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3rd-century BC Egyptian historian and priest
Manetho (/ˈmænɪθoʊ/; Koine Greek: Μανέθων Manéthōn, gen.: Μανέθωνος, fl. 290–260 BCE) was an Egyptian priest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom who lived in the
Manetho
3rd-century BCE history of Egypt written in Greek, now lost
"History of Egypt") was a history of ancient Egypt written in Greek by Manetho (fl. 290 – 260 BCE), a high priest of the ancient Egyptian religion, in
Aegyptiaca
century, Manetho's Aegyptiaca, written in Greek in the early 3rd century BC, was the sole source for all ancient Egyptian history. Manetho, himself an
List_of_pharaohs
Asiatic rulers of Dynasty XV of ancient Egypt
historian Manetho in the 3rd century BC, the term Hyksos is used ethnically to designate people of probable West Semitic, Levantine origin. While Manetho portrayed
Hyksos
dynasties recorded by the third-century BC Greek-speaking Egyptian priest Manetho is still in use today; however, the system of "periods" and "kingdoms"
Periodization of ancient Egypt
Periodization_of_ancient_Egypt
Egyptian dynasty from 1295 to 1186 BC
king list from the time of Ramesses III of the Twentieth Dynasty, and Manetho, who lived during the Ptolemaic Kingdom. The Medinet Habu king list omits
Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt
Fourth Dynasty ancient Egyptian pharaoh
period of the Old Kingdom and the New Kingdom, the ancient historians Manetho, Diodorus and Herodotus hand down a very negative depiction of Khufu's
Khufu
Founder of Manetho's 1st dynasty and unifier of Egypt
first documented in the work of Manetho, an Egyptian historian and priest of the relatively late Ptolemaic period. Manetho noted the name in Greek as Μήνης
Menes
Egyptian pharaoh
the same person as the female ruler Nitocris mentioned by Herodotus and Manetho. The prenomen Netjerkare is inscribed on the 40th entry of the Abydos King
Netjerkare_Siptah
Legendary figure of Ancient Egypt who has been equated with Moses
recounted by the Ptolemaic Egyptian priest Manetho in his Aegyptiaca (first half of the 3rd century BC). Manetho's work is lost, but Josephus relates extensively
Osarseph
Final Dynasty of the Old Kingdom of Egypt
Ancient Egypt includes Dynasties VII and VIII as part of the Old Kingdom. Manetho writes that these kings ruled from Memphis, since their pyramids were built
Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt
Ancient Egyptian dynasty (664–525 BC)
identified with a local king named Nekauba (678–672 BC). Manetho's Necho is King Necho I (672–664 BC); Manetho gives his reign as 8 years. Necho was killed during
Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt
National dish of Egypt
that the original account of the book goes back to Manetho. However, in the collected works of Manetho, no mention of Koshir could be found. A priest from
Koshary
Egyptian queen of dubious existence
the kings of ancient Egypt that was composed in the third-century BC by Manetho, an Ancient Egyptian priest; and by the ancient Greek historian, Herodotus
Nitocris
(died after 810 CE), purporting to have been written by the historian Manetho (who lived during the early 3rd century BCE). Modern scholars are nearly
Book_of_Sothis
Dynasty of ancient Egypt (Old Kingdom)
List record five kings, while the Saqqara Tablet only records four, and Manetho records nine, many of whom did not exist or are simply the same king under
Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt
Ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period
Egyptologists believe that Narmer was the same person as Menes. According to Manetho, Menes was a native of Thinis, located now in Sohag. Therefore, the governorate
Narmer
Egyptian pharaoh
been suggested that Manetho's "Psinaches" might rather be a reference to king Tutkheperre Shoshenq as the direct successor of Manetho's Osorkon the Elder
Siamun
Ancient Egyptian dynasty
in a very fragmentary state and much of the information is now lost. Manetho's now-lost work Aegyptiaca, as quoted by Sextus Julius Africanus, originally
Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt
Ancient capital of Inebu-hedj, Egypt
museum. According to legends related in the early third century BC by Manetho, a priest and historian who lived in the Ptolemaic Kingdom during the Hellenistic
Memphis,_Egypt
Egyptian pharaoh
and it is also unclear under which Hellenized name the ancient historian Manetho could have listed him. Many Egyptologists connect Sanakht with the Ramesside
Sanakht
First-dynasty pharaoh of Egypt
Palermo Stone) as an actual name. In the Aegyptiaca of the Egyptian priest Manetho (3rd century BC), the third pharaoh is recorded as Kenkenês (Κενκενης)
Djer
Ancient Egyptian female ruler
rulers that followed, Manetho's Amarna Period sources were incomplete at best. Manetho's Epitome, a later epitome (summary) of Manetho's work, describes the
Neferneferuaten
Pharaoh of Egypt from ca. 2910 BC
Egypt. He reigned for about 33 years at the end of the 30th century BC. Manetho calls Qa'a Biénechês and gives him a reign of 26 years according to the
Qa'a
Horus name of the second early Egyptian king of the 2nd dynasty
and the year accounts are lost. Manetho suggests that Nebra's reign lasted 39 years, but Egyptologists question Manetho's view as a misinterpretation or
Nebra_(pharaoh)
Egyptian pharaoh
from c. 718 to 713 BC. Though the Ptolemaic period Egyptian historian Manetho considers him the sole member of the 24th Dynasty, modern scholars include
Bakenranef
Period of ancient Egyptian history (1700–1550 BC)
to Manetho's Aegyptiaca, was founded by a king by the name of Salitis. The settling of these people may have occurred peacefully, although Manetho presents
Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt
Pharaoh of Egypt from 1191 to 1188 BC
final pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. She is recorded in Manetho's Epitome as "Thuoris, who in Homer is called Polybus, husband of Alcandra
Tausret
1st century CE polemical work by Flavius Josephus
words of the Egyptian historian Manetho (fl. 290–260 BCE), purportedly recovered from indirect literary fragments of Manetho's lost work the Aegyptiaca. As
Against_Apion
traditional Jewish record of Moses and the Exodus found in the works of Manetho and Chaeremon of Alexandria. Armin Lange, K. F. Diethard Romheld, Matthias
Lysimachus_of_Alexandria
Proposed ancient Egyptian dynasty
is debated. The only historical account on the Seventh Dynasty was in Manetho's Aegyptiaca, a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century BC, where the
Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt
Dynasty of ancient Egypt
different sources: With the last ruler, the sources return to an agreement: Manetho states Thinis was the capital, as in the First Dynasty, but the first three
Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt
Dynasty of ancient Egypt
Stone. The account in Manetho's Aegyptiaca contradicts both the archeological evidence and the other historical records: Manetho names nine rulers of the
First_Dynasty_of_Egypt
Egyptian pharaoh (First Dynasty)
king (Horus) and thus translated as Horus 'the fighter' by scholars. Manetho's record Aegyptiaca (translating to History of Egypt) lists his Greek name
Hor-Aha
Last pharaoh of the second dynasty of Egypt
the names of the god Horus) and under his Hellenized name Cheneres (by Manetho; derived from Khasekhemwy). Khasekhemwy ruled for close to 18 years, with
Khasekhemwy
Historicity of Israelite founding myth
CE Jewish historian Titus Flavius Josephus. In Manetho's lost Aegyptiaca—according to Josephus—Manetho describes the Hyksos, their lowly origins in Asia
Sources and parallels of the Exodus
Sources_and_parallels_of_the_Exodus
Lost city in Nome VIII of Upper Egypt, Ancient Egypt
is well attested by ancient writers, including the classical historian Manetho, who cites it as the centre of the Thinite Confederacy, a tribal confederation
Thinis
Legendary king
Trismegistus. The name Surid derives from the earlier name Souphis used by Manetho in his work Aegyptiaca to refer to the historical Pharaoh Khufu, who was
Surid_Ibn_Salhouk
The 31 dynastic divisions come from the 3rd century BC Egyptian priest Manetho, whose history Aegyptiaca was probably written for a Greek-speaking Ptolemaic
Dynasties_of_ancient_Egypt
He is listed as one of the early kings of the 26th Saite Dynasty in Manetho's Epitome and ruled for six years. However, any contemporary documents do
Nekauba
Egyptian pharaoh
Aegyptiaca, a history of Egypt written by the Egyptian priest Manetho in the 3rd century BC. Manetho credits this pharaoh with 48 years of reign. Egyptologists
Hudjefa_I
Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh of first dynasty
and Its Associated Fragments, (Kegan Paul International), 2000. Manetho (1940), Manetho, translated by Wadell, W.G., Cambridge{{citation}}: CS1 maint:
Djet
Comic book by Edgar P. Jacobs
The Mystery of the Great Pyramid, Volume 1: Manetho's Papyrus (French: Le Mystère de la Grande Pyramide, Tome 1) by the Belgian artist Edgar P. Jacobs
The Mystery of the Great Pyramid, Volume 1: Manetho's Papyrus
The_Mystery_of_the_Great_Pyramid,_Volume_1:_Manetho's_Papyrus
Pharaoh of the third dynasty of Egypt
that epoch. He is also known by his Hellenized names Tosorthros (from Manetho) and Sesorthos (from Eusebius). He was the son of King Khasekhemwy and
Djoser
Pharaoh of Egypt from 1479 to 1458 BC
regnant. Josephus and Julius Africanus follow the earlier testimony of Manetho (3rd century BC), mentioning a queen regnant called Amessis (Aμεσσης) or
Hatshepsut
Legendary king of Thebes
for a while after the Trojan War. According to the Egyptian historian Manetho, Polybus was identical to king Thuoris, who can be identified with the
Polybus_of_Thebes
Jewish diaspora of Central Europe
Retrieved 8 June 2026. Gmirkin, Russell (2006). Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus: Hellenistic Histories and the Date of the Pentateuch. Bloomsbury
Ashkenazi_Jews
Ancient Egyptian dynasty
ruled Middle and Upper Egypt in all but name. The later Egyptian Priest Manetho of Sebennytos states in his Epitome on Egyptian royal history that "the
Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt
Egyptian pharaoh
the 4.2 kiloyear event. As a pharaoh of the Eighth Dynasty, according to Manetho, Menkare's seat of power would have been Memphis. Historical source Menkare's
Menkare
Egyptian pharaoh
ruler became known through a tragic legend handed down by the historian Manetho, who reported that a calamity of some sort occurred during Semerkhet's
Semerkhet
Egyptian pharaoh
(Ancient Libyan) origin. He is also sometimes known as Osochor, following Manetho's Aegyptiaca. Osorkon the Elder was the son of Shoshenq A, the Great Chief
Osorkon_the_Elder
Ancient Egyptian dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period
dynasty was Xois in the central Delta according to the Egyptian historian Manetho. Kim Ryholt and some historians think that the dynasty's capital was probably
Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt
Ancient Egyptian king
canon suggests an improbable 95 years while the ancient Egyptian historian Manetho reports that the reign of "Boëthôs" lasted for 38 years. Egyptologists
Hotepsekhemwy
King of Kush and pharaoh of Egypt
Akkadian: 𒁹𒋻𒄣𒌑, romanized: Tarqû; Hebrew: תִּרְהָקָה, romanized: Tīrhāqā; Manetho's Τάρακος, Tárakos; Strabo's Τεαρκὼ, Tearkṑ, Septuagint's Θαρακὰ, Tharakà)
Taharqa
Dynasty of Egypt from c. 1550 to 1292 BCE
information is lost, including a section that contained Dynasties 18–19/20. Manetho's now-lost work Aegyptiaca also provided individual reign lengths, however
Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt
Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt
between the Seventeenth and Eighteenth dynasties. The priest and historian Manetho author of a history of Egypt written in the 3rd century BC during the reign
Ahmose_I
Founding myth of the Jewish people
identification of Osarseph with Moses in Manetho's account may be an interpolation or may come from Manetho. Other versions of the story are recorded
The_Exodus
Egyptian pharaoh
Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt. He was equated with the Ouaphris (Οὔαφρις) of Manetho, who correctly records that he reigned for 19 years. Apries is also called
Apries
Egyptian pharaoh of the 4th dynasty
Latinized as Mycerinus, and Menkheres (Μεγχέρης, Menkhérēs by Manetho). According to Manetho, he was the throne successor of king Bikheris, but according
Menkaure
Egyptian pharaoh
Egyptian king who ruled during the 1st Dynasty. The Egyptian historian Manetho named him "Miebîdós" and credited him with a reign of 26 years, whilst
Anedjib
Ancient Egyptian ruler of the 4th dynasty
Egyptologists. Since Thamphthis' name was found in the historical works of Manetho, the Aegyptiacae, Egyptologists are trying to connect this ruler with contemporary
Thamphthis
First man and woman in Abrahamic creation myth
ISBN 9789053565032. Gmirkin, Russell (15 May 2006). Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus: Hellenistic Histories and the Date of the Pentateuch. Bloomsbury
Adam_and_Eve
Egyptian pharaoh of the Sixth dynasty for the Old Kingdom
Egypt to the 10th Dynasty of Egypt. According to the ancient historian Manetho (4th century BC), he reigned for 94 years, and according to the Turin King
Pepi_II_Neferkare
Ancient Egyptian dynasty
kings of the 15th Dynasty based at Avaris. Of the two chief versions of Manetho's Aegyptiaca, the Sixteenth Dynasty is described by the more reliable Africanus
Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt
Ancient city of Sumer and Babylonia
problematic historical accuracy; the organization might be analogous to Manetho's. In 2009, two different copies of an inscription were put forth as evidence
Uruk
Old Kingdom dynasty (c. 2613–2494 BC)
name is lost. Some authorities have equated this king with Bikheris, on Manetho's list, who could correspond to the Egyptian name Baka or Bakare. Perhaps
Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt
Ancient Egyptian Pharaoh of 3rd dynasty
traditioned birth name Djoser-teti and under his Hellenized name Tyreis (by Manetho; derived from Teti in the Abydos King List). Sekhemkhet was probably the
Sekhemkhet
Hypothesized tribal confederation of ancient Egypt
the "Thinite Confederacy" is mostly speculative and in part relies on Manetho. Modern Egyptologists have a number of competing hypotheses to explain
Thinite_Confederacy
Hostility, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews
the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, was produced. Manetho, an Egyptian priest and historian of that era, wrote scathingly of the
Antisemitism
Ancient Egyptian dynasty
point. The Egyptian priest Manetho wrote a history of Egypt during the 3rd century BC known as the Aegyptiaca. Manetho's work has not survived to this
Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt
Prophet in Abrahamic religions
version of the tale that crosses over with the Moses story is found in Manetho who, according to the summary in Josephus, wrote that a certain Osarseph
Moses
Egyptian Pharaoh
Wolfgang (December 31, 1956). Untersuchungen zu Manetho und den ägyptischen Königslisten [Studies on Manetho and the Egyptian King Lists] (in German). De
Hsekiu
Plots during Ancient Egypt to put the reigning monarch to death
accounts of palace intrigue. According to the Egyptian priest and historian Manetho, Pharaoh Teti was assassinated by members of his own bodyguard. Archaeological
Conspiracies_in_ancient_Egypt
Ancient Egyptian dynasty
by the rulers of Herakleopolis Magna was violent and is reflected in Manetho's description of Achthoes, the founder of the dynasty, as 'more terrible
Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt
Egyptian Middle Kingdom dynasty from 1991 to 1802 BC
the New Kingdom. The Turin Royal Canon gives 213 years (1991–1778 BC). Manetho stated that it was based in Thebes, but from contemporary records it is
Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt
Ancient Egyptian ruler
Turin canon lacks the years of rulership and the ancient Egyptian priest Manetho suggests that Neferkare's reign lasted 25 years. Egyptologists evaluate
Neferkare_I
Biblical figure, son of Noah
Press. ISBN 9781442645059. Gmirkin, Russell (2006). Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus: Hellenistic Histories and the Date of the Pentateuch. Bloomsbury
Japheth
Earliest confirmed female Egyptian pharaoh c. 1800 BC
several later king lists from the Thutmosid and Ramesside periods and in Manetho's Aegyptiaca. The link between Amenemhat III and his two successors, Amenemhat
Sobekneferu
Hyksos prince of the Fifteenth Dynasty
his father, thereby giving rise to the mention of a king "Iannas" in Manetho's Aegyptiaca, who, improbably, was said to have ruled after the pharaoh
Yanassi
Species of large semi-aquatic mammal
fatal to either humans or hippos. According to the Ptolemaic historian Manetho, the pharaoh Menes was carried off and then killed by a hippopotamus. Hippos
Hippopotamus
Herodotus, Marcus Velleius Paterculus Manetho, Artapanus, Diodorus Siculus, Chaeremon of Alexandria Manetho copied down from the ancient Egyptian inscriptions
Cory's_Ancient_Fragments
Egyptian pharaoh
short rule as the second pharaoh of the 21st Dynasty was preserved in Manetho's Epitome as a king Nephercheres who is assigned a short reign of four years
Amenemnisu
Incense used in ancient Egypt
(De Iside et Osiride) and the Suda (s. v. Μανήθως), the Egyptian priest Manetho (ca. 300 BCE) is said to have written a treatise called "On the preparation
Kyphi
Egyptian pharaoh
and possibly one or two sons who are believed to have predeceased him. Manetho, a third-century BC Egyptian priest of the Ptolemaic Kingdom and author
Unas
Era of Ancient Egyptian history (c. 2181–c. 2055 BC)
overlooked because very little is known about the rulers of these two periods. Manetho, a historian and priest from the Ptolemaic era, describes 70 kings who
First Intermediate Period of Egypt
First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt
7th-century BCE Jerusalem amulets featuring a biblical text
S2CID 170703065. Gmirkin, Russell E (May 15, 2006). Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus: Hellenistic Histories and the Date of the Pentateuch. Copenhagen
Ketef_Hinnom_scrolls
Dynasty of ancient Egypt (Old Kingdom)
shadowy Shepseskare. Known rulers in the Fifth Dynasty are listed below. Manetho assigns 248 years of rule to the Fifth Dynasty; however, the pharaohs of
Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt
Ancient Egyptian ruler of the city of Sais, father of Psammetich I
26th Dynasty of Egypt who reigned for 8 years (672–664 BCE) according to Manetho's Aegyptiaca. Egypt was reunified by his son Psamtik I. In 672 BCE Necho
Necho_I
One of the four sources of the Torah
Press. ISBN 9780809145522. Gmirkin, Russell (2006). Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-567-13439-4. Gooder, Paula (2000). The
Jahwist
Achaemenid Empire ruler, 424 to 423 BC
sole ruler of the Persian Empire until 404 BC. He is called Σογδιανός by Manetho and Diodorus Siculus, and Σεκυνδιανός by Ctesias. Ctesias the Cnidian.
Sogdianus
Second pharaoh of the 25th Dynasty of Egypt
the reverse identifications, of Shebitku with Manetho's Sabakōn for 8 years and of Shabaka with Manetho's Sebikhōs for 15 years. This is no less natural
Shebitku
Ancient Egyptian pharaoh of 4th dynasty
2532 BC. While the Turin King List length for his reign is blank, and Manetho exaggerates his reign as 66 years, most scholars believe it was between
Khafre
Egyptian polymath, later deified
Roman period. In the Ptolemaic period, the Egyptian priest and historian Manetho credited him with inventing the method of a stone-dressed building during
Imhotep
Genesis, Manetho and Exodus, in which he argued that the Pentateuch relied on the Greek-language histories of Berossus (278 BCE) and Manetho (285–280
Composition_of_the_Torah
German Egyptologist and religion scholar (1938–2024)
ascribed the principle of normative inversion to a principle established by Manetho which was used by Maimonides in his references to the Sabians. His book
Jan_Assmann
Ancient Egyptian priest, scribe, and public official
of Athribis, for the local god, and the temple dedicated to that god. Manetho gives a legendary account of how Amenhotep advised a king named Amenophis
Amenhotep,_son_of_Hapu
Millennium between 1000 BC and 1 BC
Apollonius of Rhodes: Argonautica Callimachus (310/305-240 B.C.), lyric poet Manetho: Aegyptiaca Theocritus, lyric poet Euclid: Elements Menander: Dyskolos
1st_millennium_BC
Epic poem from Mesopotamia
Retrieved 19 October 2022. Gmirkin, Russell (2006). Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus. Continuum. p. 103. Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2004). Treasures old
Epic_of_Gilgamesh
Egyptian pharaoh
from 705 to 690 BC. The Greek sources (which include both Herodotus and Manetho) call him Sabakōn (Σαβακῶν) or, more likely, given current understanding
Shabaka
Cradle of civilization in North Africa
Mesopotamia and of ancient Elam. The third-century BC Egyptian priest Manetho grouped the long line of kings from Menes to his own time into 30 dynasties
Ancient_Egypt
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