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Proposed mission to Enceladus by the European Space Agency (ESA)
chart shows that the spacecraft will be composed of two parts which will need to be assembled while in outer space. Ideally, L4 should arrive at Saturn
L4_(spacecraft)
Concentrations of dust in the Earth–Moon system
background. In 1991–1992, the Japanese Hiten spacecraft made single looping passes around the lunar L4 and L5 points, failing to detect the dust clouds
Kordylewski_cloud
Equilibrium points near two orbiting bodies
and L3 are on the line through the centers of the two large bodies, while L4 and L5 each act as the third vertex of an equilateral triangle formed with
Lagrange_point
NASA mission to fly by eight asteroids
the discoverer of the Lucy hominin fossil. In 2027, it will arrive at the L4 Trojan cloud (the Greek camp of asteroids that orbits about 60° ahead of Jupiter)
Lucy_(spacecraft)
1990 Japanese lunar probe
The Hiten spacecraft (ひてん, Japanese pronunciation: [çiteɴ]), given the English name Celestial Maiden and known before launch as MUSES-A (Mu Space Engineering
Hiten_(spacecraft)
Planned crewed spacecraft of the early Soyuz programme
large as the final Soyuz spacecraft. The larger size was so Sever could be part of the Soviet future lunar program, the L4-1960 crewed lunar orbiter
Sever_(spacecraft)
Quasi-periodic orbital trajectory
keeping keeps a spacecraft in a desired Lissajous orbit for a long time. In the absence of other influences, orbits about Lagrangian points L4 and L5 are dynamically
Lissajous_orbit
communication with spacecraft in this position is blocked by the Sun. There are no known objects in this orbital location. [citation needed] L4 is the Sun–Earth
List of objects at Lagrange points
List_of_objects_at_Lagrange_points
Chinese reusable spacecraft
reusable experimental spacecraft (Chinese: 可重复使用试验航天器; pinyin: Kěchóngfùshǐyòng shìyàn hángtiānqì, CSSHQ) is the first reusable spacecraft produced by China
Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft
Chinese_reusable_experimental_spacecraft
Chinese deep-space crewed spacecraft in development
'Dream Vessel'), formerly known as the Next-Generation Crewed Spacecraft, is crewed spacecraft in development by China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation
Mengzhou_(spacecraft)
Measure of amount of effort to change trajectory
Geostationary transfer orbit L4/5 Earth–Moon L4L5 Lagrangian point LEO Low Earth orbit For example, the Soyuz spacecraft makes a de-orbit from the ISS
Delta-v
Future mission to asteroid 99942 Apophis
due to an increased delta-V demand. The spacecraft's solar arrays will be provided by JAXA. The spacecraft's central tube, made of carbon fibre reinforced
Ramses_(spacecraft)
Earhart is a propeller moonlet of Saturn. It was first seen by the Cassini spacecraft on 13 August, 2009 from a distance of 69,183 miles or 111,340 Kilometers
Earhart_(moonlet)
European Space Agency space weather mission
and the KASA's upcoming solar probe mission to the Sun-Earth Lagrange point L4. ESOC in Darmstadt will be Missions Operation Centre. The development of the
Vigil_(space_mission)
NASA probe of the Sun's outer corona
Laboratory designed and built the spacecraft, which was launched on August 12, 2018. It became the first NASA spacecraft named after a living person, honoring
Parker_Solar_Probe
October 2025. "L4 to Enceladus Exploring the habitability of Saturn's Icy Moons". ESA. Retrieved 31 October 2025. "NASA to Store Janus Spacecraft, Mission to
List of proposed Solar System probes
List_of_proposed_Solar_System_probes
NASA asteroid sample return mission (2016-2023)
it passed through Sun–Earth L4 Lagrange point. Between 9 and 20 February 2017, the OSIRIS-REx team used the spacecraft's MapCam camera to search for the
OSIRIS-REx
Asteroid with which Earth shares its orbit around the Sun
~175 m in diameter." In February 2017, the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft performed a search from within the L4 region on its way to asteroid Bennu. No additional
Earth_trojan
Solar observation mission (2006–present)
Lagrangian points L4 and L5, in late 2009, they searched for Lagrangian (trojan) asteroids. On February 6, 2011, the two spacecraft were exactly 180°
STEREO
A total of nine spacecraft have been launched on missions that involve visits to the outer planets; all nine missions involve encounters with Jupiter,
List of missions to the outer planets
List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets
Human spaceflight programme of the Soviet Union
(1960); evolved into the Soyuz-A design L4-1960 crewed lunar orbiter proposal (1960) L1-1962 crewed lunar flyby spacecraft proposal (1962); early design led
Soyuz_programme
French crewed spaceplane concept (1975–1992)
000N-thrust liquid propellant rocket motors identical to those used on the L4 low-energy upper stage of the Ariane 5. Aerodynamic control would have been
Hermes_(spacecraft)
Eutelsat telecommunications satellite
2020-005B SATCAT no. 45027 Mission duration 15 years (planned) Spacecraft properties Spacecraft type SB NEO 100 Bus Spacebus NEO Manufacturer Thales Alenia
Eutelsat_Konnect
South Korean government agency
of repeaters at L4. Yoon met with the German Aerospace Center and signed an interagency agreement for cooperation in the areas of L4 heliosphere observations
Korea AeroSpace Administration
Korea_AeroSpace_Administration
Spacecraft concept
The Mission Extension Vehicle (MEV) is a spacecraft that extends the functional lifetime of another spacecraft through on-orbit satellite servicing. They
Mission_Extension_Vehicle
between the L4 and L5 Trojan clouds, leaving the possibility open for a mission extension.[citation needed] As of December 2024, two spacecraft are en route
List of proposed missions to the outer planets
List_of_proposed_missions_to_the_outer_planets
Thai satellite
satellites) IGS-Optical 7 Solar Orbiter (TechEdSat-10) Cygnus NG-13 Starlink V1.0-L4 (60 satellites) Chollian-2B JCSAT-17 Meridian-M 9 March SpaceX CRS-20 (Lynk
Napa-1
Space navigation technique
and speed of a spacecraft, typically to save propellant and reduce expense. Gravity assistance can be used to accelerate a spacecraft, that is, to increase
Gravity_assist
Proposed NASA space probe to Saturn's moon Enceladus
detail by three other probes: the twin Voyager spacecraft, and the Saturn orbiting Cassini spacecraft. Out of these, Cassini investigated Enceladus in
Enceladus_Orbilander
1966 NASA crewed spaceflight
Earth-Moon Libration Region Photography: To investigate the regions of the L4 and L5 libration points of the Earth–Moon system to determine the possible
Gemini_11
Asteroid sharing the orbit of Neptune
Neptune trojans are currently known, of which 28 orbit near the Sun–Neptune L4 Lagrangian point 60° ahead of Neptune and 7 orbit near Neptune's L5 region
Neptune_trojan
European lunar mapping mission
Jens Frydenvang, associate professor at University of Copenhagen. The spacecraft is being built by the mission's main industrial partner, the Danish satellite
Máni_(spacecraft)
First crewed flight of Crew Dragon
Mission-2) was the first crewed test flight of the Crew Dragon spacecraft. The spacecraft, named Endeavour, launched on May 30, 2020 on a Falcon 9 rocket
Crew_Dragon_Demo-2
Observatory, launching in 2037, future (proposed) – Multi-spacecraft space weather mission. L4 – Enceladus mission, launching in 2042, future (proposed)
List of European Space Agency programmes and missions
List_of_European_Space_Agency_programmes_and_missions
Release of a gas that was inside of some material
176P/LINEAR observed with Herschel/HIFI". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 546: L4. arXiv:1208.5480. Bibcode:2012A&A...546L...4D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220169
Outgassing
Near-Earth asteroid and Earth trojan
diameter of about 300 meters (1,000 ft). Its path oscillates about the Sun–Earth L4 Lagrangian point (60 degrees ahead of Earth), shuttling between its closest
(706765)_2010_TK7
and magnetic fields. The proposal consists of the solar powered carrier spacecraft, two atmospheric probes and (possibly) two small probes for the close-up
Kronos_(spacecraft)
Main belt asteroid target of the Lucy mission
524 (1): L1–L4. Bibcode:2023MNRAS.524L...1M. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slad066. Kretke, Katherine (11 September 2023). "NASA's Lucy Spacecraft Captures its
152830_Dinkinesh
2020 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS
OA-14, was the fifteenth flight of the Northrop Grumman robotic resupply spacecraft Cygnus and its fourteenth flight to the International Space Station under
Cygnus_NG-14
atmosphere, failed on 17 November. In the United States, SpaceX's Dragon 2 spacecraft made its first crewed flight to the International Space Station on 31
2020_in_spaceflight
Moon of Saturn
Helene and Polydeuces. They are located within Dione's Lagrangian points L4 and L5, 60 degrees ahead of and behind Dione respectively. A leading co-orbital
Dione_(moon)
Near-Earth asteroid
resides in the L1 and L2 Lagrange points, and a horseshoe orbit between the L4 and L5 Lagrange points. Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination
469219_Kamoʻoalewa
full mission successes, one partial failure and one total loss of the spacecraft. In addition, one rocket and its payload were destroyed on the launch
List of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches (2010–2019)
List_of_Falcon_9_and_Falcon_Heavy_launches_(2010–2019)
Sixth planet from the Sun
configuration was announced in September 2024, orbiting the Sun at the stable L4 Lagrange point 60° ahead of the planet along its orbit. This discovery leaves
Saturn
Proposed European CubeSat mission to an asteroid
type Planetary defense & asteroid exploration Operator ESA Spacecraft properties Spacecraft type 12U CubeSat Start of mission Launch date 2030 (planned)
Satis_(spacecraft)
Space exploration probe mission to Mars
operations are led by the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC). The spacecraft was assembled in the United States at the University of Colorado Boulder's
Emirates_Mars_Mission
2020 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS
OA-13, was the fourteenth flight of the Northrop Grumman robotic resupply spacecraft Cygnus and its thirteenth flight to the International Space Station (ISS)
Cygnus_NG-13
GPS III satellite
times to 2020 due to delays with the first and second satellites. The spacecraft is built on the Lockheed Martin A2100 satellite bus, and weighs in at
USA-304
GPS III satellite
pushed back several times due to delays with the earlier satellites. The spacecraft is built on the Lockheed Martin A2100 satellite bus, and weighs in at
USA-309
Moon of Saturn
from the perspective of the other moon. The two librate about their mutual L4 and L5 Lagrange points. Some asteroids are known to have horseshoe orbits
Janus_(moon)
European technology demonstration CubeSat space mission
European Space Agency COSPAR ID 2021-073C SATCAT no. 49068 Spacecraft properties Spacecraft type 2U CubeSat Manufacturer Kuva Space Start of mission Launch
Sunstorm_(spacecraft)
Communications satellite
was built by Lockheed Martin Space Systems on the LM-2100 platform. The spacecraft uses an 18-metre reflecting antenna to provide targeted S-band communications
JCSAT-17
Earth observation satellite
improve ocean topography measurements, in addition to rivers and lakes. The spacecraft entered service in mid 2021 and is expected to operate for 5.5 years.
Sentinel-6_Michael_Freilich
Type of satellite in sync with another orbit
quasi-satellite orbits and horseshoe orbits, which circulate around Lagrangian points L4 and L5. By 2016, orbital calculations showed that all five of Earth's then
Quasi-satellite
Low-energy trajectories in the Solar System
each of these points, called a halo orbit. The orbits for two of the points, L4 and L5, are stable, but the halo orbits for L1 through L3 are stable only
Interplanetary Transport Network
Interplanetary_Transport_Network
European space-based solar observatory
gravity-assist manoeuvres around Venus and one around Earth to alter the spacecraft's trajectory, guiding it towards the innermost regions of the Solar System
Solar_Orbiter
2020 Interplanetary mission by China to place an orbiter, lander, and rover on Mars
robotic spacecraft to Mars, consisting of six spacecraft: an orbiter, two deployable cameras, lander, remote camera, and the Zhurong rover. The spacecraft, with
Tianwen-1
Concept mission to Titan
generator was suspended indefinitely. Nuclear power in space Dragonfly (spacecraft) (NF4 finalist) Barnes; et al. (March 2012). "AVIATR – Aerial Vehicle
AVIATR
Israeli reconnaissance satellite
had been deployed successfully into orbit. Although many details of the spacecraft and its planned operations have been kept secret, the Israeli government
Ofek-16
1993 novel by Arthur C. Clarke
strike the Earth, with Goliath and Hercules spaceships stationed near Jupiter L4 and L5 as interceptors. Influenced by Islam during military campaigns in the
The Hammer of God (Clarke novel)
The_Hammer_of_God_(Clarke_novel)
Solar system exploration program by NASA
also includes Missions of Opportunity, which fund U.S. participation in spacecraft operated by other space agencies, for example by contributing a single
Discovery_Program
European Space Agency space mission
composed of four identical spacecraft flying in a tetrahedral formation. As a replacement for the original Cluster spacecraft which were lost in a launch
Cluster_II_(spacecraft)
ESA satellite
carrying Phi-Sat-1 among 53 satellites on its new dispenser called the Small Spacecraft Mission Service (SSMS). This launch is a proof-of-concept flight to demonstrate
Phi-Sat-1
Society promoting space colonization
the L4 and L5 Lagrangian points in the Earth–Moon system proposed as locations for the huge rotating space habitats that O'Neill envisioned. L4 and L5
L5_Society
Mission including first robotic rover to operate on Mars (1997)
Mars Pathfinder was an American robotic spacecraft that landed a base station with a roving probe on Mars in 1997. It consisted of a lander, renamed the
Mars_Pathfinder
Czech space telescope
type Space telescope for UV Photometry Operator VZLU Website quvik.cz Spacecraft properties Manufacturer VZLU / TOPTEC Launch mass 130 kilograms (290 lb)
QUVIK
Aviation museum in Oberschleißheim, Munich
R-1340 Wasp Rumpler Aeolus Salmson AD.3 Walter Mikron 4-II Wright-Lawrance L4 Allison 250 Allison J33 A Armstrong Siddeley Double Mamba Avro Canada Orenda
Deutsches Museum Flugwerft Schleissheim
Deutsches_Museum_Flugwerft_Schleissheim
2020 Japanese resupply spaceflight to the ISS
the 9th and final flight of the H-II Transfer Vehicle, a robotic cargo spacecraft to resupply the International Space Station (ISS). It was launched on
Kounotori_9
2020 Russian crewed spaceflight to the ISS
International Space Station. Soyuz MS-17 was the 145th crewed flight of a Soyuz spacecraft. The crew consisted of a Russian commander and a Russian and American
Soyuz_MS-17
Trojan moon of Saturn
it is co-orbital with Dione and located in its leading Lagrangian point (L4). It is one of four known trojan moons. Helene was initially observed from
Helene_(moon)
Type of space station, intended as a permanent settlement
extensively habitation facilities in space than a general space station or spacecraft. Possibly including closed ecological systems, its particular purpose
Space_settlement
Solar storms during solar cycle 20
An outage was reported along American Telephone and Telegraph (now AT&T)'s L4 coaxial cable between Illinois and Iowa. Magnetic field variations (dB/dt)
August_1972_solar_storms
2020 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS
captured by the station's robotic arm, marking the last capture of a Dragon spacecraft. Cargo Dragon, which replaced Dragon 1, docks directly with the space
SpaceX_CRS-20
boosters, B1071 holds the record for most spacecraft (1145) launched to orbit, while the record for most spacecraft mass launched to orbit by a single booster
List of Falcon 9 first-stage boosters
List_of_Falcon_9_first-stage_boosters
Eighth planet from the Sun
Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun–Neptune L4 and L5 Lagrangian points—gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing
Neptune
Retired NASA helicopter on the Mars 2020 mission
affect both collective and cyclic pitch. Ingenuity was also constructed to spacecraft specifications to withstand the acceleration and vibrations during launch
Ingenuity_(helicopter)
Natural satellites of the planet Saturn
known from the Saturnian system. A trojan body orbits at either the leading L4 or trailing L5 Lagrange point of a much larger object, such as a large moon
Moons_of_Saturn
Natural satellite orbiting Saturn
about it until the two Voyager spacecraft, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, flew by Saturn in 1980 and 1981. In 2005, the spacecraft Cassini started multiple close
Enceladus
European organisation dedicated to space exploration
NASA on the Artemis programme, especially manufacturing of the Orion spacecraft's European Service Module (ESM). ESA launches and operates uncrewed missions
European_Space_Agency
High-resolution images obtained in February and March 2007 by the New Horizons spacecraft revealed a rich fine structure in the main ring. In visible and near-infrared
Rings_of_Jupiter
Space telescope for gamma-ray astronomy launched in 2008
The Astrophysical Journal. 825 (1): L4. arXiv:1604.00955. Bibcode:2016ApJ...825L...4T. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/825/1/L4. S2CID 29097240. Greiner, J.; Burgess
Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope
2020 American crewed spaceflight to the ISS and maiden flight of Crew Dragon Resilience
operational crewed flight of a Crew Dragon spacecraft and the maiden flight of the Crew Dragon Resilience spacecraft. It was also the second crewed orbital
SpaceX_Crew-1
Stream of charged particles from the Sun
Open Magnetic Flux of the Sun". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 894 (1): L4. Bibcode:2020ApJ...894L...4F. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab8acd. S2CID 218640684
Solar_wind
Earth observation satellite
(CNES) Website https://taranis.cnes.fr Mission duration 4 years (planned) Spacecraft properties Bus Myriade Manufacturer Centre national d'études spatiales
TARANIS
Iranian military satellite
board a Qased rocket Country of origin Iran Operator IRGC Specifications Spacecraft type Earth-imaging Bus CubeSat (6U) Power Solar cells, batteries Design
Noor_(satellite)
Planned European interplanetary space tug supporting Mars missions
LightShip is a proposed class of uncrewed interplanetary spacecraft under development by the European Space Agency (ESA) that will serve as a space tug
LightShip_(spacecraft)
European space reentry experiment
2025-10-16. David, Leonard (31 January 2026), What actually happens to a spacecraft during its fiery last moments? Here's why ESA wants to find out, Space
Draco_(space_mission)
Small Solar System body with an orbit that can bring it close to Earth
Earth's L4 point. Horseshoe librators: The region of stability around L4 and L5 also includes orbits for co-orbital asteroids that run around both L4 and
Near-Earth_object
Russian communications satellite
years (planned) 6 years and 13 days (in progress) Spacecraft properties Spacecraft Ekspress-80 Spacecraft type Ekspress Bus Ekspress-1000H Manufacturer ISS
Ekspress-80
Trojan moon of Saturn
trojans. Dione's other co-orbital moon, Helene, is a trojan residing around the L4 Lagrange point leading 60° ahead of Dione. Trojan moons are not unique to
Polydeuces_(moon)
Spanish artificial satellites
UPM-Sat 1 SATCAT no. 1995-033C Mission duration 213 days Spacecraft properties Manufacturer Technical University of Madrid Launch mass 47 kilograms (104 lb)
UPM-Sat
2020 Russian resupply spaceflight to the ISS
International Space Station (ISS). This was the 166th flight of a Progress spacecraft. The Progress-MS was an uncrewed freighter based on the Progress-M featuring
Progress_MS-14
Family of European medium- and heavy-lift rocket launch vehicles
European Space Agency Arianespace Downloadable paper models of various ESA spacecraft (Ariane at the bottom) Media related to Ariane (rocket) at Wikimedia Commons
Ariane_(rocket_family)
Project by the European Space Agency
delivered to SSTL in the UK for integration aboard the Lunar Pathfinder spacecraft. In October 2023, ESA launched "a competition for visionary business ideas"
Moonlight_Programme
Minor planet found within the inner Solar System
with it because they orbit in one of the two Lagrangian points of stability, L4 and L5, which lie 60° ahead of and behind the larger body. In the Solar System
Asteroid
Planned lunar exploration mission
characterize the impacts of near-Earth meteoroids on the lunar far side. The spacecraft consists of a 12-U CubeSat that will operate in a halo orbit around the
LUMIO_(space_mission)
2020 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS
Cargo Dragon flight that was docked at the same time as a Crew Dragon spacecraft (SpaceX Crew-1). This mission used Booster B1058.4, becoming the first
SpaceX_CRS-21
Spain and some parts of the satellite was built by Thales Alenia Space. Spacecraft construction was completed in 2019. The primary payload was a pushbroom
SEOSat-Ingenio
Component of the International Space Station
inside all of the modules for months at a time while waiting for a cargo spacecraft to dump the trash. A Space Act Agreement between NASA and Nanoracks to
Nanoracks_Bishop_Airlock
NASA satellite of the Explorer program
two more advanced spacecraft: the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) operated from 2001 to 2010 and the Planck spacecraft from 2009 to 2013.
Cosmic_Background_Explorer
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