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Bias against acknowledging the achievements of women scientists
The Matilda effect is a bias against acknowledging the achievements of women scientists and inventors, whose work is consequently attributed to their male
Matilda_effect
American abolitionist, author (1826–1898)
American rights, abolitionism, and freethought. She is the eponym for the Matilda effect, which describes the tendency to deny women credit for scientific invention
Matilda_Joslyn_Gage
American pathologist (1893–1973)
Pathology, becoming the first woman to hold that position. The Matthew-Matilda Effect is the phenomenon in which a person receives credit for an achievement
Frieda_Robscheit-Robbins
The rich get richer and the poor get poorer
internal contradictions of capital accumulation Lindy effect Matilda effect Metcalfe's law Network effect Pareto distribution Positive feedback Preferential
Matthew_effect
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up Mathilda, Matilda, or matilda in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Matilda or Mathilda may refer to: Matilda (chicken) (1990–2006), World's Oldest
Matilda
effect (developmental biology) Matthew effect (education) (education) Matilda effect (Research) Matthew effect (sociology) (adages) (social phenomena)
List_of_effects
Australian community spirit in 2023 World Cup
outlets and academics used the terms Matildas fever to describe the community spirit on display, and Matildas effect to express the team's impact. Throughout
Matildas_fever
American historian (1944–2025)
science who was based at Cornell University. Rossiter coined the term Matilda effect in 1993 to describe bias against acknowledging the achievements of women
Margaret_W._Rossiter
Age versus math ability
object Boundary-work Epistemic cultures Harem effect Intersubjective verifiability Matilda effect Matthew effect Mihi itch Obliteration by incorporation Scientific
Age and mathematical productivity
Age_and_mathematical_productivity
Observation that no scientific discovery is named after its discoverer
scientists of distinctly different rank. The effect applies specifically to women through the Matilda effect. Boyer's law was named by Hubert Kennedy in
Stigler's_law_of_eponymy
Queen of England from 1066 to 1083
Matilda of Flanders (French: Mathilde; Dutch: Machteld; German: Mechtild) (died 2 November 1083) was Queen of England and Duchess of Normandy by marriage
Matilda_of_Flanders
American computer scientist and electrical engineer (1938–2024)
those who are expected to innovate." The effect drew inspiration from the Matilda effect and Matthew effect. In 2023, Lynn Conway collaborated with Jim
Lynn_Conway
American sociologist (born 1937)
example of a pattern which she noted, which has been nicknamed the Matilda effect by science historian Margaret Rossiter. Zuckerman married Merton in
Harriet_Zuckerman
Australian actor (1979–2008)
Williams would be left without an inheritance and said Matilda was his family's absolute priority. 'Matilda is our absolute priority and Michelle is an integral
Heath_Ledger
American author and activist (1942–2025)
biographer of Matilda Joslyn Gage, a 19th century suffragist who was credited with describing a phenomenon known today as the Matilda effect. She was a participant
Sally_Roesch_Wagner
Queen of Denmark and Norway from 1766 to 1772
Caroline Matilda of Great Britain (Danish: Caroline Mathilde; 22 July [O.S. 11 July] 1751 – 10 May 1775) was Queen of Denmark and Norway from 1766 to
Caroline Matilda of Great Britain
Caroline_Matilda_of_Great_Britain
Markov Mathieu functions – Émile Léonard Mathieu Matilda effect – Matilda Joslyn Gage Matthew effect – Matthew the Evangelist Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution
Scientific phenomena named after people
Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people
American microbiologist (1922–2006)
of the replica plating technique has been cited as an example of the Matilda effect, in which discoveries made by women scientists are unfairly attributed
Esther_Lederberg
research and discoveries carried out by female researchers, known as the "Matilda effect", is a case of cryptogyny. By coining the term, Pozo and Padilla wanted
Cryptogyny
Theory on scientific activity
object Boundary-work Epistemic cultures Harem effect Intersubjective verifiability Matilda effect Matthew effect Mihi itch Obliteration by incorporation Scientific
Yuasa_Phenomenon
Argument in experimental science
object Boundary-work Epistemic cultures Harem effect Intersubjective verifiability Matilda effect Matthew effect Mihi itch Obliteration by incorporation Scientific
Merton_thesis
Well-known ideas are not often attributed
Vespucci, the Gaussian distribution was not discovered by Gauss. Matthew effect Recuperation (politics) Inline Robert K. Merton, quoted by Sztompka, 2003
Obliteration_by_incorporation
Margravine of Tuscany from 1055 to 1115
Matilda of Tuscany (Italian: Matilde di Toscana; Latin: Matilda or Mathilda; c. 1046 – 24 July 1115), or Matilda of Canossa (Italian: Matilde di Canossa
Matilda_of_Tuscany
Hypothesis about scientific discoveries and inventions
History of science Hundredth monkey effect Invention List of multiple discoveries Matilda effect Matthew effect Opposing theories of discovery and invention:
Multiple_discovery
Proposition that visual inscriptions are central to scientific practice
object Boundary-work Epistemic cultures Harem effect Intersubjective verifiability Matilda effect Matthew effect Mihi itch Obliteration by incorporation Scientific
Graphism_thesis
French physician (1925–2022)
Martins, representing the operating company which runs the Eiffel Tower. Matilda effect Décès de Marthe Gautier, découvreuse de la trisomie 21 (in French) Gautier
Marthe_Gautier
Reference to a source
their respective fields. The Matthew Effect, Matilda Effect and citation bias describe phenomena to this effect. However, evidence indicates that external
Citation
List of terms created from a person's name
the chemical element gadolinium has been named. Matilda Joslyn Gage, American activist – Matilda effect Thomas Gage, British botanist – greengage Gaget
List_of_eponyms_(A–K)
Principle in the philosophy of technology
participation is expected to identify the choices with the most positive effect. Education through participation. Taking part in technical decisions is
No innovation without representation
No_innovation_without_representation
American neurobiologist (1954–2017)
Kickstarter campaign for Ask The Question, a feature biopic about Ben Barres. Matilda effect NIH, (Oct. 2008). Ben A. Barres, M.D., Ph.D. Archived March 20, 2011
Ben_Barres
American journalist (born 1957)
2023 she participated in an hour-long podcast with Roy Wood Jr. on the Matilda effect. Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier (with John
Katie_Hafner
American sociologist (1910–2003)
called this phenomenon the "Matthew effect". (See also Stigler's law of eponymy.) As a result of the Matilda effect, Harriet Zuckerman is credited by Merton
Robert_K._Merton
not been recognized in the naming of topics they discovered due to Matilda effect. Some physics phenomena that are named after female scientists include:
Women_in_physics
Discrimination in higher education
The authors explain their findings as a possible consequence of the "Matilda Effect", a phenomenon that systematically undervalues the scientific contributions
Sexism_in_academia
Quantitative study of science
(4): 102–108. Kislenko, Ivan; Kulczycki, Emanuel (2026-02-23). "The Matilda Effect in Soviet scientometrics? Nalimov, Mulchenko, and the origins of Naukometriya"
Scientometrics
Car Company. Matilda Joslyn Gage, suffragist and abolitionist — Matilda effect. Matthew the Apostle, Biblical prophet – Matthew effect. Harold Matson
List_of_eponyms_(L–Z)
Swiss-American medical researcher (1926–2018)
Izquierdo-Useros, Nuria (June 26, 2018). "The Mathilde Krim effect as a way to overcome the Matilda effect". AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 34 (9): 725–726
Mathilde_Krim
1972 film
Matilda, highly intelligent and idealistic, seeks solace in her pets and school projects, including the one that provides the film's title. Matilda's
The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds (film)
The_Effect_of_Gamma_Rays_on_Man-in-the-Moon_Marigolds_(film)
American scientist and activist (1819–1888)
Machines", published November 22, 1864 History of climate change science Matilda effect – a bias against acknowledging the achievements of women scientists
Eunice_Newton_Foote
Kind of cognitive bias
ISSN 0002-8282. JSTOR 1803477. Didham, Raphael K.; Basset, Yves; Collins, C. Matilda; Leather, Simon R.; Littlewood, Nick A.; Menz, Myles H. M.; Müller, Jörg;
Frequency_illusion
1938 achievement in physics
Nazi period, and feminists saw Meitner as yet another example of the Matilda effect, where a woman had been airbrushed from the pages of history. By 1990
Discovery_of_nuclear_fission
Female participants in technical fields
and technology Margaret W. Rossiter History of Women in Science Prize Matilda effect Social norm African women in engineering Timeline of women in science
Women_in_STEM
Stigler's law List of experiments List of misnamed theorems Matilda effect Matthew effect Multiple discovery Priority disputes Stigler's law of eponymy
List_of_multiple_discoveries
by women List of women's organizations List of women in mathematics Matilda effect Occupational sexism STEM pipeline Structural inequality in education
List of organizations for women in science
List_of_organizations_for_women_in_science
American geneticist (1861–1912)
Physician Assistant Studies are all based. Timeline of women in science Matilda effect "Nettie Stevens | American biologist and geneticist". Encyclopedia Britannica
Nettie_Stevens
King of England from 1100 to 1135
William's less popular policies. He married Matilda of Scotland and they had two surviving children, Empress Matilda and William Adelin. Robert disputed Henry's
Henry_I_of_England
American computer programmer
because much of Harper's contribution has been overshadowed by the Matilda Effect of Grace Hopper's fame. In 1952, Harper, Ridgway, and Hopper were all
Margaret_Helen_Harper
American cytologist and geneticist (1891–1988)
Retrieved November 8, 2020. Rossiter, Margaret W. (1993). "The Matthew Matilda Effect in Science". Social Studies of Science. 23 (2): 325–341. doi:10
Margaret_Campbell_Mann_Lesley
Women in the academic and professional fields of engineering
Kingdom List of prizes, medals, and awards for women in engineering Matilda effect Occupational sexism Society of Women Engineers STEM pipeline Structural
Women_in_engineering
19th-century American legal case
The Matilda Case involved Matilda, a 20-year-old woman whose father, Missouri planter Larkin Lawrence, claimed to own her as his slave. In 1837, she fled
Matilda_Case
12th-century shipwreck, killing the heir to the English throne
only legitimate son and heir of Henry I of England; his half-siblings Matilda "Maud" FitzRoy and Richard of Lincoln; Richard d'Avranches, Earl of Chester;
White_Ship_disaster
American philosopher and psychologist
Macmillan Company American philosophy List of American philosophers Matilda effect Johnson, Deborah (1999). "Calkins, Mary Whiton". American National Biography
Mary_Whiton_Calkins
American physician (1901–1963)
forgotten role in the development of the sweat test is an example of the Matilda effect, the bias that leads to research being attributed to male contributors
Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen
Heir apparent of Henry I of England (1103–1120)
Norman-French variants of Ætheling) was the son of Henry I of England by his wife Matilda of Scotland, and was thus heir apparent to the English throne. His early
William_Adelin
Wife of L. Frank Baum
American children's publisher L. Frank Baum. Her mother was the suffragist Matilda Joslyn Gage. In her early life, she attended a boys' high school. Maud
Maud_Gage_Baum
Australian physicist (born 1954)
Gender Variance Who's Who. "Spotlight on Prof. Rachael Padman". The Matilda Effect. 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2025. "Dr Rachael Padman | Cavendish Laboratory
Rachael_Padman
11th-century Conradine dynasty duchess
miniature depicting Matilda giving the book to Mieszko, who is shown wearing a crown and seated on a throne. Matilda's gift had the desired effect, and Mieszko
Matilda_of_Swabia
Austrian nuclear physicist (1894–1970)
Abteillung IIa, 127 (1918): 1253–1279. Timeline of women in science The Matilda effect Giuseppe Occhialini Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Marietta_Blau
American actress (born 1974)
Bethany Horowitz on the ABC series Boston Legal, and for her lead role as Matilda "Matty" Webber on the CBS series MacGyver. Eaton was born on Long Island
Meredith_Eaton
Duchess consort of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
January 1843) was the daughter of the Queen of Denmark–Norway, Caroline Matilda of Great Britain. Though officially regarded as the daughter of King Christian
Princess Louise Augusta of Denmark
Princess_Louise_Augusta_of_Denmark
1965 play by Paul Zindel
The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds is a play written by Paul Zindel, a playwright and science teacher. Zindel received the 1971 Pulitzer
The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds
The_Effect_of_Gamma_Rays_on_Man-in-the-Moon_Marigolds
American media personality and proprietor (born 1954)
especially consumer purchasing choices, has been dubbed "the Oprah Effect". The effect has been documented or alleged in domains as diverse as book sales
Oprah_Winfrey
Female nominees for the Nobel Prize
women's rights activists List of female scientists in the 20th century Matilda effect "The Nobel Prize". www.nobelprize.org. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 3
List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize
List_of_female_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize
American actress
Matilda Agnes Heron (1 December 1830 – 7 March 1877) was an Irish-American actress and playwright best known for her role in the play Camille, which she
Matilda_Heron
Global conflict (1939–1945)
Europe, drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect, though, the Franco-Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy
World_War_II
2025 AI-generated Internet memes
Is Its Lowest-Rated Ever". Forbes. Retrieved 20 April 2026. Ferraris, Matilda (26 April 2025). "From Ballerina Cappuccina to Tralalero Tralalà, we unpack
Italian_brainrot
Sexual activity
where, and seriously - why?". Telegraph.co.uk. 12 December 2014. Long, Matilda (31 January 2019). "Ban on fetish porn including BDSM overturned in England
Facesitting
2012 film directed by Andrew Adamson
a young girl named Matilda. She finds comfort in the story of a Victorian orphan, Pip, when her own world is falling apart. Matilda writes "Pip" in the
Mr._Pip
agreement with Matilda in November 1153 with the signing of the Treaty of Wallingford, in which Stephen recognised Henry, son of Matilda and her second
List_of_English_monarchs
2023 video game
as well as Headmaster Phineas Nigellus Black (Simon Pegg) and Professor Matilda Weasley (Lesley Nicol). The protagonist also partners with students Natsai
Hogwarts_Legacy
Australian rules football match
Australia's dominance through stoppages was exemplified with Mim Strom and Matilda Scholz combining for 50 hitouts, for a total of 53 compared to Ireland's
2026 AFL Women's Australia v Ireland match
2026_AFL_Women's_Australia_v_Ireland_match
1847–1848 novel by William Makepeace Thackeray
Tolstoy's work has a greater emphasis on the historical detail and the effect the war has upon his protagonists, Thackeray instead uses the conflict as
Vanity_Fair_(novel)
714 8 Never Too Late (Part 2) Richard Sarell Ray Harding 715 9 Waltzing Matilda (Part 1) Wealthy Katie Wellbourne threatens the relationship between Matt
List of A Country Practice episodes
List_of_A_Country_Practice_episodes
2025 animated television series
powers and is knowledgeable of Dante's demonic heritage Paris Johnson as Matilda "Mattie", Lucan's orphaned granddaughter In late 2018, Adi Shankar announced
Devil_May_Cry_(TV_series)
American suffragist and naturalist
Frances Matilda Abbott (August 18, 1857 – September 21, 1939) was an American suffragist and naturalist. The first woman from Concord, New Hampshire,
Frances_Matilda_Abbott
Queen of France (1137–52) and England (1154–89); Duchess of Aquitaine (1137–1204)
throne was through his mother, Matilda, daughter and heir of Henry I of England. On the death of her father in 1135, Matilda's succession was challenged by
Eleanor_of_Aquitaine
rage; Inside Out (with Amy Poehler); CNS funding; the underreaction to the Matildas winning Australia's first World Cup knockout match. 11 11 "Episode 11"
List of The Weekly with Charlie Pickering episodes
List_of_The_Weekly_with_Charlie_Pickering_episodes
Contributions of women to the field of science
century List of female mathematicians List of female Nobel laureates Matilda effect Organizations for women in science Prizes, medals, and awards for women
Women_in_science
Australian actor (born 1947)
few months after filming wrapped. They have three children, including Matilda. He is a strong supporter of Australian republicanism. List of Australian
Bryan_Brown
National anthem of Australia
alongside three other "national songs": "Advance Australia Fair", "Waltzing Matilda" and "Song of Australia". Later in 1977 a plebiscite to choose the "national
Advance_Australia_Fair
Film by Matt Bettinelli-Olpin and Tyler Gillett
Giancarlo Esposito was cast in a supporting role. Weir, known for her role as Matilda Wormwood in the 2022 Netflix musical film, was said to be playing Dracula's
Abigail_(2024_film)
American child actress (born 2009)
theater summer camp productions of Beauty and the Beast, The Lion King, and Matilda, which motivated her to take acting lessons and learn music. In June 2017
Trinity_Jo-Li_Bliss
Premier of Victoria from 2014 to 2023
Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021. Boseley, Matilda (16 December 2020). "Melbourne public housing Covid lockdown violated human
Daniel_Andrews
American-Canadian children's animated preschool television series
for a visit in the episode 'Prince Tuesday Visits'. Chrissie (voiced by Matilda Gilbert) is Prince Tuesday and Wednesday's cousin and King Friday and Queen
Daniel_Tiger's_Neighborhood
1142 siege during the Anarchy
Fought between his nephew, Stephen of Blois, and his daughter, the Empress Matilda (or Maud), who had recently been expelled from her base in Westminster
Siege_of_Oxford_(1142)
Away star reveals he was forced to keep sexuality secret: 'It had a huge effect'". What's on TV. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved
List of Home and Away characters
List_of_Home_and_Away_characters
Betsan Evans Chris Ould First appearance of DS Danny Pearce; Anne Reid, Matilda Ziegler, Tim Wylton and David Sibley guest star 22 May 1993 (1993-05-22)
List_of_The_Bill_episodes
King of England from 1087 to 1100
(later Matilda, wife of Henry) to become a nun in order to protect her from the lust of William, which angered Edith's father because of the effect it might
William_II_of_England
King of England from 1154 to 1189
Henry was the eldest son of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, and Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England. By the age of fourteen, he became politically
Henry_II_of_England
Count of Anjou (1109-1129) and king of Jerusalem (1131-1143)
marriage of their son, Geoffrey V, to Henry's daughter and heir presumptive, Matilda. In 1129, he relinquished Anjou to Geoffrey and moved to Jerusalem to marry
Fulk,_King_of_Jerusalem
British preschool animated TV series
phenomenon was not an issue for many parents; it trended with the hashtag "#PeppaEffect". Linguistics experts find those conclusions to be "likely exaggerated"
Peppa_Pig
Christmas feast for Edward I of England, an acrobat named either Maud or Matilda Makejoy performed acrobatic feats as part of the entertainment. Pre-Columbian
Timeline_of_women's_sports
Disney cartoon character
uncle Milton Mouse with his family and her grandparents Marvel Mouse and Matilda Mouse. Her best-known relatives, however, remain her uncle Mortimer Mouse
Minnie_Mouse
1796 gothic novel by Matthew Lewis
but agrees. Matilda and Ambrosio return to the cemetery, where Matilda calls upon Lucifer, who appears young and handsome. He gives Matilda a magic myrtle
The_Monk
King of England from 1066 to 1087
process that was not complete until about 1060. His marriage in the 1050s to Matilda of Flanders provided him with a powerful ally in the neighbouring county
William_the_Conqueror
Queen of the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901
in 1849 was a public relations success, but it had no lasting impact or effect on the growth of Irish nationalism. Russell's ministry, though Whig, was
Queen_Victoria
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2024 to 2026
Archived from the original on 16 May 2026. Retrieved 7 June 2026. Martin, Matilda (2 June 2025). "Keir Starmer Declares The UK Is Moving To "War-Fighting
Keir_Starmer
Nurse from the American Civil War
Tillie Pierce (also known as Matilda Alleman) was the author of At Gettysburg, or What A Girl Saw and Heard of the Battle: A True Narrative. Published
Tillie_Pierce
American-Canadian actress and singer (born 1969)
Thorn, the leader of the Cell in Crackdown 2. She had a small role in Mass Effect. She did miscellaneous voices in World of Warcraft: Mists of Pandaria. She
Cree_Summer
Entity speculated to be or become a superpower
Times. Retrieved July 19, 2014. Ashley Townshend, Brendan Thomas-Noone, Matilda Steward (19 August 2019). Averting Crisis: American strategy, military
Potential_superpower
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