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German sociologist (1927–1998)
Niklas Luhmann (/ˈluːmɑːn/; German: [ˈluːman]; December 8, 1927 – November 11, 1998) was a German sociologist, philosopher of social science, and systems
Niklas_Luhmann
Surname list
Luhmann or Lühmann is a surname. Notable people with the name include: Heinrich Luhmann (1890–1978), German author who wrote about the Kirchhundem region
Luhmann
Patterned series of interrelationships existing between people, groups, and institutions
around, such as actions, communication, or other relationships. Niklas Luhmann was a prominent sociologist and social systems theorist who laid the foundations
Social_system
German politician
Kirsten Lühmann (born 1964) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), deputy federal chairwoman of the German Civil Service Federation
Kirsten_Lühmann
American physicist (1943–2025)
Neville Clinton Luhmann Jr. (March 10, 1943 – September 5, 2025) was an American physicist. Luhmann was born in California on March 10, 1943, the son
Neville_C._Luhmann_Jr.
System capable of producing itself
cognition, neurobiology, systems theory, architecture and sociology. Niklas Luhmann briefly introduced the concept of autopoiesis to organizational theory
Autopoiesis
Increase in subsystems within a modern society
not occur. Niklas Luhmann, who studied under Parsons, took the latter's model and changed it significantly. In contrast to Luhmann, Parsons highlighted
Differentiation_(sociology)
American physicist and researcher
Janet G. Luhmann (born 1946) is an American physicist and senior fellow of the Space Sciences Laboratory of the University of California, Berkeley. She
Janet_Luhmann
Knowledge management and note-taking method
of the method was the German sociologist Niklas Luhmann (1927–1998). Starting in 1952–1953, Luhmann built up a Zettelkasten of some 90,000 index cards
Zettelkasten
Italian sociologist (born 1960)
operation of observation in constructivism. Her PhD supervisor was Niklas Luhmann. Elena Esposito's research focuses on five main topics: General systems
Elena_Esposito
German legend
called Dean. He was a dean, not a deacon. Rostek-Lühmann, Fanny. "Der Rattenfänger von Hameln". Hinrich Lühmann. Retrieved 14 January 2018. "Museum Hameln –
Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin
Communication theory
McPhee's Four Flows based on Gidden's Structuration Theory, and (3), Luhmann's Theory of Social Systems. All CCO perspectives agree that “communication
Communicative Constitution of Organizations
Communicative_Constitution_of_Organizations
Philosopher, sociologist and psychologist
Bibliothek 1985. Droit et société chez Niklas Luhmann. La contingence des normes, (avec un Avant-propos de Niklas Luhmann), Paris, Presses Universitaires de France
Jean_Clam
Theory of developmental psychology
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Maslow's_hierarchy_of_needs
Concept in sociology
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Field_theory_(sociology)
Theory advanced by social scientists to explain facts about the social world
Robert K. Merton, Randall Collins, James Samuel Coleman, Peter Blau, Niklas Luhmann, Immanuel Wallerstein, George Homans, Theda Skocpol, Gerhard Lenski, Pierre
Sociological_theory
Academic journal
2016-07-23.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Lühmann, Hannah; Terezín (2014-09-09). "Propagandafilme aus Theresienstadt: Wahrheit
Apparatus_(journal)
German politician (born 1969)
Krüger-Leißner Kumpf Lambrecht Lange Lauterbach Lemme Lischka Lösekrug-Möller Lühmann Marks Mast Mattheis Merkel Meßmer Miersch Müntefering Mützenich Nahles
Sahra_Wagenknecht
Sociological theory on integration
reality that minimize and delegitimizes ambiguity and ambivalence. Niklas Luhmann sees Parsons' theory as missing the concepts of self-reference and complexity
Neofunctionalism_(sociology)
American politician
"21-year-old Joe Mitchell keeps House District 84 red". The Ames Tribune. Luhmann, Kadin (June 3, 2026). "Iowa 2nd District race will pit Republican Joe
Joe_Mitchell_(politician)
Facts provided or learned about something or someone
Habermas Horkheimer Huxley Innis Jakobson Janis Johnson Kincaid Lippman Luhmann Marcuse McLuhan Mead Morgan Ong Packard Peirce Postman Quebral Richards
Information
2016 book by Ted Kaczynski
Faina M. Kirillova George Klir Allenna Leonard Edward Norton Lorenz Niklas Luhmann Humberto Maturana Margaret Mead Donella Meadows Mihajlo D. Mesarovic James
Anti-Tech_Revolution
Method of determining a location
covering a polygon with triangles Trig point Wireless triangulation Thomas Luhmann; Stuart Robson; Stephen Kyle; Jan Boehm (27 November 2013). Close-Range
Triangulation
Aggregate of patterned social arrangements in society
determinism Theory of structuration Values Émile Durkheim Anthony Giddens Niklas Luhmann Karl Marx Robert K. Merton George Murdock Talcott Parsons Ferdinand Tönnies
Social_structure
Reproduction of social structures and systems
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Social_reproduction
Interrelated entities that form a whole
Faina M. Kirillova George Klir Allenna Leonard Edward Norton Lorenz Niklas Luhmann Humberto Maturana Margaret Mead Donella Meadows Mihajlo D. Mesarovic James
System
Systems with external interactions
functionalists such as Talcott Parsons and neofunctionalists such as Niklas Luhmann have incorporated system theory to describe society and its components
Open_system_(systems_theory)
Calendar year
Stratton, J.M. (1969). Agricultural Records. John Baker. ISBN 0-212-97022-4. Lühmann, Werner (2003). Konfuzius: aufgeklärter Philosoph oder reaktionärer Moralapostel
220
Journalist in eastern Europe
from the original on 2024-02-18. Retrieved 2026-07-02. Hinrichs, Erin Luhmann. "Anna Nemtsova". International Women's Media Foundation. Archived from
Anna_Nemtsova
Ehrlich, Theodor Geiger and Niklas Luhmann. Funzionalismo strutturale e sociologia del diritto nell’opera di Niklas Luhmann, Milano, Giuffrè, 1975 “European
Alberto_Febbrajo
Danish post-apocalyptic television series
as Dr. Frederik Andersen, Simone and Rasmus' father (seasons 1–2) Jacob Luhmann as Thomas, Apollon "stranger" (seasons 1–2) Iben Hjejle as Ellen Andersen
The_Rain_(TV_series)
German philosopher (born 1946)
philosophy. Both areas of research are integrated in his Nietzsche meets Luhmann. Orientierung im Nihilismus (2016). In 2018, the Hodges Foundation for
Werner_Stegmaier
Interactive communication between two or more people
Habermas Horkheimer Huxley Innis Jakobson Janis Johnson Kincaid Lippman Luhmann Marcuse McLuhan Mead Morgan Ong Packard Peirce Postman Quebral Richards
Conversation
Pattern of relationships between and among individuals and social groups
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Social_organization
Sub-discipline of sociology relating to legal studies
social condition. — Niklas Luhmann, A Sociological Theory of Law Social philosopher Jürgen Habermas disagrees with Luhmann and argues that the law can
Sociology_of_law
Danish sociologist (born 1947)
writings on organizational legitimacy based on the systems theory of Niklas Luhmann. For her dissertation Perspectives & Paradigms: An Intersubjective and
Susanne_Holmström
Conceptual framework
behaviours that arise from mathematical complexity, such as the work of Niklas Luhmann. One of the earliest usages of the term "complexity", in the social and
Social_complexity
Study of circular causal processes
therapy, drawing on Bateson; social systems, such as in the work of Niklas Luhmann; epistemology and pedagogy, such as in the development of radical constructivism
Cybernetics
1956 book by Erving Goffman
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life
The_Presentation_of_Self_in_Everyday_Life
German politician, lawyer and journalist (born 1941)
Lambrecht Lange Lauterbach Lehmann Lindh Lotze (from 24 November 2020) Lühmann Maas Mackensen-Geis (from 2 July 2019) Marks Dorothee Martin from (11 May
Alexander_Gauland
Genre of sociological theories
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Body_theory
Epistemology without sure premises
continuing ethical enquiry without any universal system to appeal to. Niklas Luhmann used cybernetics to challenge the role of foundational unities and canonical
Anti-foundationalism
Scientific study of language
Habermas Horkheimer Huxley Innis Jakobson Janis Johnson Kincaid Lippman Luhmann Marcuse McLuhan Mead Morgan Ong Packard Peirce Postman Quebral Richards
Linguistics
Solar observation mission (2006–present)
distribution of solar-wind electrons and interplanetary magnetic field. Janet Luhmann was the principal investigator for IMPACT. PLAsma and SupraThermal Ion
STEREO
American neurotechnology company
2582888. ISBN 978-1-5106-4161-7. S2CID 233784807. Retrieved 1 June 2021. von Lühmann, Alexander; Zheng, Yilei; Ortega-Martinez, Antonio; Kiran, Swathi; Somers
Kernel (neurotechnology company)
Kernel_(neurotechnology_company)
Study of the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Gerontology
Atmospheric effect caused by the solar wind
October 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2010. Phillips, J. L.; Stewart, A. I. F.; Luhmann, J. G. (1986). "The Venus ultraviolet aurora: Observations at 130.4 nm"
Aurora
Process of forming order by local interactions
sociological application of self-organization theory by Niklas Luhmann (1984). For Luhmann the elements of a social system are self-producing communications
Self-organization
Study of signs
Habermas Horkheimer Huxley Innis Jakobson Janis Johnson Kincaid Lippman Luhmann Marcuse McLuhan Mead Morgan Ong Packard Peirce Postman Quebral Richards
Semiotics
American mathematician (1914–2005)
Faina M. Kirillova George Klir Allenna Leonard Edward Norton Lorenz Niklas Luhmann Humberto Maturana Margaret Mead Donella Meadows Mihajlo D. Mesarovic James
George_Dantzig
Branch of sociology
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Economic_sociology
British academic (1935–2019)
contribution to a "theory of self-referential systems". According to Niklas Luhmann, this "theory of self-referential systems" is the second paradigm change
Anthony_Wilden
Sociological concept developed by Talcott Parsons
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Action_theory_(sociology)
English author and academic (born 1943)
Kojève Koyré Kołakowski Kristeva Lacan Latour Lefebvre Lévi-Strauss Levinas Luhmann Lukács Lyotard Marcel Marcuse Marx Meillassoux Merleau-Ponty Nancy Negri
Terry_Eagleton
German journalist and author (born 1962)
philosophy at the Free University Berlin. He was an assistant of Niklas Luhmann. Kaube works as a journalist since 1992 and became an editor-at large for
Jürgen_Kaube
Transmission of information
Habermas Horkheimer Huxley Innis Jakobson Janis Johnson Kincaid Lippman Luhmann Marcuse McLuhan Mead Morgan Ong Packard Peirce Postman Quebral Richards
Communication
Sense or significance of an entity
Habermas Horkheimer Huxley Innis Jakobson Janis Johnson Kincaid Lippman Luhmann Marcuse McLuhan Mead Morgan Ong Packard Peirce Postman Quebral Richards
Meaning_(philosophy)
Application of cybernetics to management and organizations
biological theory of Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela influencing Niklas Luhmann, and research by complexity and systems theory scholars. In this context
Management_cybernetics
Latin legal term
clarity to decide on such matters in future by stating it is non liquet. Luhmann criticises such indecision as opposed to the paradigm of law being a complete
Non_liquet
Sociological perspective
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Dramaturgy_(sociology)
1968 Parsons, 1971 Barile, 2000, 2008, 2009 Golinelli, 2000, 2005, 2010 Luhmann, 1990 Barile, 2000 Golinelli, 2000 Hannan and Freeman, 1977 Maturana and
Viable_systems_approach
Device used to treat spinal deformities
ISSN 0362-2436. PMID 15706347. S2CID 25945252. Bogunovic L, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Luhmann SJ (January 2013). "Preoperative Halo-Gravity Traction for Severe Pediatric
Halo-gravity_traction_device
Auxiliary staff of the German Luftwaffe
theory and pragmatism) Dieter Hildebrandt (German Kabarett artist) Niklas Luhmann (German sociologist, a prominent thinker in sociological systems theory)
Luftwaffenhelfer
Sociological framework
structuralism is primarily associated with the work of German sociologist Niklas Luhmann. Action theory Walter L. Wallace (1969). Sociological Theory: An Introduction
Functional_structuralism
German sociologist
attracting first class social scientists, e.g. Dieter Claessens, Niklas Luhmann, and many more. It helped that Schelsky was an outspoken liberal professor
Helmut_Schelsky
Research field
social system (as defined, among others, by Talcott Parsons and Niklas Luhmann). Sociocybernetics aims to generate a general theoretical framework for
Sociocybernetics
Honneth, and Carl Schmitt or sociologists such as Arnold Gehlen, Niklas Luhmann, Hans Joas, and Dirk Baecker, but also writers such as Ingeborg Bachmann
Merkur_(magazine)
Discipline concerning the application of advanced analytical methods
Faina M. Kirillova George Klir Allenna Leonard Edward Norton Lorenz Niklas Luhmann Humberto Maturana Margaret Mead Donella Meadows Mihajlo D. Mesarovic James
Operations_research
Communication technologies
Habermas Horkheimer Huxley Innis Jakobson Janis Johnson Kincaid Lippman Luhmann Marcuse McLuhan Mead Morgan Ong Packard Peirce Postman Quebral Richards
New_media
Sociological term for "normlessness"
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Anomie
republican governor nomination". The Daily Iowan. Retrieved June 11, 2026. Luhmann, Kadin. "Speaker Mike Johnson condemns Democratic Socialists at Iowa Christian
2026 Iowa gubernatorial election
2026_Iowa_gubernatorial_election
System that supports business decisions
Faina M. Kirillova George Klir Allenna Leonard Edward Norton Lorenz Niklas Luhmann Humberto Maturana Margaret Mead Donella Meadows Mihajlo D. Mesarovic James
Information_system
Conversion of the definition of a unit of measure into reality
Faina M. Kirillova George Klir Allenna Leonard Edward Norton Lorenz Niklas Luhmann Humberto Maturana Margaret Mead Donella Meadows Mihajlo D. Mesarovic James
Realisation_(metrology)
Notable coronal mass ejection
214...21R. doi:10.1007/s11214-017-0456-3. S2CID 255074482. Liu, Ying D.; Luhmann, Janet G.; Kajdič, Primož; Kilpua, Emilia K.J.; Lugaz, Noé; Nitta, Nariaki
July_2012_solar_storm
Swedish organizational theorist (born 1946)
Advanced Studies in Management (EIASM); in 2007, Brunsson held the Niklas Luhmann Visiting Professor at Bielefeld University, and in 2010 he was appointed
Nils_Brunsson
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Empirical_sociology
Social groups
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Types_of_social_groups
Interdisciplinary study of systems
the 20th century, including Talcott Parsons' action theory and Niklas Luhmann's social systems theory. According to Rudolf Stichweh (2011): Since its
Systems_theory
24, 1981 Palomar S. J. Bus slow 4.7 km (2.9 mi) MPC · JPL 8808 Luhmann 1981 UH28 Luhmann October 24, 1981 Palomar S. J. Bus HOF 9.4 km (5.8 mi) MPC · JPL
List of minor planets: 8001–9000
List_of_minor_planets:_8001–9000
Lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Socialization
Interpersonal communication through wordless (mostly visual) cues
Habermas Horkheimer Huxley Innis Jakobson Janis Johnson Kincaid Lippman Luhmann Marcuse McLuhan Mead Morgan Ong Packard Peirce Postman Quebral Richards
Nonverbal_communication
Smaller culture within a larger culture
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Subculture
Psychometric measurement scale
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Likert_scale
Field of theory which examines elements of conversation
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Discourse
Outermost layer of an atmosphere
Johnson, R. E.; Hunten, D. M.; Kallio, E.; Delcourt, D. C.; Killen, R. M.; Luhmann, J. G.; Potter, A. E.; Jambon, A. (1 June 2007). "Mercury's exosphere origins
Exosphere
Ejecta from the Sun's corona
S2CID 67802388. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2007. Liu, Ying D.; Luhmann, Janet G.; Kajdič, Primož; Kilpua, Emilia K. J.; Lugaz, Noé; Nitta, Nariaki
Coronal_mass_ejection
President of Germany since 2017
Krüger-Leißner Kumpf Lambrecht Lange Lauterbach Lemme Lischka Lösekrug-Möller Lühmann Marks Mast Mattheis Merkel Meßmer Miersch Müntefering Mützenich Nahles
Frank-Walter_Steinmeier
Informal understanding of acceptable conduct
of alter foreseeable for ego, solves the problem of contingency (Niklas Luhmann). In this way, ego can count on those actions as if they would already
Social_norm
German handball player (born 1957)
Zeitung. 2 March 1979. p. 4. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) "Lühmann, Reimer erhört Ruf von Bauers 'Volksstimme'" (in German). Newbusiness.de
Birgit_Heinecke
Geographic area outside towns and cities
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Rural_area
Structure or mechanism of social order
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Institution
Social-cultural system
Introduction to Religion, 6th edn. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2009. Luhmann, Niklas. A systems theory of religion. Trans. by David A. Brenner & Adrian
Religion
American operations researcher
Faina M. Kirillova George Klir Allenna Leonard Edward Norton Lorenz Niklas Luhmann Humberto Maturana Margaret Mead Donella Meadows Mihajlo D. Mesarovic James
Jay_Wright_Forrester
Form of violence
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Structural_violence
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Social_inequality
Belgian physical chemist (1917–2003)
Faina M. Kirillova George Klir Allenna Leonard Edward Norton Lorenz Niklas Luhmann Humberto Maturana Margaret Mead Donella Meadows Mihajlo D. Mesarovic James
Ilya_Prigogine
Symbol and its capital
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Symbolic_capital
Patterns of behavior of a system
Faina M. Kirillova George Klir Allenna Leonard Edward Norton Lorenz Niklas Luhmann Humberto Maturana Margaret Mead Donella Meadows Mihajlo D. Mesarovic James
System_archetype
American college football season
Zimmer Fr OL 73 Cedric Jefferson So OL 75 Ben Winters Fr OL 79 Jonathan Luhmann So TE 80 Luvens Valcin Fr TE 81 Carter Cocke Fr TE 82 Luke Smith So
2025 Montana State Bobcats football team
2025_Montana_State_Bobcats_football_team
Scientific study of human society and relationships
Merton · Nisbet · Mills · Bell · Schoeck · Goffman · Bauman · Foucault · Luhmann · Habermas · Baudrillard · Bourdieu · Giddens Lists Bibliography Terminology
Sociology
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