combine to contribute to mesopic vision. Like all sensors, photoreceptors are limited in dynamic range, i.e
Duplex_retina
How efficiently a source produces visible light
modeling the response of rod cells without cones, known as scotopic vision. (Mesopic vision describes the transition zone in dim conditions, between photopic
Luminous_efficacy
Extinct genus of reptiles from the Early Triassic of South Africa
bones), Proterosuchus had mesopic vision, indicating that it was adapted to see well in both bright and dim light. Mesopic vision is characteristic of cathemeral
Proterosuchus
Perception of color mixtures
predict color match responses to a good approximation under photopic and mesopic vision. A number of studies have examined how and why they provide poor predictions
Grassmann's laws (color science)
Grassmann's_laws_(color_science)
Order of flying mammals
have mesopic vision, meaning that they can detect light only in low levels, whereas other mammals have photopic vision, which allows colour vision. Microbats
Bat
Description of the average spectral sensitivity of human visual perception of brightness
by Crawford (1949). Luminosity for mesopic vision, a wide transitioning band between scotopic and phototic vision, is more poorly standardized. The consensus
Luminous_efficiency_function
Type of neuroepithelial cell
sight. Rods primarily mediate scotopic vision (dim conditions) whereas cones primarily mediate photopic vision (bright conditions), but the processes
Photoreceptor_cell
Tendency for sight to shift toward blue colors at low light levels
photopic (cone-based) and scotopic (rod-based) systems, that is, in the mesopic state: as intensity dims, the rods take over, and before color disappears
Purkinje_effect
Measurement of visible light
candela per square metre. Scotopic vision occurs below 2 × 10−5 cd/m2. Mesopic vision occurs between these limits and is not well characterised for spectral
Photometry_(optics)
Part of the eye
(called scotopic vision). The illumination in most office settings falls between these two levels and is called mesopic vision. At mesopic light levels,
Retina
Type of neuron in the retina of the mammalian eye
a role in mesopic vision[citation needed] and that the old theory of a purely duplex retina with rod (dark) and cone (light) light vision was simplistic
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell
Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cell
Medical condition
The color vision of blue cone monochromats is severely impaired. However, interaction of the blue cones and rod photoreceptors in mesopic vision (twilight)
Blue-cone_monochromacy
Lack of light
Scotopic vision takes place when luminance levels drops below the sensitivity threshold of cone cells; the other two type - mesopic and photopic vision - refers
Darkness
Response of the eye to light and dark
goggles Human eye Mesopic vision Neural adaptation Purkinje effect Disc shedding Miller RE, Tredici TJ (1 August 1992). "Night Vision Manual for the Flight
Adaptation_(eye)
Method of representing images in 3D
cells, which optimally perform at a dark cyan color, in well-optimized mesopic vision, to create a fourth filter color and yet another perspective; however
Anaglyph_3D
Czech biologist and physiologist (1787–1869)
Investigating the Physiology of Senses and New Subjective Reports about Vision, which contributed to the emergence of the science of experimental psychology
Jan_Evangelista_Purkyně
Loss and regain of color vision during the evolution of primates
cells and rod cells. Rods usually do not contribute to color vision (except in mesopic conditions[citation needed]) and have not evolved significantly
Evolution of color vision in primates
Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates
cones to be responsible for the PLR under low (scotopic) and moderate (mesopic) light conditions and the ipRGCs to be responsible under high (photopic)
Non-image-forming_vision
Extinct group of saber-toothed therapsids from the Permian
aspects, the specimen SAM-PK-K10034 may have had mesopic vision, and Cyonosaurus scotopic or photopic vision. The diameters of the scleral rings for the small
Gorgonopsia
Species of fish
the blue-shifted mesopic light conditions dominant in M. muelleri's habitat and are likely a more efficient method of mesopic vision than would be feasible
Mueller's_pearlside
Region of color temperatures that are often viewed as pleasing to an observer
visual system switches from photopic (cone-dominated) vision to scotopic (rod-dominated) vision when luminance levels decrease. Rods have a very high
Kruithof_curve
American psychologist (1926–2023)
laboratory's Night Vision Training Research Program under contracts held by private corporations. This research included studies of early mesopic adaptation to
Celeste_McCollough
Concept in the study of perception
conflated, resulting in a variety of functional deficits. However, in mesopic conditions, where light levels are high enough to be detected by cones
Principle_of_univariance
Medical condition
and median (mesopic) light levels will be normal but the response under high light level (photopic) conditions will be absent. The mesopic level is approximately
Achromatopsia
Colour space defined by the CIE in 1931
discussed later. It is applicable for brightnesses that range from mid-mesopic to photopic light. It is applicable only to additive color mixing, not
CIE_1931_color_space
Concept in the psychophysics of vision
Sensitivity in Normal Aging—Monocular Tests of Retinal Function at Photopic and Mesopic Light Levels". Retrieved 2026-02-09. "Age-related change in flicker thresholds
Flicker_fusion_threshold
Inability to focus on distant objects
H, Duzen B, Simsek S (February 2010). "Refractive Error May Influence Mesopic Pupil Size". Current Eye Research. 35 (2): 130–136. doi:10.3109/02713680903447892
Myopia
Type of color vision
normal rod function can sometimes exhibit mild color vision due to conditional dichromacy. In mesopic conditions, both rods and cones are active and opponent
Monochromacy
Psychophysics of varying the intensity of a stimulus
Human vision follows Weber's law closely at normal daylight levels (i.e. in the photopic range) but begins to break down at twilight levels (the mesopic range)
Weber–Fechner_law
Corrective ophthalmological surgery
greater reduction in corneal astigmatism and better visual outcomes under mesopic conditions using wavefront technology combined with vector analysis than
LASIK
Fundamental color in color mixing
trichromacy of vision at high (photopic) light intensities, a fourth photoreceptor type (rods) contributes to vision at low (mesopic and scotopic) light
Primary_color
Eye examination that can detect dysfunction in central and peripheral vision
MacLaren RE (May 2016). "Selective Automated Perimetry Under Photopic, Mesopic, and Scotopic Conditions: Detection Mechanisms and Testing Strategies"
Visual_field_test
Colour for automotive lamps
John; Mark S. Rea (2001). "Driving in Snow: Effect of Headlamp Color at Mesopic and Photopic Light Levels" (PDF). SAE Technical Paper Series. 1. doi:10
Selective_yellow
Comparison of a wide range of brightnesses
same reflectance as an 18% gray card Halonen, Liisa; Bizjak, Grega. "CIE Mesopic photometry – implementation for outdoor lighting" (PDF). University of
Orders of magnitude (illuminance)
Orders_of_magnitude_(illuminance)
Raised source of light beside a road or path
luminous efficiency functions, creating a Unified System of Photometry. These mesopic visual performance models are conducted in laboratory conditions in which
Street_light
Type of electric gas-discharge lamp
security areas. Understanding the change in human color vision sensitivity from photopic to mesopic and scotopic is essential for proper planning when designing
Sodium-vapor_lamp
Type of lighting fixture
Light-emitting diodes in street and roadway lighting – a case study involving mesopic effects, Lighting Research and Technology 45:217, 2013, doi: 10.1177/1477153512440771
LED_street_light
Part of an eye
Betul; Simsek, Saban (February 2010). "Refractive Error May Influence Mesopic Pupil Size". Current Eye Research. 35 (2): 130–136. doi:10.3109/02713680903447892
Pupil
Lighting simulation software
defocusing dark areas, veiling due to glare, and colour loss due to mesopic or scotopic vision in low light. pinterp interpolates between two images provided
Radiance_(software)
Lamp mounted in the front of a vehicle
John; Rea, Mark S. (2001). "Driving in Snow: Effect of Headlamp Color at Mesopic and Photopic Light Levels" (PDF). SAE Technical Paper Series. 1 2001-01-0320
Headlamp
Genus of Dinosaur (fossil)
rings, scotopic (nocturnal) animals tend to have more enlarged rings. Mesopic (cathemeral) animals—which are irregularly active throughout the day and
Protoceratops
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