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Concept that the judiciary should be independent
Judicial independence is the concept that the judiciary should be independent from the other branches of government, meaning that courts should not be
Judicial_independence
Foundational principle of Australia's legal system
Judicial independence is regarded as one of the foundation values of the Australian legal system, such that the High Court held in 2004 that a court capable
Judicial independence in Australia
Judicial_independence_in_Australia
Immunity of judges from the law
traced to the preservation of judicial independence from the political forces of the day, although today judicial independence is regarded as a separate principle
Judicial_immunity
of judges to exercise discretion is an aspect of judicial independence. Where appropriate, judicial discretion allows a judge to decide a legal case or
Judicial_discretion
Drift towards authoritarianism
regime; The rule of law (i.e., judicial and bureaucratic restraints on the government) is weakened, such as when the independence of the judiciary is threatened
Democratic_backsliding
Controversial judicial practice
Judicial activism is a judicial philosophy holding that courts can and should go beyond the applicable law to consider broader societal implications of
Judicial_activism
System of courts that interprets and applies the law
The judiciary (also known as the judicial system, judicial power, judicature, judicial branch, judiciative branch, and court or judiciary system) is the
Judiciary
has been that such appointments invite misgivings about judicial integrity and independence. It has also been argued that re-employment of judges by
Issues in the judiciary of India
Issues_in_the_judiciary_of_India
President of Venezuela from 2013 to 2026
original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022. "Venezuela judicial independence deeply eroded: UN rights experts". Jurist.org. 20 September 2021
Nicolás_Maduro
2024 amendment to the constitution of Pakistan
Dawn criticised it for an "assault on judicial independence" and the "biggest-reversal" of judicial independence in 3 decades. Following the passage of
Twenty-sixth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan
Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan
Judicial office holders in the courts of Scotland
law, and they must hand down appropriate judgments and sentences. Judicial independence is guaranteed in law, with a legal duty on Scottish Ministers, the
Judiciary_of_Scotland
Ability of courts to review actions by executive and legislatures
Judicial review is a process under which a government's executive, legislative, or administrative actions are subject to review by the judiciary. In a
Judicial_review
Judicial independence in the nation
Judicial independence is protected by Singapore's Constitution, statutes such as the State Courts Act and Supreme Court of Judicature Act, and the common
Judicial independence in Singapore
Judicial_independence_in_Singapore
Albanian politician (born 1973)
justice system. The case triggered opposition protests, a debate over judicial independence, and renewed scrutiny of high-level corruption in Albania. Prime
Belinda_Balluku
Highest court of jurisdiction in India
The Supreme Court of India is the supreme judicial authority and the highest court in India. It is the highest appellate court for all civil and criminal
Supreme_Court_of_India
Prime Minister of Albania since 2013
continues to undermine judicial independence, particularly through public and institutional pressure on SPAK and other judicial bodies in politically sensitive
Edi_Rama
defers to the executive where non-justiciable matters are involved. Judicial independence in Singapore allows the judiciary powers to check the exercise of
Separation of powers in Singapore
Separation_of_powers_in_Singapore
National court system
Under the Constitution of Singapore, the judicial system of Singapore is divided into the Supreme Court which comprises the Court of Appeal and the High
Judicial_system_of_Singapore
International Association of Judicial Independence and World Peace is a non-profit organization that promotes judicial independence in national court systems
International Association of Judicial Independence and World Peace
International_Association_of_Judicial_Independence_and_World_Peace
Mexican constitutional amendments
opposition political parties, judicial workers, and international organizations, who argued that it threatened judicial independence. It sparked nationwide protests
2024_Mexican_judicial_reform
Political reform of a country's judiciary
country's political system. Stated reasons for judicial reform include increasing of the independence of the judiciary, constitutionalism and separation
Judicial_reform
become a current issue of some controversy concerning debates about judicial independence and political efforts to increase the accountability of judges for
Separation of powers under the United States Constitution
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Rulings on judicial independence in India
the course of the three cases, the court evolved the principle of judicial independence to mean that no other branch of the state, including the legislature
Collegium_system
2025 amendment to the constitution of Pakistan
experts said that the amendment threatened provincial autonomy and judicial independence. Business leaders cautioned that abrupt constitutional changes introduced
Twenty-seventh Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan
Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan
Political situation in which everyone is subject to the law
Western legal principles including the rule of law and judicial independence. Judicial independence further decreased in the Republic of China under Chiang
Rule_of_law
Israeli political party
rights, human rights, and the rule of law, maintain legislative and judicial independence, enact term limits for prime minister, and keep public service professional
Yashar_(political_party)
Romanian judge (born 1969)
figure in Romania's judicial system and has been the subject of significant public debate and controversy regarding judicial independence and governance.
Lia_Savonea
Highest court of Bangladesh
acknowledged that these arrangements violated the rule of law, judicial independence, and constitutional supremacy, effectively conceding that the judiciary
Supreme_Court_of_Bangladesh
Indian judge (born 1966)
acceptance of executive interference in judicial transfer was widely perceived as threat to judicial independence by several former jurists and senior lawyers
Atul_Sreedharan
Highest authority court of Pakistan
عدالتِ عظمیٰ پاکستان, romanised: 'Adālat-e-'Uzmā Pākistān) is the supreme judicial authority and the apex court of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Established
Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan
Indian judiciary conduct
Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct are standards for ethical conduct of judges. The six core values are: Independence Impartiality Integrity Propriety
Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct
Bangalore_Principles_of_Judicial_Conduct
Head of the government
entire federation of which Singapore was briefly a part. Following the independence of Singapore in 1965, the office of Prime Minister was retained, with
Prime_Minister_of_Singapore
Independent judicial regulatory body in Sri Lanka
objective is to safeguard judicial independence by functioning as an independent regulatory body. The functions of the Judicial Service Commission, as vested
Judicial Service Commission (Sri Lanka)
Judicial_Service_Commission_(Sri_Lanka)
American judge (born 1940)
of judicial independence for both courts in the United States and in other countries. He has condemned the growing politicization of the judicial nomination
John_M._Walker_Jr.
Country in Southeast Europe
reform, while also warning that Albania's EU progress depended on judicial independence and credible anti-corruption results. On 26 November 2019, a 6.4
Albania
American attorney and judge
Rosen said "Judicial independence is a critical part of the U.S. justice system. The immense power that comes with judicial independence also comes with
Aaron_Persky
the exercise of the judicial function) In addition, there are two dimensions of judicial independence: the individual independence of a judge, and the
Court_system_of_Canada
Judicial body of Syria
President of Syria. The independence of the judiciary was meant to be guaranteed by President in his role as chairman of the High Judicial Council, according
Supreme Judicial Council of Syria
Supreme_Judicial_Council_of_Syria
supreme state organ of power, and implement its political will. Judicial independence and judicial review are nonexistent, as courts do not have power beyond
Judicial_system_of_China
Mexican political party
salary of judges at any time during their appointment to maintain judicial independence, judges on the Supreme Court took a 25% pay cut starting in 2019
Morena_(political_party)
Law doctrine in Singapore
include judicial independence, natural justice, the availability of judicial review, and the accessibility of justice. Judicial independence in Singapore
Rule_of_law_in_Singapore
Venezuelan judge (born 1963)
Afiuni's detention is considered as a landmark case of the erosion of judicial independence during the Bolivarian Revolution. Judge Afiuni was arrested by intelligence
María_Lourdes_Afiuni
Acting president of Kosovo since 2026
Justice, she faced criticism for failing to enact judicial reform and violating judicial independence. Despite LVV losing seats in the February 2025 Kosovan
Albulena_Haxhiu
July 2021 political crisis
without approval from the Supreme Judicial Council. The council, which was tasked with ensuring judicial independence and disciplining judges, was dissolved
2021_Tunisian_self-coup
Because of the judiciary's political nature, China does not have judicial independence. China's courts are supervised by the Supreme People's Court (SPC)
Politics_of_China
2015 American criminal case
judgeship," adding, "Judicial independence is a critical part of the U.S. justice system. The immense power that comes with judicial independence also comes with
People_v._Turner
Instrument of judicial murder in Nazi Germany
The People's Court rejected liberal legal principles, including judicial independence, due process, the right to appeal, and the right to counsel. It
People's_Court_(Germany)
British businessman executed for drug offences in China
a criminal who is from the same country or the same family, but judicial independence should be fully respected and everyone should be equal before the
Akmal_Shaikh
American lawyer, politician and judge (1930–2023)
April 4, 2018. O'Connor, Sandra Day. "Judicial Accountability Must Safeguard, Not Threaten, Judicial Independence: An Introduction". Denver University
Sandra_Day_O'Connor
President of Lebanon since 2025
commitments for the future, including: Judicial independence, improving the work of public prosecutions, conducting judicial appointments based on integrity
Joseph_Aoun
American attorney and judge
“Judging Judges: Securing Judicial Independence by Use of Judicial Performance Evaluations Special Series: Judicial Independence.” Fordham Urban Law Journal
Penny_J._White
Highest court of jurisdiction in the U.S
Justice Samuel Chase from 1804 to 1805 helped cement the principle of judicial independence. The Taney Court (1836–1864) made several important rulings, such
Supreme Court of the United States
Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States
The judicial officers of the Republic of Singapore serve in the Supreme Court, the Family Justice Courts, and the State Courts (known up to 6 March 2014
Judicial officers of the Republic of Singapore
Judicial_officers_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore
nationwide protests and strikes over concerns that it would undermine judicial independence. Despite opposition, it passed the Senate on 11 September and was
2025 Mexican judicial elections
2025_Mexican_judicial_elections
Turkish absolute nullity crisis
Union: The European Union raised concerns over the rule of law, judicial independence and democratic pluralism in Turkey, an EU membership candidate,
Republican People's Party absolute nullity crisis
Republican_People's_Party_absolute_nullity_crisis
National court system
may come in their way." B. R. Ambedkar emphasized the need for judicial independence stating, "There can be no difference of opinion in the House that
Judiciary_of_India
Highest judicial authority in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
The Kurdistan Region Judicial Council (KRJC) (Kurdish: ئەنجوومەنی دادوەریی کوردستان, romanized: Encûmena Dadwerîy Kurdistan; Arabic: مجلس قضاء إقليم كردستان)
Kurdistan Region Judicial Council
Kurdistan_Region_Judicial_Council
Branch overseeing administration of the state
those granted by the legislature, which can also subject its actions to judicial review. However, the executive often has wide-ranging powers stemming from
Executive_(government)
Israeli political party
powers, prevent abuses by government institutions, and safeguard the judicial independence." The party supports social democratic policies, such as affordable
The_Democrats_(Israel)
Head of state
later succeeded by the president of Singapore following Singapore's independence from Malaysia in 1965. The initial role of the president was predominantly
President_of_Singapore
In December 2025 a series of protests for judicial independence took part in Romania as a result of a journalistic documentary released by Recorder that
2025 Romanian anti-judicial corruption protests
2025_Romanian_anti-judicial_corruption_protests
Disciplinary body of the legal system of the Republic of Turkey
introducing judicial review of all CJP decisions. Other observers have also commented on the impact of the current CJP structure upon judicial independence. On
Council of Judges and Prosecutors
Council_of_Judges_and_Prosecutors
prestigious international organization of judges. It is focused on judicial independence as a guarantee of human rights, and in this capacity holds consultant
International Association of Judges
International_Association_of_Judges
Judicial branch of Japan
that the courts maintained complete independence in the adjudication of particular cases. "Judicial independence from the political branches was emphatically
Judicial_system_of_Japan
tribunals judiciary. By statute, judges are guaranteed continuing judicial independence. There have been multiple calls from both Welsh academics and politicians
Judiciary of England and Wales
Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales
Introductory section of a document which states its purpose and philosophy
ISBN 978-0-306-82020-5. Goldsworthy, Jeffrey. "The Preamble, Judicial Independence and Judicial Integrity." FORUM Constitutionnel (2000) Constitutional Court
Preamble
Controversy over Malaysia's judiciary
titled "Judicial Independence and Parliamentary Sovereignty - A Colossi of Roads?". In the speech, she outlined the history of judicial independence in Malaysia
2025 Malaysian judicial appointment controversy
2025_Malaysian_judicial_appointment_controversy
People's Republic of China in 1949, the country does not have judicial independence or judicial review as the courts do not have authority beyond what is
Law of the People's Republic of China
Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China
Freedom of editors to make decisions
Le Peuple breton Central bank independence Civil control of the military Civil service independence Judicial independence Open government Separation of
Editorial_independence
Constitution is the supreme legal authority
emphasizes the rule of law, separation of powers, checks and balances, judicial review, and federalism, rooted in Enlightenment ideals of liberty and governance
Constitutionalism in the United States
Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States
Abrogative referendum on constitutional reforms
limits for the prime minister, enhanced presidential powers and judicial independence, and increased women's representation in parliament. If approved
2026 Bangladeshi constitutional referendum
2026_Bangladeshi_constitutional_referendum
Political conflict
as a coup attempt by pro-AK Party commentators and as a purge of judicial independence by critics. Branding the movement as a 'parallel structure' and
AK Party–Gülen movement conflict
AK_Party–Gülen_movement_conflict
Communist state institution
power, SJOs focus strictly on adjudication. Communist states reject judicial independence in favor of treating the judiciary as a political organ. The SJO
Supreme_judicial_organ
Czech law organization
Independence of the Judiciary, also known as the Brijuni Statement, an important reaffirmation of the fundamental principles of judicial independence
CEELI_Institute
List of reactions to the 2023 Israeli judicial reform
harshly criticized the proposed changes, arguing they will undermine judicial independence and effectively grant the government unchecked power. The opponents
Reactions to the 2023 Israeli judicial reform
Reactions_to_the_2023_Israeli_judicial_reform
Azerbaijan. Although the Azerbaijan constitution nominally guarantees judicial independence, the executive firmly controls prosecutors and judges. Judges and
Prosecutor General's Office of Azerbaijan
Prosecutor_General's_Office_of_Azerbaijan
Reformist political party
drew support from activists and civil society groups demanding judicial independence, anti-corruption measures and political reform. The party contested
National Justice Party (Malaysia)
National_Justice_Party_(Malaysia)
46th Chief Justice of India, Member of Rajya Sabha
national debate over judicial independence. As a Judge, he was known for his "no-nonsense" approach and advocacy for greater judicial transparency and reduction
Ranjan_Gogoi
Constitution marked the primary step in "a deliberate campaign to erode judicial independence." After resigning over the Twenty-Seventh Amendment, he stated that
Politics_of_Pakistan
Judicial corruption in India refers to unethical, illegal, or biased practices within the Indian judiciary that undermine its independence, integrity,
Judicial_corruption_in_India
Supreme Court of Canada case
[1989] 2 S.C.R. 796 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on judicial independence. The Court unanimously held that to require a federal judge to explain
Mackeigan_v_Hickman
French legal scholar
scholar specialising in European Union law, the rule of law and judicial independence. He is a full professor of law and the dean and head of the Sutherland
Laurent_Pech
2011 United States Supreme Court case
bankruptcy court, as a non-Article III court (i.e., courts without full judicial independence) lacked constitutional authority under Article III of the United
Stern_v._Marshall
1885 book by A. V. Dicey
of law. According to Dicey, the rule of law, in turn, relies on judicial independence. In Introduction, Dicey distinguishes a historical understanding
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
Introduction_to_the_Study_of_the_Law_of_the_Constitution
Country in West Asia
acute issue with unlawful, political persecution and absence of judicial independence. Trials are often held in secrecy and the defendants' lawyers are
United_Arab_Emirates
Proposed U.S. legislative initiative
interpreted Roberts' reversal as an effort to maintain the Court's judicial independence by alleviating the political pressure to create a court more friendly
Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937
Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937
European Court of Human Rights case
Cannoot, Pieter (12 July 2016). "Baka v. Hungary: judicial independence at risk in Hungary's new constitutional reality". Strasbourg Observers
Baka_v._Hungary
Legal doctrine in the United States
Australia), a judicial override is when a judge overrules a jury's sentencing determination. Only four U.S. states have allowed judicial overrides: Alabama
Judicial_override
Courts and prosecutors increasingly served political purposes, while judicial independence was substantially reduced. During this period, several legal reforms
Ministry_of_Justice_(Romania)
Founding Father of the United States (1741–1811)
Declaration of Independence". May 25, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2023. "James W. Pfister: Justices Samuel Chase, Clarence Thomas and judicial independence". Yahoo
Samuel_Chase
Tunisian politician
civil society landscape, particularly in defense, of human rights, judicial independence, the rule of law and political plurality . Hammami was a board member
Ayachi_Hammami
Country in Central Europe
democratic measures, with particular weaknesses in civic engagement and judicial independence. Poland is divided into 16 provinces or states known as voivodeships
Poland
Act of the Scottish Parliament
2008 to reform the courts of Scotland, to give statutory force to judicial independence, and to establish the Lord President of the Court of Session as
Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008
Judiciary_and_Courts_(Scotland)_Act_2008
created a three-tiered, independent judicial system. The revised Constitution of 1987 codified judicial independence in Article 103, which states that,
Law_of_South_Korea
Prime Minister of Hungary (1998–2002, 2010–2026)
and Freedom House have described these developments as weakening judicial independence and media pluralism, and enabling democratic backsliding. His government
Viktor_Orbán
Doctrine of central bank freedom from political influence
Civil service independence Editorial independence Fiscal sustainability Judicial independence Independent media Judicial independence Monetarism Monetary
Central_bank_independence
Head judge on the Supreme Court of Afghanistan
is the head of the Supreme Court of Afghanistan and the highest-ranking judicial official in the country. The chief justice presides over the Supreme Court
Chief_Justice_of_Afghanistan
British Indian Judge
the Patna High Court during the British Raj. Chamier demonstrated judicial independence in 1916 at the inauguration of the new High Court building by not
Edward Maynard Des Champs Chamier
Edward_Maynard_Des_Champs_Chamier
courts which interprets and applies the law in Northern Cyprus. Judicial independence is safeguarded by the Constitution of the country. Regulations applied
Judiciary_of_Northern_Cyprus
Legal changes in Ireland and Great Britain
Kingdom of Ireland following concessions to its legislative and judicial independence by the British Crown and Parliament. Constrained by the revolt of
Constitution_of_1782
JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE
JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name for someone from Woolcot in Somerset, possibly so named from Middle English wolle ‘spring’, ‘stream’ + cot ‘cottage’, ‘shelter’.Henry Wolcott (1578–1655), clothier, came from Tolland, Somerset, England, and settled in Windsor, CT, in 1636. His grandson Roger (1679–1767) was colonial governor of CT; his great-grandson Oliver (1726–1797) was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : perhaps a metonymic occupational name for someone who carried out judicial floggings, from Middle English whip, or perhaps, as Reaney suggests, from the Old English personal name Wippa.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived by a willow tree, Middle English wythe (Old English wiððe).American bearers of the surname Wythe trace their ancestry to Thomas Wythe, who emigrated from England to VA in 1680. One of his descendants was the statesman and jurist George Wythe (1726–1806), mentor of Thomas Jefferson and one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence.
Surname or Lastname
English (Kent)
English (Kent) : apparently a habitational name from a lost or unidentified place, possibly so named from Old English gÄra ‘triangular piece of land’ + hÄm ‘homestead’.Born in England, John Gorham emigrated to MA and in 1643 married Desire Howland, daughter of John Howland, who came to America on the Mayflower. His descendant Nathaniel (1738–96) was born in Charlestown, MA, and was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Hillary.William Ellery, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born in Newport, RI, in 1727.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of the numerous places called Walton. The first element in these names was variously Old English walh ‘foreigner’, ‘Briton’, genitive plural wala (see Wallace), w(e)ald ‘forest’, w(e)all ‘wall’, or wæll(a) ‘spring’, ‘stream’.George Walton (1741–1804) signed the Declaration of Independence. He was born in Prince Edward Co., VA, whither his grandfather had emigrated from England in 1682. He moved to Savannah, GA, and became governor of GA and a prominent jurist.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : topographic name for someone who lived among rushes, from Middle English rush (a collective singular, Old English rysc), or perhaps an occupational name for someone who wove mats, baskets, and other articles out of rushes.Irish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Ruis ‘descendant of Ros’, a personal name perhaps derived from ros ‘wood’. In Connacht it has also been used as a translation of Ó Luachra (see Loughrey).Irish : Anglicized form (translation) of Gaelic Ó Fuada, ‘descendant of Fuada’ a personal name meaning ‘hasty’, ‘rushing’ (see Foody).Altered spelling of German Rüsch or Rusch (see Rusch) or Rosch.Benjamin Rush (1745–1813), a physician and signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born in the PA farming community of Byberry. He was descended from John Rush, a yeoman from Oxfordshire, England, who came to Byberry in 1683.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : of uncertain origin, perhaps, as Reaney suggests, from a pet form of the Old English personal name Wippa, or perhaps a topographic name for someone who lived by a whipple tree, whatever that may have been. Chaucer lists whippletree (probably a kind of dogwood) along with maple, thorn, beech, hazel, and yew.Matthew Whipple came from England to Ipswich, MA, in about 1638. His descendent William Whipple (1730–85) born in Kittery, ME, was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Telugu
Judicial
Surname or Lastname
English and Scottish
English and Scottish : occupational name for a stonemason, Middle English, Old French mas(s)on. Compare Machen. Stonemasonry was a hugely important craft in the Middle Ages.Italian (Veneto) : from a short form of Masone.French : from a regional variant of maison ‘house’.George Mason (1725–92), the American colonial statesman who framed the VA Bill of Rights and Constitution, which was used as a model by Thomas Jefferson when drafting the Declaration of Independence, was a VA planter, fourth in descent from George Mason (?1629–?86), a royalist soldier of the English Civil War who had received land grants in VA. As well as being prominent in the affairs of VA, the family also produced the first governor of MI.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of the places, for example in Cheshire, County Durham, Hertfordshire, Norfolk, Shropshire, Warwickshire, Wiltshire, Worcestershire, and North and West Yorkshire, so called from Old English stocc ‘tree trunk’ or stoc ‘dependent settlement’ + tūn ‘enclosure’, ‘settlement’. It is not possible to distinguish between the two first elements on the basis of early forms.A family of this name were established in America by an English Quaker, Richard Stockton, in 1656. He bought large tracts of land around Princeton, NJ, and founded an estate on which his great-grandson, Richard Stockton (1730–81), a leading colonial lawyer and one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, was born.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : patronymic from Jeffrey.The third U.S. president, author of the Declaration of Independence, and VA statesman Thomas Jefferson relates in his memoirs a family tradition that he was descended from Welsh stock on his father’s side, while noting the relative infrequency of the name Jefferson in Wales. It is a characteristically northern English name. A Jefferson was among the burgesses who attended the first representative assembly at Jamestown, VA, in 1619.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Middle English personal name Hann + the hypocoristic suffix -cok, which was commonly added to personal names (see Cocke).Dutch : from Middle Dutch hanecoc ‘winkle’, ‘periwinkle’ (a type of shellfish), probably a metonymic occupational name for someone who gathered and sold shellfish.Thomas Hancock, the uncle of Declaration of Independence signatory John Hancock (1736/7–93), was among the foremost of 18th-century American businessmen. He was a descendant of Nathaniel Hancock, who was known to have been in Cambridge, MA, as early as 1634. Born in Braintree, MA, John Hancock was president of the Second Continental Congress and the first governor of the state of MA.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname for a person with red hair or a ruddy complexion, from Middle English re(a)d ‘red’.English : topographic name for someone who lived in a clearing, from an unattested Old English rīed, r̄d ‘woodland clearing’.English : Read in Lancashire, the name of which is a contracted form of Old English rǣghēafod, from rǣge ‘female roe deer’, ‘she-goat’ + hēafod ‘head(land)’; Rede in Suffolk, so called from Old English hrēod ‘reeds’; or Reed in Hertfordshire, so called from an Old English ryhð ‘brushwood’.English : A family called Read were established in America in the early 18th century by John Read, who was born in Dublin, sixth in descent from Sir Thomas Read of Berkshire, England. His son, George Read (1733–98), was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and as a lawyer helped frame the Constitution.
Male
Celtic
, sportive.
Boy/Male
Sikh
Self-rule, Independence
Surname or Lastname
Irish
Irish : reduced Anglicized form of Gaelic Ó Loingsigh ‘descendant of Loingseach’, a personal name meaning ‘mariner’ (from long ‘ship’). This is now a common surname in Ireland but of different local origins, for example chieftain families in counties Antrim and Tipperary, while in Ulster and Connacht there were families called Ó Loingseacháin who later shortened their name to Ó Loingsigh and also Anglicized it as Lynch.Irish (Anglo-Norman) : Anglicized form of Gaelic Linseach, itself a Gaelicized form of Anglo-Norman French de Lench, the version found in old records. This seems to be a local name, but its origin is unknown. One family of bearers of this name was of Norman origin, but became one of the most important tribes of Galway.English : topographic name for someone who lived on a slope or hillside, Old English hlinc, or perhaps a habitational name from Lynch in Dorset or Somerset or Linch in Sussex, all named with this word.This name was brought independently from Ireland to North America by many bearers. Jonack Lynch emigrated from Ireland to SC shortly after the first settlement of that colony in 1670. His grandson Thomas Lynch, born in 1727 in Berkeley Co., SC, was a member of both Continental Congresses, and his great-grandson, also called Thomas Lynch, born 1749 in Winyaw, SC, was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : occupational name for a sheepshearer or someone who used shears to trim the surface of finished cloth and remove excess nap, from Middle English shereman ‘shearer’.Americanized spelling of German Schuermann.Jewish (Ashkenazic) : occupational name for a tailor, from Yiddish sher ‘scissors’ + man ‘man’.Roger Sherman (1722–93), the only man to sign all three documents at the foundation of the American republic (the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the U.S. Constitution), was born in Newton, MA, a descendant of Capt. John Sherman, who had emigrated in about 1636 to MA from Dedham, Essex, England, where his father was a farmer, following his brother Edmund, who had emigrated two years earlier. A descendant of Edmund Sherman was the U.S. general William Tecumseh Sherman (1820–91), who led the Union march through GA. He was born in Lancaster, OH, the son of a judge; his middle name was bestowed in honor of a Shawnee chieftain.
Male
Celtic
, sportive.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of several places so called, named with the genitive plural huntena of Old English hunta ‘hunter’ + tūn ‘enclosure’, ‘settlement’ or dūn ‘hill’ (the forms in -ton and -don having become inextricably confused). A number of bearers of this name may well derive it from Huntingdon, now in Cambridgeshire (formerly the county seat of the old county of Huntingdonshire), which is named from the genitive case of Old English hunta ‘huntsman’, perhaps used as a personal name, + dūn ‘hill’.A prominent American family of this name were founded by Simon Huntington, who himself never saw the New World, for he died in 1633 on the voyage to Boston, where his widow settled with her children. Their descendants include Jabez Huntington (1719–86), a wealthy West Indies trader, and Samuel Huntington (1731–96), who was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. Collis Potter Huntington (1821–1900) was an American railway magnate. Beginning with little education or money, he made a huge fortune, some of which he left to his nephew, Henry Huntington (1850–1927), who used the money to establish the Huntington library and art gallery in CA.
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JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE
a.
Unprejudiced; just; judicial; honest.
n.
A deliberate determination by the judicial power; a judicial decision or sentence.
a.
Fitted or apt for judging or deciding; as, a judicial mind.
v. t.
To take away by judicial decision.
n.
Judicial inquiry; official examination; inquest.
n.
Rejection by judicial sentence.
v. t.
To determine in the exercise of judicial power; to decide or award judicially; to adjudicate; as, the case was adjudged in the November term.
a.
Liable to judicial investigation.
adv.
In a judicial capacity or judicial manner.
n.
That branch of government in which judicial power is vested; the system of courts of justice in a country; the judges, taken collectively; as, an independent judiciary; the senate committee on the judiciary.
a.
Judicious.
a.
Not according to the forms of law; not judicial.
a.
Fitted to be a subject of judicial investigation; capable of being judicially heard and determined.
n.
Judicial or penal safe-keeping.
a.
Belonging to the judiciary, as distinguished from legislative, administrative, or executive. See Executive.
a.
Admitting judicial inquiry.
a.
Pertaining or appropriate to courts of justice, or to a judge; practiced or conformed to in the administration of justice; sanctioned or ordered by a court; as, judicial power; judicial proceedings; a judicial sale.
a.
Of or pertaining to courts of judicature, or legal tribunals; judicial; as, a judiciary proceeding.
n.
The session of a judicial assembly.
v. t.
Judgment; judicial sentence; penal decree; condemnation.