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Islamic practice of tax farming
An iqta (Arabic: إقطاع, romanized: iqṭāʿ) and occasionally iqtaʿa (Arabic: إقطاعة) was an Islamic practice of farming out tax revenues yielded by land
Iqta'
State in Egypt, Hejaz and Syria (1250–1517)
between Europe and the Indian Ocean. The Mamluks themselves relied on the iqta' system to provide revenues. They were also major patrons of art and architecture:
Mamluk_Sultanate
Turco-Persianate empire (1037–1194)
the Iqta' Army. The Ikta system, reorganized by Vizier Nizam al-Mulk, both trained soldiers and increased the prosperity of these lands. The Iqta' System
Seljuk_Empire
Sultan of Delhi from 1211 to 1236
Iltutmish rose to prominence in Aibak's service, and was granted the important iqta' of Badaun. His military actions against the Khokhar rebels in 1205–1206
Iltutmish
Sultanate in Egypt and Levant from 1171 to 1341
jāmakiyya, the amirs were often assigned an iqta' (fiefdom) by the sultan or other rulers. From the income of these iqta, they were required to provide a specific
Ayyubid_dynasty
Sultan of Delhi from 1236 to 1240
again. Razia treated him leniently; she took away the iqta of Lahore from him, but assigned him the iqta of Multan, which Iltutmish had assigned to Ikhtiyaruddin
Razia_Sultan
Ghurid general and Sultan of Delhi from 1206 to 1210
exact nature of this assignment is not clear: Minhaj describes it as an iqta', Fakhr-i Mudabbir calls it a "command" (sipahsalari), and Hasan Nizami states
Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak
Turkic slave commander corps of the Delhi Sultanate (1211–1266)
Holders of fiefs who were required in Delhi did not usually go to their iqta's personally. Balaban, however, had to go to Hansi to supervise the mobilization
Corps_of_Forty
Ottoman province from 1559 to mid-1700s
formed out of the area referred to in the Ottoman sources as the Iqta of Turabay. This iqta consisted of the nahiyas (subdistricts) of Atlit and Marj Bani
Lajjun_Sanjak
Societies before industrialization
society Imperialism Mandala Manorialism Mercantilism Merchant capitalism Iqta' Palace economy Planned economy Subsistence agriculture Subsistence Traditional
Pre-industrial_society
5th Abbasid caliph (r. 786–809)
Officials Robe of honour and tiraz Shurta Vizier Financial administration Diwan Iqta' Kharaj Military Abna al-dawla Ghilman Battles Commanders Wars Religion and
Harun_al-Rashid
Sultan of Delhi in 1236
who was a hand-maid of Turkic origin. As a prince, he was assigned the iqta' of Badaun in 1228. He administered Badaun with the support of Ainul Mulk
Ruknuddin_Firuz
Qarmatian attack on the Abbasids
Officials Robe of honour and tiraz Shurta Vizier Financial administration Diwan Iqta' Kharaj Military Abna al-dawla Ghilman Battles Commanders Wars Religion and
Sack_of_Mecca
Mirza
Sultan bestowed favors upon him by assigning him first the iqta of Baran and then the iqta of Tabarhinda. However, he conspired with other Turkic officers
Malik_Altunia
Maronite Christian family from Lebanon
Ottoman Tanzimat ended the iqta' system in Mount Lebanon in 1859. One branch of the family, that of Mansur al-Dahdah also held the iqta' for the Byblos District
House_of_al-Dahdah
Kingdom in North India (1390–1444)
Malikzada Firuz's position by adding Tughluqpur with its dependencies and the Iqtas of Erich, Chanderi, Shahpur, and Rapri to the shiqq. The Sultan honoured
Kingdom_of_Kalpi
Atabeg of Mosul, Aleppo, Hama and Edessa, Mesopotamia
around Wasit, and was granted Governorship of the region of Wasit as an ıqta. In alliance with the troops of the Caliphate, they defeated Dubays at the
Imad_al-Din_Zengi
Amir of the Ghaznavid Empire from 977 to 997
from raids ceased and soldiers turned to iqta as a source of income. Gradually, the soldiers turned their iqta lands into independent ownerships and grew
Sabuktigin
747–750 overthrow of the Umayyad caliphate
Officials Robe of honour and tiraz Shurta Vizier Financial administration Diwan Iqta' Kharaj Military Abna al-dawla Ghilman Battles Commanders Wars Religion and
Abbasid_revolution
Third Islamic caliphate
in the long-term. It was in this period that the practice of giving out iqtas (fiefs in the form of tax farms) as favours began, which had the effect
Abbasid_Caliphate
Son of Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (died 750)
property in the Diyar Mudar district, in the vicinity of Mosul, to Sa'id as an iqta (land grant). He had a canal dug through the property, which was later named
Sa'id_ibn_Abd_al-Malik
known as Rai-Bhoi-Di-Talwandi, a village in the province of Punjab (an 'Iqta/Subah of the ruling Delhi Sultanate). He was born a Hindu but embraced Islam
Rai_Bhoe_Bhatti
13th century Kurdish tribe
Qaymariyya never rebelled. In 1252, the iqta' of Nasir al-Din al-Qaymari supplied 250 horsemen. This is the largest iqta' known from Ayyubid Syria. In 1251
Qaymariyya_(tribe)
City in Morocco
enough established to receive an extensive iqta', or land grant, from the Alawi sultan Al-Rashid of Morocco. The iqta’ extended from upstream of present Ifrane
Ifrane
General of the Delhi Sultanate
Amir-i-Majlis (chief of protocol), and granted him the iqta' of Multan. In c. 1310, Alauddin granted Alp Khan the iqta' of Gujarat. The Jain works praise Alp Khan
Alp_Khan
other Khwarazmian leaders and distributed to them title deeds to various iqta's (tax revenue districts) in the frontier province of Erzurum, included some
Khwarazmian army between 1231 and 1246
Khwarazmian_army_between_1231_and_1246
13th-century Turko-Afghan military general of the Ghurid dynasty
Prithviraja III. Mahmud was later honoured with the iqta of Kashamandi. After the death of his uncle, the iqta was passed to Bakhtiyar. However, Bakhtiyar did
Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji
Berber Muslim dynasty, 1244–1465
salary from the treasury, while the chieftains of tribal levies were given iqta' lands as compensation. The army's main weakness was its naval fleet, which
Marinid_dynasty
Socioeconomic class in Sassanian and Islamic Iran
fade away under the Seljuks and Qarakhanids, due to the increase of the iqta' (land grants) and the decline of the landowning class. By the time of their
Dehqan
Christian states in the Levant, 1098–1291
of majority or died. The Seljuks adopted and strengthened the traditional iqta' system of the administration of state revenues. This system secured the
Crusader_states
Historical emirate
al-Andalus. The Umayyad Caliph al-Walid I had obtained the territory through iqta', the Isamic practice of tax farming. His son 'Abd al-Malik bestowed the
Emirate_of_Nekor
Crusader state in the Levant from 1099 to 1291
themselves vassals to the king. Agricultural production was regulated by the iqta, a Muslim system of land ownership and payments roughly (though far from
Kingdom_of_Jerusalem
Mongol conquest of the Abbasid Caliphate (1258)
Officials Robe of honour and tiraz Shurta Vizier Financial administration Diwan Iqta' Kharaj Military Abna al-dawla Ghilman Battles Commanders Wars Religion and
Siege_of_Baghdad
Slave-soldiers in the Islamic world
From the 10th century, masters would distribute tax farming land grants (Iqta) to the ghilman to support their slave armies. The Buyids and likely the
Ghilman
Leader of the Bedouin tribes in Syria
al-ʿarab as an "iqtaʿ iʿtidād (fief of reliance). This status officially precluded the Bedouin from the military service required of iqtaʿ-holders, indicating
Amir_al-ʿarab
Delhi Sultanate's governor of Bengal from 1232 to 1236
powerful amongst the Maliks and titled Amir al-Majlis. He was given the iqta' of 28 wilayat in Sursuti by 1227. He was later stationed in Bihar. After
Saifuddin_Aibak
Beg of Dulkadir from 1442 to 1454
2000, p. 423. Venzke, Margaret L. (2000). "The Case of a Dulgadir-Mamluk Iqṭāʿ: A Re-Assessment of the Dulgadir Principality and Its Position within the
Suleiman_of_Dulkadir
Sultan of Delhi from 1266 to 1287
children and women who took possession of the Iqta of their forebears, were to be deprived of their Iqtas and compensated with the money required to sustain
Balban
Sultan of Malwa from 1436 to 1469
Nasiruddin, was a cousin of sultan Jalaluddin Khalji, and was given the iqta of Amroha as his jagir. Mahmud was also a grandnephew of Dilawar Khan, the
Mahmud_Khalji
8th Abbasid caliph (r. 833–842)
Officials Robe of honour and tiraz Shurta Vizier Financial administration Diwan Iqta' Kharaj Military Abna al-dawla Ghilman Battles Commanders Wars Religion and
Al-Mu'tasim
Late medieval kingdom in northern India (1401–1562)
Nasiruddin, was a cousin of sultan Jalaluddin Khalji, and was given the iqta of Amroha as his jagir. Mahmud was also a grandnephew of Dilawar Khan, the
Malwa_Sultanate
12th-century wars between the Seljuk Empire and the Nizari Ismailis
contributed to the widespread revolt. The new Seljuk social order was based on iqta' (allotted land), which subjugated the locals under a Turkic emir and his
Nizari–Seljuk_conflicts
1147–1149 Christian holy war
equipped. The basis of the military system in the Islamic Middle East was the iqta' system of fiefs, which supported a certain number of troops in every district
Second_Crusade
Abbasid caliph from 750 to 754
Officials Robe of honour and tiraz Shurta Vizier Financial administration Diwan Iqta' Kharaj Military Abna al-dawla Ghilman Battles Commanders Wars Religion and
Al-Saffah
1090–1256 Nizari state in northwest Iran and Syria
resentment for the ruling Seljuks, who had divided the country's farmland into iqtā’ (fiefs) and levied heavy taxes upon the citizens living therein. The Seljuk
Nizari_Ismaili_state
Form of land tenure in the Ottoman Empire
administrations dissolved, and ziamets were converted into tax farms or iqta. This conversion proved to be the first step to growing provincial control
Ziamet
Last sultan of the Great Seljuk Empire (r.1176–1194)
Seljuk princes in their assigned iqtas, and exercised power on their behalf, ultimately took over control of the iqtas for themselves, ruled their lands
Tughril_III
Turkish principality in the 12th century
Seljuk Empire conquered the city of Bitlis the city was given to Mehmet as an iqta i.e., nonheritable property in 1085. After conquering the nearby town of
Beylik_of_Dilmaç
Part of the Sixth Crusade
1193–1260. State University of New York Press. Satō, Tsugitaka (1986). "Iqṭāʿ Policy of Sultan Baybars I". Orient. 22: 85–104. doi:10.5356/orient1960
Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1244)
861–870 crisis in the Abbasid Caliphate
Officials Robe of honour and tiraz Shurta Vizier Financial administration Diwan Iqta' Kharaj Military Abna al-dawla Ghilman Battles Commanders Wars Religion and
Anarchy_at_Samarra
Shia dynasty in Iran and Iraq (934–1062)
the army. To compensate their soldiers, the Buyid amīrs often distributed iqtāʾs, or the rights to a percentage of tax revenues from a province (tax farming)
Buyid_dynasty
Sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1094 to 1105
Muhammad's base at the city of Ganja in Arran, which had been given to him as an iqta' (land grant) by Berkyaruq back in 1093. Muhammad's capture of Ray exposed
Berkyaruq
General of the Delhi Sultanate (died 1302)
and a general of the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji. He held the iqta' of Bayana in present-day India. Ulugh Khan played an important role in Alauddin's
Ulugh_Khan
nobles. The lands of vassals were called fiefs. A similar system is the Iqta‘, used by medieval Islamic societies of the middle east and north Africa
List_of_forms_of_government
Medieval dynasty in Levant (12th–15th)
Crusader coastlands and the Muslim interior of the Levant. They were granted iqtas (revenue fiefs) over villages in the Gharb and command over its peasant
Buhturids
Lord of Palmyra
Salamiyah, Sarmin and Douma. Muhanna later criticized an-Nasir's generous iqtaʿ distribution to the Bedouin tribes, believing it would ultimately degrade
Muhanna_ibn_Isa
Governor of Aleppo (died 1177)
Egypt, Saladin, and surrendered the city to him. As-Salih granted Harem in iqta' to him. Gümüshtekin who was the governor of Aleppo and neighboring lands
Gümüshtekin
2nd Abbasid caliph (r. 754–775)
Officials Robe of honour and tiraz Shurta Vizier Financial administration Diwan Iqta' Kharaj Military Abna al-dawla Ghilman Battles Commanders Wars Religion and
Al-Mansur
Beg of Dulkadir from 1480 to 1515
realm, combining sharia (Islamic law) and local customary law. Bozkurt held iqta' (Islamic tax-farms) that lay outside his realm in Mamluk territory to the
Ala_al-Dawla_Bozkurt
Period of religious persecution instituted by the 'Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun
Officials Robe of honour and tiraz Shurta Vizier Financial administration Diwan Iqta' Kharaj Military Abna al-dawla Ghilman Battles Commanders Wars Religion and
Mihna
1511–1920 state in Central Asia
land and privilege assignments (including forms analogous to suyurghal and iqta) were used to bind service and loyalty, integrating military obligations
Khanate_of_Khiva
Delhi Sultanate, belonging to the Mamluk dynasty (slave dynasty), introduced IQTA (tax, revenue) system. Died in 1236. 1211–1215 Anangabhima Deva III of the
Timeline_of_Indian_history
to relinquish Aleppo to Fatimid administration in return for a lifetime iqtaʿ (fief) consisting of Sidon, Tyre and Beirut and all of the treasures of
Fath_al-Qal'i
1979 film
Revolution and show struggles between peasants (fellahin) and feudal lords (iqta') during the period. Screenwriters: Sabah Atwan, Saheb Haddad, Mohamed Shukri
Another_Day_(1979_film)
Governing institution in Algeria
power and delegated control of part of their territory to them. This is the iqta system: the tribes collect taxes, which they pay in part to their sovereign
Makhzen_(Algeria)
Turkic dynasty in Persia (1136–1225)
successor of the throne and transferred Azerbaijan to his possession as iqta. Eldegiz chose Barda as his residence, and attracted the local emirs to his
Eldiguzids
Muslim prince (died 1180)
power structure of the Fatimid state around himself and his relatives. The iqta' or "fief" given to Turanshah comprised the major cities of Qus and Aswan
Turan-Shah
Arab-Berber tribal confederation
Mamluks, established some Hawwara groups in Upper Egypt and granted the Iqta' of Girga to the Hawwari chief, Isma'il ibn Mazin. Isma'il was succeeded
Hawwara
Afghan General of the Delhi Sultanate
Kanhadadeva and his son Viramadeva. After this victory, Kamal al-Din held the iqta' of Jalor. During the last days of Alauddin's reign, Kamal al-Din allied
Kamal_al-Din_Gurg
General of Delhi Sultanate
chamberlain who also served as a military commander. By 1309–1310, he held the iqta' (administrative grant) of Rapri. In 1306, Alauddin sent an army led by Kafur
Malik_Kafur
16th century). Slavery and empire-formation tied in particularly well with iqta and it is within this context of Islamic expansion that elite slavery was
History_of_slavery
Slave-soldiers and enslaved mercenaries in the Muslim world
Fondok Bilal and Fondok al-Salih) Hajib حاجب Doorkeeper of sultan's court Iqta إقطاع Revenue from land allotment Jamkiya جامكية Salary paid to a Mamluk
Mamluk
Sultan of Delhi from 1296 to 1316
fertile land under the directly governed crown territory, by eliminating iqta's, land grants and vassals in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab region. He imposed a 50%
Alauddin_Khalji
Titulature of the Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi Found in Numismatic Legends Iqta' system in the pre-Ghurid kingdoms and its antecedents The Afghans and their
Jabir_Raza
Lebanese writer
common way for Christians to attain social mobility under the restrictive iqta' system by which Mount Lebanon, which he described as "a country of tribes"
Nasif_al-Yaziji
869–883 Revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate
Officials Robe of honour and tiraz Shurta Vizier Financial administration Diwan Iqta' Kharaj Military Abna al-dawla Ghilman Battles Commanders Wars Religion and
Zanj_Rebellion
City in Madaba Governorate, Jordan
and ceramics. In 1261, the Mamluk sultan Baybars granted Dhiʾban as an iqṭāʿ "tax farm" to the son of an Ayyubid prince. Dhiʾban prospered throughout
Dhiban,_Jordan
Fourth Islamic caliphate (909–1171)
Caliph himself was reduced to the role of a figurehead. The reliance on the iqta system also ate into Fatimid central authority, as more and more the military
Fatimid_Caliphate
Land force of the Fatimid Caliphate
grants (iqṭāʾ) to their troops for their upkeep. Under al-Hakim, such grants were made even to ordinary soldiers. Bedouin tribes also received iqṭāʾ, but
Fatimid_army
Empire in Northern India between 1538/1540 and 1556
over 20,000 men. The head of Iqtas were known by different names, such as Hakim, Faujdar, or Momin. These head of Iqtas had their own bodies of men, which
Sur_Empire
Term used for a province in the Mughal Empire
Administrative divisions of India Subah or Taraf, Pargana or Mahal, Mauza or Pir Iqta' Raigad was part of Konkan Subah but was separated in 1721, and was made
Subah
Ghurid sultan from 1173 to 1206
slavery and was later bestowed with the domains of Kerman and Sanjar for his Iqṭāʿ by the Ghurid Sultan. He raised his slaves with affection and treated them
Muhammad_of_Ghor
751 battle between the Abbasid Caliphate and the Tang dynasty
Officials Robe of honour and tiraz Shurta Vizier Financial administration Diwan Iqta' Kharaj Military Abna al-dawla Ghilman Battles Commanders Wars Religion and
Battle_of_Talas
Khwarazm Shah
surrendered after a month, Kharmil being rewarded by the Khwarazmshah with an iqta worth 250,000 dinars. Muhammad arrived to Herat after cutting off the failed
Muhammad_II_of_Khwarazm
Sultan of Hindustan from 1540 to 1545
Alauddin Khalji. The Sur Empire was divided into many subdivisions called Iqtas, which were often ruled by military governors. Haibat Khan, who governed
Sher_Shah_Suri
Social system in South Asia
mudabbiri or khwajgi,[clarification needed] and were not eligible for an iqta recommendation. Ghiyas ud din Balban kept low-birth people from important
Caste system among South Asian Muslims
Caste_system_among_South_Asian_Muslims
City in Uttar Pradesh, India
Khiljis and Tughlaqs, the prominence continued unabated; it had become an Iqta by the times of Alauddin Khalji. The Battle of Aligarh was fought on 1 September
Aligarh
City in northern Israel
allowed its residents to relocate to Tyre. He granted Safed and Tiberias as an iqta (akin to a fief) to Sa'd al-Din Mas'ud ibn Mubarak (d. 1211), the son of
Safed
Dynasty in South Asia from 1320 to 1413
empire by appointing family members and Muslim aristocracy as na'ib (نائب) of Iqta' (farming provinces, اقطاع) under contract. The contract would require that
Tughlaq_dynasty
Persian scholar and vizier of the Seljuk Empire (1018–1092)
sultanate during the reigns of Alp Arslan and his son, Malik Shah I. Military iqtā' (fiefs), governed by Seljuk princes, were established to provide support
Nizam_al-Mulk
Delhi Sultanate official (died 1362)
Muhammad ibn Tughlaq (1325–1351) who appointed him to the governorship (Iqta') of Awadh, where he put down a rebellion at Kara in 1338. According to Ibn
Ayn_al-Mulk_Mahru
Nizari Isma'ili military order (1090–1256)
biographer ibn Abd al-Zahir reported that he was granting Assassin lands in iqta' to his generals, and in 1265 began to tax the "gifts" the Assassins received
Order_of_Assassins
Vizier to the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt
Damascus as al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb's viceroy (nāʾib al-salṭana). He distributed iqṭāʿs (lands) to the Khwārazmains, but they considered them insufficient. He appointed
Mu'in al-Din Hasan ibn al-Shaykh
Mu'in_al-Din_Hasan_ibn_al-Shaykh
Calendar year
confronts the Bedouin Jarrahids, sending troops to collect the taxes from the iqtaʿ(fief) of the Bayt Jibrin, led by Hassan ibn Mufarrij. The Jarrahids kill
1024
Subdivision of the Ottoman Empire
included only part of the Jezreel Valley, the remaining part belonging to the Iqta of Turabay, which later became Lajjun Sanjak. Amal of Kafr Kanna Nahiya of
Safed_Sanjak
City in western Syria, ancient Emesa
soon restored. In 1164, Nur al-Din awarded Homs to Asad ad-Din Shirkuh as a iqtâ', but reclaimed it five years later following Shirkuh's death. The latter's
Homs
Major river in Asia
between the Ganges and Yamuna) became the primary source of tax revenue (Iqta') for the Sultans of Delhi. The Ganges provided a path for Sufi saints and
Ganges
Yazidi principality
strengthened their power. To counter this, he ordered the termination of all iqtaʿ rights previously granted to the Dasinis and instructed the governors of
Sheikhan_principality
High government ministry in various Islamic states
bureau, dīwān al-rawātib, and the salary and land grants bureau, dīwān al-iqṭāʾ). A number of lesser departments is also attested, although they may not
Divan
Palestinian city, northern West Bank
the Lajjun Sanjak (Lajjun District). The sanjak was officially called the Iqta (Fief) of Turabay until 1559 when it became officially known as the Lajjun
Jenin
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