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Measure of the 'vocabulary richness' of gene sequences
Linguistic sequence complexity (LC) is a measure of the 'vocabulary richness' of a genetic text in gene sequences. When a nucleotide sequence is written
Linguistic sequence complexity
Linguistic_sequence_complexity
Israeli molecular biophysicist
Alexander (2002). "Sequence complexity profiles of prokaryotic genomic sequences: A fast algorithm for calculating linguistic complexity". Bioinformatics
Edward_Trifonov
Feature of systems that defy description
a measure of the complexity of a complete type in the context of stable theories. In bioinformatics, linguistic sequence complexity is a measure of the
Complexity
Complexity measure in computer science
The Lempel–Ziv complexity is a measure that was first presented in the article On the Complexity of Finite Sequences (IEEE Trans. On IT-22,1 1976), by
Lempel–Ziv_complexity
Complexity of communication
measures the structure and complexity of human communication in a language. Lexical density estimates the linguistic complexity in a written or spoken composition
Lexical_density
Actual use of language in concrete situations
structure complexity and processing, or comprehension, efficiency. Specifically, a complex structure refers to a structure containing more linguistic elements
Linguistic_performance
Scientific study of language
consideration of algorithmic specification and computational complexity, so that the linguistic theories devised can be shown to exhibit certain desirable
Linguistics
Succession of nucleotides in a nucleic acid
Bolshoy, A (2002). "Sequence complexity profiles of prokaryotic genomic sequences: A fast algorithm for calculating linguistic complexity". Bioinformatics
Nucleic_acid_sequence
Hypothesis of language influencing thought
Linguistic relativity asserts that language influences worldview or cognition. One form of linguistic relativity, linguistic determinism, regards peoples'
Linguistic_relativity
Computer science metric for string similarity
distance is a string metric for measuring the difference between two sequences. The Levenshtein distance between two words is the minimum number of single-character
Levenshtein_distance
System responsible for combining morphemes into complex structures
relations, hierarchical sentence structure (constituency), agreement, cross-linguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning (semantics).
Syntax
Overview of and topical guide to linguistics
consideration of algorithmic specification and computational complexity, so that the linguistic theories devised can be shown to exhibit certain desirable
Outline_of_linguistics
Data evaluation test
demonstrated that for Martin-Löf random sequences, the Kolmogorov complexity is essentially the same as linear complexity. These practical tests make it possible
Randomness_test
Structured system of communication
linguistics. As an object of linguistic study, "language" has two primary meanings: an abstract concept, and a specific linguistic system, e.g. "French". The
Language
Study of how society shapes language and language use
Language Shift to Language Revitalization and Sustainability. A Complexity Approach to Linguistic Ecology. Barcelona: Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona
Sociolinguistics
State of standing out as unusual
markedness is related to cognitive complexity—"in terms of attention, mental effort or processing time". Linguistic 'naturalists' view markedness relations
Markedness
other than as an example sentence, although the combinatorial complexity of the linguistic system makes them possible. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously
List of linguistic example sentences
List_of_linguistic_example_sentences
Supervised machine learning techniques
ground truth, and this is used to adjust the model parameters. Due to the complexity of the model and the interrelations of predicted variables, the processes
Structured_prediction
Computational methods can study protein sequences to identify regions with low complexity, which can have particular properties regarding their function
List of software to detect low complexity regions in proteins
List_of_software_to_detect_low_complexity_regions_in_proteins
1992 non-fiction work by Johanna Nichols
Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time is a 1992 book by linguist Johanna Nichols. It is her best-known work, pioneering the use of linguistic typology
Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time
Linguistic_Diversity_in_Space_and_Time
Kind of reduplication in South Asian languages
in all languages. For example, Tamil echo words are formed with a ki(i) sequence overwriting the onset and nucleus of the first syllable of the reduplicant
Echo_word
Process of learning a second language
knowledge of second language. SLA research spans cognitive, social, and linguistic perspectives: Cognitive approaches investigate memory and attention processes
Second-language_acquisition
shows, that music has a syntax comparable to the linguistic syntax especially concerning a great complexity and a hierarchical organization. Nevertheless
Musical_syntax
Process in bioinformatics that identifies equivalent sites within molecular sequences
ISSN 0065-227X. PMID 10463075. Wang L; Jiang T. (1994). "On the complexity of multiple sequence alignment". J Comput Biol. 1 (4): 337–48. Bibcode:1994JCoB
Sequence_alignment
represent causal sequences, "sufficient conditions" and "necessary and sufficient conditions" are also required. In logico-linguistic modeling this deficiency
Logico-linguistic_modeling
Generative linguistics framework
Similarly, other discourse and corpus linguistic analyses have found recursion and other forms of grammatical complexity to be rather rare in spoken discourse
Principles_and_parameters
Linguistics approach / theory
structures that are able to accommodate the complexity of mental stimuli. Similarly, as humans perceive linguistic abstractions as multilayered, ranging from
Usage-based models of language
Usage-based_models_of_language
Ancient burial sites
radiocarbon dating of the graves allow archaeologists to form a chrono-cultural sequence, further dividing the region's Iron Age into distinct phases. The Kisalian
Kisalian_Graves
Linguistic law
Menzerath and Gabriel Altmann), is a linguistic law according to which the increase of the size of a linguistic construct results in a decrease of the
Menzerath's_law
Study of words and their formation
languages. Apparently, a wide variety of languages make use of the hybrid linguistic unit clitic, possessing the grammatical features of independent words
Morphology_(linguistics)
Brief marginal notation of the meaning of a word or wording in a text
have been lexicalized (that is, fingerspelling sequences that have entered the sign language as linguistic units and that often have slight modifications)
Gloss_(annotation)
Muran language
S2CID 59069607. Sakel, Jeanette (2012-01-01). "Acquiring complexity: The Portuguese of some Pirahã men". Linguistic Discovery. 10 (1). doi:10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A
Pirahã_language
Words expressing a complete thought
In linguistics and grammar, a sentence is a linguistic expression, such as the English example "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" (a pangram)
Sentence_(linguistics)
2017 research paper by Google
each input sequence (typically limited by the size of the context window), allowing the model to focus on different parts of the input sequence at different
Attention_Is_All_You_Need
Process by which people translate thoughts into spoken, written or signed words
layered cognitive process, with cognitive load increasing alongside linguistic complexity. Written language production is more cognitively demanding than
Language_production
Effort to promote an endangered language or revive a dead language
language shift to language revitalization and sustainability. A complexity approach to linguistic ecology. Barcelona: Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona
Language_revitalization
Relationship between language and human evolution
much complexity that one cannot imagine it simply appearing from nothing in its final form; therefore it must have evolved from earlier pre-linguistic systems
Origin_of_language
Process in which a first language is being acquired
takes the surface forms in the input and converts them into abstract linguistic rules and representations." Language acquisition usually refers to first-language
Language_acquisition
Unpredictable phenomenon in complex systems
individuals' capabilities. Physicist James Crutchfield regards the properties of complexity and organization of any system as subjective qualities determined by the
Emergence
Process of language acquisition
what children hear—their linguistic input—is insufficient to explain how they come to learn language. He argues that linguistic input from the environment
Language_development
Approach to the study of social interaction
questions revolve around participants' orientation, that is, what features (linguistic or other) that cues people to respond in certain ways and influence the
Conversation_analysis
Algorithm for modelling sequential data
in which input data such as text, images, or audio, is converted to a sequence of numerical representations called tokens, and each token is converted
Transformer_(deep_learning)
Isolate language spoken in Australia
scale of linguistic differences from other languages in the mainland Australia regions. However, recent research using historical linguistic techniques
Tiwi_language
Species of bacterium
Avidan O (1995). Cladis PE, Palffy-Muhorey P. (eds.). "Evolution of complexity during growth of bacterial colonies". NATO Advanced Research Workshop
Paenibacillus_vortex
American linguist (1909–1992)
structures in language, operator grammar, sublanguage grammar, a theory of linguistic information, and a principled account of the nature and origin of language
Zellig_Harris
Counterintuitive result in probability
number of times. The theorem can be generalized to state that any infinite sequence of independent events whose probabilities are uniformly bounded below by
Infinite_monkey_theorem
Statistical Markov model
a model is difficult: for a sequence of length T {\displaystyle T} , a straightforward Viterbi algorithm has complexity O ( N 2 K T ) {\displaystyle
Hidden_Markov_model
Epic action fantasy film by Christopher Nolan
Odyssey was "uneven, and no match for the sure-footedness and intellectual complexity of Oppenheimer", it is "elevated by the blindingly charismatic ensemble"
The_Odyssey_(2026_film)
Ordered listing of items in collection
computational complexity theory for various tasks in the context of enumeration algorithms. Ordinal number Enumerative definition Sequence Jech, Thomas
Enumeration
Circular relationships between cause and effect
Performativity – Linguistic quality Social epistemology – Knowledge as a collective achievement Virtuous circle and vicious circle – Self-reinforcing sequence of eventsPages
Reflexivity_(social_theory)
Conversion of character sequences into token sequences in computer science
processed values. Lexers are generally quite simple, with most of the complexity deferred to the syntactic analysis or semantic analysis phases, and can
Lexical_analysis
Linguistic component of Ancient Greek
participle. The Ancient Greek verbal system preserves nearly all the complexities of Proto-Indo-European (PIE). Ancient Greek also preserves the PIE middle
Ancient_Greek_verbs
Study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
pastoralism, moralising high gods and political complexity and costly initiation rites. Cultural and linguistic modifications are not always inherited vertically
Phylogenetics
Something that communicates meaning
Saussure's theory has been particularly influential in the study of linguistic signs. The other major semiotic theory, developed by Charles Sanders Peirce
Sign_(semiotics)
Purported ancient tribal confederation of the Late Bronze Age
different compositions relevant to the Sea Peoples-belies the actual complexity of the compositional relationship between the two Sea Peoples compositions
Sea_Peoples
AI whose outputs can be understood by humans
more nuanced implicit desires of the human system designers or the full complexity of the domain data. For example, a 2017 system tasked with image recognition
Explainable artificial intelligence
Explainable_artificial_intelligence
Group of ethnicities native to Central Africa
been suggested as representing a remnant of an ancient "western Pygmy" linguistic phylum, dubbed "Mbenga" or "Baaka". However, as substrate vocabulary has
African_Pygmies
sequenced in a way that follows the developmental levels of language in which Pienemann coined those these features as 'developmental'. This sequence
Teachability_Hypothesis
Utterances with fixed forms and often non-literal meaning
Formulaic language (previously known as automatic speech or embolalia) is a linguistic term for verbal expressions that are fixed in form, often non-literal
Formulaic_language
Processing of natural language by a computer
for the worse efficiency if the algorithm used has a low enough time complexity to be practical. 2003: word n-gram model, at the time the best statistical
Natural_language_processing
Written set of symbols for syllables or moras of spoken words
In the linguistic study of written languages, a syllabary is a set of written symbols that represent the syllables or (more frequently) morae which make
Syllabary
1968 book by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle
of Modern Hebrew. In Chomsky's 1955 monograph The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory, SPE was already referenced as "Halle and Chomsky, 'Evaluation
The_Sound_Pattern_of_English
2017-06-29. Sequence A146025 in The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences Sequence A258107 in The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences "Prime Curios
Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)
Case study
important way to gain further insight into acquisition of language skills and linguistic development. Starting in late May 1971, UCLA professor Victoria Fromkin
Linguistic development of Genie
Linguistic_development_of_Genie
Structure of a formal language
ambiguous due to the multiple ways in which rule 2 can be used to generate sequences of S {\displaystyle S} s. However, the language it generates is simply
Formal_grammar
Process of understanding a complex topic or substance
such as sonnets, which by virtue of their small size and significant complexity lend themselves well to this type of analysis – as units of discourse
Analysis
Stage in child development and language acquisition
Both go through a number of stages, and exhibit similar complexity in their babbling sequences. In studies where deaf and hearing children were compared
Babbling
Species of bacterium
The genome was sequenced by a hybrid approach using 454 Life Sciences and Illumina, achieving a total of 340X coverage, with 99.8% sequence identity between
Paenibacillus_dendritiformis
System for reasoning about vagueness
Goguen in the 1960s and 1970s went further by considering issues such as linguistic variables and lattices. Fuzzy logic is based on the observation that people
Fuzzy_logic
Aspect of music
increased complexity to disrupt the sense of a regular beat, leading eventually to the widespread use of irrational rhythms in New Complexity. This use
Rhythm
cross-linguistic sentence processing. The model suggests that people interpret the meaning of a sentence by taking into account various linguistic cues
Competition_model
Formal language that can be expressed using a regular expression
automata (the latter said to describe "recognizable languages"). A linguistically oriented text first equates regular grammars ("4." above) with DFAs
Regular_language
Theoretical linguistic framework
Meaning–text theory (MTT) is a theoretical linguistic framework, first put forward in Moscow by Aleksandr Žolkovskij and Igor Mel’čuk, for the construction
Meaning–text_theory
Aspect of the Luganda language
(â). Rising tones are not found in Luganda, even on long vowels, since a sequence such as [àá] automatically becomes [áá]. Tones perform various functions
Luganda_tones
Experimental constructed language
ambiguity in natural human languages. Ithkuil is notable for its grammatical complexity and extensive phoneme inventory, the latter being simplified in an upcoming
Ithkuil
American linguist (1897–1941)
of his theories. The field of linguistic relativity remains an active area of research in psycholinguistics and linguistic anthropology, generating ongoing
Benjamin_Lee_Whorf
Study of signs
vehicle and referent is conventional or arbitrary, which applies to most linguistic signs. Models of signs analyze the basic components of signs. Ferdinand
Semiotics
Multidisciplinary endeavour
intelligence. As the development of computers allowed systems of greater complexity, the 1970's and 1980's saw invention of early systems that modelled creativity
Computational_creativity
How software progresses through its implementation
Data table used to control program flow Cyclomatic complexity – Measure of the structural complexity of a software program DRAKON – Algorithm mapping tool
Control_flow
Symbols found upon Vinča culture artifacts
are grouped with other symbols tend to appear on whorls. Quantitative linguistic analysis leads to the conclusion that 59% of the signs share the properties
Vinča_symbols
Subfamily of Indo-European languages
million at the turn of the twenty-first century. It is the largest ethno-linguistic group in Europe and is highly diverse. The Slavic languages are conventionally
Slavic_languages
Ability to learn vocalization
Grammars (FSGs), where they can generate strings of sequences with limited structural complexity. Humans, on the other hand, show deeper hierarchical
Vocal_learning
Beninese linguist and academic
April 2008). "Book notice: The morphosyntax of complement-head sequences". Linguistic Society of America. Huttar, George L. (25 February 2013). "Review
Enoch_Aboh
structure of the system, and the general increase in the frequency and complexity of numeral expressions over time all point to its indigenous development
List_of_numeral_systems
grammars. All NooJ parsers process Atomic Linguistic Units (ALUs), as opposed to word forms (i.e. sequences of letters between two space characters).
NooJ
Alexander J.; Finkel, Irving L. (eds.). The Idea of Writing: Play and Complexity. BRILL. pp. 117–128. ISBN 978-90-04-17446-7. George, Andrew; Krebernik
List of languages by first written account
List_of_languages_by_first_written_account
Tibeto-Burman language
18th century of an old stone inscription points to 984. Owing to the linguistic prestige of Old Pyu in the Pagan Kingdom era, Old Burmese borrowed a substantial
Burmese_language
Structuring text as input to generative artificial intelligence
structure, and linguistic properties. Some studies have shown up to 76 accuracy points across formatting changes in few-shot settings. Linguistic features significantly
Prompt_engineering
Sequence of characters that forms a search pattern
regex or regexp), sometimes referred to as a rational expression, is a sequence of characters that specifies a match pattern in text. Usually such patterns
Regular_expression
Automatic analysis of syntactic structure of natural language
calculated using a learned neural span scorer. This approach is not only linguistically-motivated, but also competitive with previous approaches to constituency
Syntactic parsing (computational linguistics)
Syntactic_parsing_(computational_linguistics)
Analysing a string of symbols, according to the rules of a formal grammar
relations, etc." This term is especially common when discussing which linguistic cues help speakers interpret garden-path sentences. Within computer science
Parsing
Role of the eyes in reading music
musicians' sight reading skills. A central aspect of music reading is the sequence of alternating saccades and fixations, as it is for most oculomotor tasks
Eye_movement_in_music_reading
Longest list of items one can memorize immediately
remember a sequence in their first-language than their second-language; a person will also remember a sequence of words better than they would a sequence of nonsense
Memory_span
Poetic form, traditionally fourteen specifically rhymed lines
sequence unified about a single theme. This is represented by Folgore da San Gimignano's series on the months of the year, followed by his sequence on
Sonnet
Specification of a conceptualization
'car' extensions GOLD, General Ontology for Linguistic Description GUM (Generalized Upper Model), a linguistically motivated ontology for mediating between
Ontology (information science)
Ontology_(information_science)
Statistical analysis
anomaly detection. In offline change point detection it is assumed that a sequence of length T {\displaystyle T} is available and the goal is to identify
Change_detection
Peak in electrical brain activity
"can be elicited in nonlinguistic (but rule-governed) sequences." Dependencies and complexity Some studies have found a P600 elicited by words where
P600_(neuroscience)
1957 book by Noam Chomsky
pages, it is recognized as one of the most significant and influential linguistic studies of the 20th century. It contains the now-famous sentence "Colorless
Syntactic_Structures
Concept in historical linguistics
Press, p. 344. Dahl, Östen, 2004, The Growth and Maintenance of Linguistic Complexity. John Benjamins, p. 170. François, Alexandre (2005), "Unraveling
Transphonologization
2011 anthology by Nick Land
Brassier. It was first published by Urbanomic—founded by Mackay prior—with Sequence Press and later republished by the MIT Press. The anthology collects essays
Fanged_Noumena
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