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Faculty of mind to store and retrieve data
responses from memory and shows that not all memory is consciously activated, whereas procedural memory is the slow and gradual learning of skills that
Memory
Process of acquiring new knowledge
declarative memory comprises both episodic and semantic memory. Research in evolutionary biology has examined the conditions under which learning is favored
Learning
Category of memory stabilizing processes
occurs during learning. Memory consolidation is essential for learning as it allows experiences to be transformed into stable long-term memories that can guide
Memory_consolidation
Memory about one's environment and spatial orientation
cognitive tasks. Tasks which employ short-term memory include learning, reasoning, and comprehension. Spatial memory is a cognitive process that enables a person
Spatial_memory
Memorization technique based on repetition
alternatives to rote learning include meaningful learning, associative learning, spaced repetition and active learning. Rote learning is widely used in the
Rote_learning
Heritable characteristics affecting learning
While the cellular and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory have long been a central focus of neuroscience, it is only in recent years that attention
Epigenetics in learning and memory
Epigenetics_in_learning_and_memory
Memory of autobiographical events
feelings of familiarity. Events that are recorded into episodic memory may trigger episodic learning, i.e. a change in behavior that occurs as a result of an
Episodic_memory
Type of long-term human memory
memory, which stores specific personal experiences, and semantic memory, which stores factual information. Explicit memory requires gradual learning,
Explicit_memory
Academic journal
Learning & Memory is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the neurobiology of learning and memory. It was established in 1994 and is published
Learning_&_Memory
Decline of memory retention in time
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 25 (5): 1161–1176. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.25.5.1161. hdl:10161/10146. "Memory: A Contribution to Experimental
Forgetting_curve
Psychological occurrence
relationship between recall and recognition memory". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 18 (4): 691–702. doi:10.1037/0278-7393
False_memory
Type of long-term human memory
recognition memory. Jacoby & Brooks argued that perceptual identity effects reflect very rapid, context-specific learning. Unconscious influences of memory were
Implicit_memory
Learning technique that helps in remembering
(/nəˈmɒnɪk/ nə-MON-ik), memory trick or memory device is any learning technique that aids information retention or retrieval in the human memory, often by associating
Mnemonic
Retrieval of events or information from the past
their world spurred the study of memory and learning. Recall is a major part of memory so the history of the study of memory in general also provides a history
Recall_(memory)
Ability to recall an image from memory after one viewing
Eidetic memory (/aɪˈdɛtɪk/ eye-DET-ik), also known as photographic memory and total recall, is the alleged ability to recall an image from memory with high
Eidetic_memory
Misidentification during memory recall
misattribution of memory or source misattribution is the misidentification of the origin of a memory by the person making the memory recall. Misattribution
Misattribution_of_memory
(July 1994). "Effects of humor on sentence memory" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 20 (4): 953–967. doi:10.1037/0278-7393
List_of_cognitive_biases
Unconscious memory used to perform tasks
Procedural memories are accessed and used without the need for conscious control or attention. Procedural memory is created through procedural learning, or repeating
Procedural_memory
Self-awareness of memory
own memory capabilities (and strategies that can aid memory) and the processes involved in memory self-monitoring. This self-awareness of memory has important
Metamemory
Cognitive system for temporarily holding information
working memory. Other suggested names were short-term memory, primary memory, immediate memory, operant memory, and provisional memory. Short-term memory is
Working_memory
Model of human memory
more accurate model of primary memory (often referred to as short-term memory). Working memory splits primary memory into multiple components, rather
Baddeley's model of working memory
Baddeley's_model_of_working_memory
Shared knowledge and values of a social group
Collective memory is the shared pool of memories, knowledge and information of a social group that is significantly associated with the group's identity
Collective_memory
Process of storage and retrieval memory
list immediately after learning (it is presumed, from short-term memory) and recall after 24 hours (necessarily from long-term memory). Further evidence for
Long-term_memory
Subset of artificial intelligence
[verification needed] By the early 1960s, an experimental "learning machine" with punched tape memory, called Cybertron, had been developed by Raytheon Company
Machine_learning
Type of memory referring to general world knowledge
a particular cat. Semantic memory and episodic memory are both types of explicit memory (or declarative memory), or memory of facts or events that can
Semantic_memory
Psychological phenomenon
State-dependent memory or state-dependent learning is the phenomenon where people remember more information if their physical or mental state is the same
State-dependent_memory
Mental processes
memory stores, therefore without human memory processes, retention of material would not be possible. In addition, memory and the process of learning
Memory and retention in learning
Memory_and_retention_in_learning
Critical factors contributing to the emotional enhancement effect on human memory
emotion, and memory: Phasic and tonic variation in heart rate predicts memory for emotional pictures in men". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 90 (4):
Emotion_and_memory
Research institute at The University of Texas at Austin
The Center for Learning and Memory is a research institute at The University of Texas at Austin with a mission of advancing memory research. The center
Center for Learning and Memory
Center_for_Learning_and_Memory
Effort being used in the working memory
theory to emphasize the inherent limitations of concurrent working memory load on learning during instruction.[citation needed] It makes use of the schema
Cognitive_load
episodic memory but relative preservation of their semantic memory. The brain regions that play a major role in declarative learning and memory are the
Autism_and_memory
Biological memory process in organisms
a metronome until they were committed to his memory. These experiments led him to suggest the learning curve. He used these relatively meaningless words
Encoding_(memory)
Memory effect in educational psychology
test-enhanced learning) suggests long-term memory is increased when part of the learning period is devoted to retrieving information from memory. It is different
Testing_effect
extrinsic stress on memory functions, using for both of them Pavlovian conditioning and spatial learning. In regard to intrinsic memory functions, the study
Effects_of_stress_on_memory
Internal process while reading
(1971). Role of Articulation in Auditory and Visual Short-Term Memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10, 123-132. Daneman, M., & Newson, M
Subvocalization
Psychological effect that people learn more by spreading studying out in time
demonstrates that learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out. This effect shows that more information is encoded into long-term memory by spaced
Spacing_effect
Theory regarding human memory
is a theory regarding human memory. Interference occurs in learning. The notion is that memories encoded in long-term memory (LTM) are forgotten and cannot
Interference_theory
Suddenly understanding a problem or concept
nine-dot and related problems". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 27 (1): 176–201. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.27.1.176. PMID 11204097
Eureka_effect
Inability of adults to recall memories from childhood
episodic memories (memories of situations or events) before the age of three to four years. It may also refer to the scarcity or fragmentation of memories recollected
Childhood_amnesia
Knowledge of how to perform a task
Implicit memory Inquiry Intuition Knowledge by acquaintance Knowledge tags Mentorship Methods of obtaining knowledge Muscle memory Motor learning Motor skill
Procedural_knowledge
Branch of machine learning
In machine learning, deep learning (DL) focuses on utilizing multilayered neural networks to perform tasks such as classification, regression, and representation
Deep_learning
US journal
The Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Psychological Association
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
Journal_of_Experimental_Psychology:_Learning,_Memory,_and_Cognition
Brain-damaged "woman with no fear"
environment and learning to steer clear of potentially dangerous situations. S.M. herself has never been convicted of a crime. S.M. shows memory differences
S.M._(patient)
Consolidating a motor task into memory through repetition
used synonymously with motor learning. When a movement is repeated over time, the brain creates a long-term muscle memory for that task, eventually allowing
Muscle_memory
Memory used for information that only needs to be stored for a short time
list immediately after learning (it is presumed, from short-term memory) and recall after 24 hours (necessarily from long-term memory). Further evidence for
Short-term_memory
Types of accurate and detailed recall
types of memory, termed "natural memory" and "artificial memory". Mnemonic strategy is said to help develop artificial memory through learning and practicing
Exceptional_memory
Model of human memory
presentation and temporal distinctiveness in human memory". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 16 (2): 316–327. doi:10.1037/0278-7393
Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
Atkinson–Shiffrin_memory_model
Compound intended to improve cognitive function
characteristics: They should enhance learning and memory. They should enhance the resistance of learned behaviors or memories to conditions which tend to disrupt
Nootropic
Vertebrate brain region
Ferbinteanu J (January 2019). "Memory systems 2018 - Towards a new paradigm". Review. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 157: 61–78. doi:10.1016/j.nlm
Hippocampus
Error caused by a memory fault
Memory gaps and errors refer to the incorrect recall, or complete loss, of information in the memory system for a certain detail and/or event. Memory
Memory_error
Academic journal
of Learning and Memory is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering neuroscience as it pertains to the processes of learning and memory. It
Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
Neurobiology_of_Learning_and_Memory
Cognitive disorder where memory is disturbed or lost
episodic memory. Some retrograde and anterograde amnesiacs are capable of non-declarative memory, including implicit learning and procedural learning. For
Amnesia
Cognitive psychology process
Generalization (learning) Knowledge representation and reasoning Memory Memory Encoding Merge (linguistics) Method of loci Mnemonic Sequence learning Tokens in
Chunking_(psychology)
Second stage of the memory process
habit learning, motor skills, language processing, and visual perception. Rehearsal is the process by which information is retained in short-term memory by
Storage_(memory)
Form of memory that involves a planned future action or intention
Prospective memory is a form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time
Prospective_memory
and memory has been studied since at least the early 19th century. Memory, the cognitive process of storing and retrieving past experiences, learning and
Sleep_and_memory
Mental health condition affecting cognitive functions
health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. Neurocognitive disorders include
Neurocognitive_disorder
Experience of thoughts not remaining on a single topic for a long period of time
Working memory capacity, goal neglect, and mind wandering in an executive-control task". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
Mind-wandering
Development of memory in children
which are all involved in implicit learning and memory. Development of explicit memory depends on a later developing memory system in the brain that reaches
Memory_development
Improved recall when the context of a situation is the same
context-dependent memory, state-dependent learning, cognitive context-dependent memory and mood-congruent memory. Research has also shown that context-dependence
Context-dependent_memory
Self-awareness about thinking, higher-order thinking skills
play key roles in metaconceptual knowledge and learning. Metamemory, defined as knowing about memory and mnemonic strategies, is an important aspect
Metacognition
Memory triggered by an environmental cue
Involuntary memory is a sub-component of memory that occurs when cues encountered in everyday life evoke recollections of the past without conscious effort
Involuntary_memory
The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory is one of the three neuroscience groups at MIT along with the McGovern Institute for Brain Research and
Picower Institute for Learning and Memory
Picower_Institute_for_Learning_and_Memory
Loss of short-term memory
declarative memory (i.e. no conscious memory of completing the maze exists), the patients still had a working procedural memory (learning done unconsciously
Anterograde_amnesia
Fading of non-reinforced conditioned response over time
posited that extinction-based learning does not replace the original fear memory, but rather created a new 'safety memory' that inhibited the fear response
Extinction_(psychology)
Research institute in Irvine, California
The Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (CNLM) is a research center established in 1983 in the School of Biological Sciences at the University
Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
Center_for_the_Neurobiology_of_Learning_and_Memory
Form of artificial neural network
used in modern machine learning. One origin of associative memory is human cognitive psychology, specifically the associative memory. Frank Rosenblatt studied
Hopfield_network
Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis (1856–1939)
symmetrical 'memory.'" Crews believes that Freud's initial confidence in accurate recall of early memories anticipated the theories of recovered memory therapists
Sigmund_Freud
Theory that describes how students receive, process, and retain knowledge during learning
and learning Latent learning Memory consolidation Short-term memory versus working memory Long-term memory Desirable difficulties Declarative memory versus
Learning_theory_(education)
American psychologist
"Intrinsic frames of reference in spatial memory". Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 28 (1): 162–170. doi:10.1037/0278-7393
Timothy_P._McNamara
Alleged impact on behavior
Fragment Completion are independent of Recognition Memory". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 8 (4): 336–342. doi:10.1037/0278-7393
Priming_(psychology)
Theory that memory may be stored in the unconscious mind
forgetting: Retrieval dynamics in long-term memory". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 20 (5): 1063–1087. CiteSeerX 10
Repressed_memory
Attempt to convey information to a sleeping person
is considered an important period for memory consolidation, scientific research has concluded that sleep-learning is not possible. Once a concept explored
Sleep-learning
Neuroscientist
Medicine. She is best known for her work on memory reconsolidation, and on modification of emotional learning and memory. Schiller was born in Rishon LeZion,
Daniela_Schiller
Capacity for a sign to have multiple related meanings
effects in word identification". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 22: 63–85. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.22.1.63. François
Polysemy
Learning technique performed with flashcards
indefinitely in memory. It is, therefore, well suited for the problem of vocabulary acquisition in the course of second-language learning. A number of spaced
Spaced_repetition
Theory of categorization in psychology
exemplar-based processes in dot-pattern category learning", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28(4), 1433–1458. doi:10.1037/0278-7393
Prototype_theory
Hypothesis about the neurophysiology of memory
Psychology of Learning in 1914. This simply states that if a person does not access and use the memory representation they have formed the memory trace will
Decay_theory
Memory bias
forgotten memory returns without it being recognized as such by the subject, who believes it is something new and original. It is a memory bias whereby
Cryptomnesia
Type of vivid, enduring autobiographical memory
A flashbulb memory is a vivid, long-lasting memory about a surprising or shocking event. The term flashbulb memory suggests the surprise, indiscriminate
Flashbulb_memory
Interpretation of sensory information
receipt of these signals, but it is also shaped by the recipient's learning, memory, expectation, and attention. Sensory input is a process that transforms
Perception
American cognitive psychologist (born 1939)
Angeles. His research focuses on human learning and memory and on the implications of the science of learning for instruction and training. He is the
Robert_A._Bjork
Recurrent neural network architecture
sequence learning methods. It aims to provide a short-term memory for RNN that can last thousands of timesteps (thus "long short-term memory"). The name
Long_short-term_memory
Selective artificial removal of memories or associations from the mind
Memory erasure is the selective artificial removal of memories or associations from the mind. Memory erasure has been shown to be possible in some experimental
Memory_erasure
Imperfect recall of a crime or other dramatic event
Eyewitness memory is a person's episodic memory for a crime or other witnessed dramatic event. Eyewitness testimony is often relied upon in the judicial
Eyewitness_memory
American neuroscientist, biochemist
and retrieval of memories. He pioneered the application of molecular genetics to research using songbirds as a model for learning, memory, and brain development
David_F._Clayton
Range of neurodevelopmental conditions
Learning disability, or learning disorder, is a condition in the brain that causes difficulties comprehending or processing information and can be caused
Learning_disability
American neurobiologist and author
is an American neurobiologist and author working in the field of learning and memory. He is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus in the Department of Neurobiology
James_McGaugh
using your declarative memory, or use it many times to create a habit. Habit learning is called procedural memory. Declarative memory uses your medial temporal
Declarative_learning
a photographic memory, which helped him in his language learning. Nikola Tesla also is claimed to have possessed photographic memory. Arturo Toscanini
List of people claimed to possess an eidetic memory
List_of_people_claimed_to_possess_an_eidetic_memory
Form of memory
verbal memory, including learning lists or pairs of words, or recalling a story after it has been told. Verbal memory deals with memory of spoken information
Verbal_memory
Variety of structures in the brain related to memory
cognition, learning, and motor control and activities. The basal ganglia are also associated with learning, memory, and unconscious memory processes,
Neuroanatomy_of_memory
Mathematical modeling of psychological theories and phenomena
There are five major research areas in mathematical psychology: learning and memory, perception and psychophysics, choice and decision-making, language
Mathematical_psychology
Psychological model of memory
by a subject. Levels of processing have been an integral part of learning about memory. The self-reference effect describes the greater recall capacity
Levels_of_processing_model
Aspect of senescence
significant in women. In particular, associative learning, which is another type of episodic memory, is vulnerable to the effects of aging, and this has
Memory_and_aging
Proposed condition of false or biased recollections
1995). "Creating False Memories: Remembering Words Not Presented in Lists". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 4. 21
False_memory_syndrome
Learning strategy
Ebbinghaus first observed the effect of distributed learning, and published his findings in Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology. Using himself
Distributed_practice
letter strings for a memory. After the learning phase, subjects are told that the letter strings presented during the learning phase were based on specific
Artificial_grammar_learning
Process of achieving a goal by overcoming obstacles
Knowledge-Lean Problems" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 30 (1): 14–27. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.30.1.14. ISSN 1939-1285
Problem_solving
Time to make a decision as a result of the possible choices
(1992). "Statistical Structure and Implicit Learning Serial". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 18 (2): 318–327. doi:10
Hick's_law
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