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Ritual removal of the vulva
Infibulation is the ritual removal of the vulva and its suturing, a practice found mainly in northeastern Africa, particularly in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia
Infibulation
Ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the vulva
and closure of the vulva (type 3). In this last procedure, known as infibulation, a small hole is left for the passage of urine and menstrual fluid, the
Female_genital_mutilation
Cord or string worn by ancient Greece and Etruria athletes
quality of the masculine voice. In ancient Rome, this form of non-surgical infibulation might thus be used by singers as a regimen for preserving the voice.
Kynodesme
Permanent or temporary changes to human sex organs
infibulated, a practice found largely in Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia and Sudan. Infibulation, the most extreme form of FGM (known as Type III), consists of the removal
Genital modification and mutilation
Genital_modification_and_mutilation
leaving a small opening for the passage of urine and menstrual blood (infibulation) Type IV: other miscellaneous acts, might or might not include cauterization
Prevalence of female genital mutilation
Prevalence_of_female_genital_mutilation
Ring fastened to the human penis
Fibulas were frequent subject of ridicule among satirists in Rome. Infibulation could be also a surgical procedure in which two holes were pierced in
Fibula_(penile)
Piercing through the foreskin of the penis
left from his circumcision). Foreskin piercings have been used for male infibulation. Reference to foreskin piercing has been found in ancient writings dating
Foreskin_piercing
Part of the female reproductive tract
with no health benefits. The most severe form is Type III FGM, which is infibulation and involves removing all or part of the labia and the vagina being closed
Vagina
Female genital mutilation
or without removal of the clitoral glans and outer labia. Type III (infibulation): removal of the inner and outer labia and the fusion of the wound, leaving
Religious views on female genital mutilation
Religious_views_on_female_genital_mutilation
Broad medical subject
the urethra and introitus, with or without excision of the clitoris (infibulation). In this type a small opening is created to allow urine and menstrual
Women's_health
Sexual stimulation of one's own genitals
described more invasive procedures including electric shock treatment, infibulation, restraining devices like chastity belts and straitjackets, cauterization
Masturbation
1992 novel by Alice Walker
being damaged during his birth, which was complicated because of Tashi's infibulation. Benny's limited abilities make Tashi increasingly depressed because
Possessing_the_Secret_of_Joy
Erectile female sexual organ
distinction among the aristocracy"; there are reports that traces of infibulation are on Egyptian mummies. FGM is still routinely practiced in Egypt. Greenberg
Clitoris
Medical specialty encompassing two subspecialties
vaccine Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital cutting Clitoridectomy Infibulation Child marriage Forced marriage Polygamy Sexual intercourse Orgasm Dyspareunia
Obstetrics_and_gynaecology
Cushitic-speaking group from Kenya
cattle in the southern section. The Rendille traditionally practice infibulation. This practice has its origins in Ancient Egypt which is well documented
Rendille_people
Somali model, author, actress, and activist (born 1965)
was raped by her cousin. After the rape took place, Dirie underwent an infibulation procedure to remove her labia and suture her vulva, following cultural
Waris_Dirie
Supposed sexual right of medieval lords
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Droit_du_seigneur
been cut. The most common FGM procedure in that country is Type III (infibulation); the 2014 survey found that 77 percent of respondents had experienced
Female genital mutilation in Sudan
Female_genital_mutilation_in_Sudan
the bleeding. Type IV (infibulation) circumcision includes pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterization. Infibulation is mostly practiced in
Women's_rights_in_Djibouti
Collective sexual assault in public
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Mass_sexual_assault
covering the clitoris. The clitoris is generally not damaged. Type III, infibulation: Removing the clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora. This also involves
Female genital mutilation in Nigeria
Female_genital_mutilation_in_Nigeria
Abuse of members of the same household
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Domestic_violence
Time of offspring development in mother's body
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Pregnancy
Folds of skin that contain and protect the vulva's other parts
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Labia_majora
East up until as late as in the mid 20th-century, and the practice of infibulation was used to temporarily signal the virginity of girls, increasing their
Red_Sea_slave_trade
Act of sexual abuse
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Sexual_assault
removal of the clitoral hood Clitoridectomy – removal of the clitoris Infibulation – removal of the external genitalia (and suturing of the vulva) Labiaplasty
List_of_body_modifications
Type of murder
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Honor_killing
Flaps of skin on either side of the vaginal opening in the vulva
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Labia_minora
ruled that the women could play the roles. Italy: After a few cases of infibulation practiced by complaisant medical practitioners within the African immigrant
Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)
Timeline_of_women's_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)
Somali social scientist
Co-author of Social and Cultural Aspects of Female Circumcision and Infibulation: A Preliminary Report (1985), she was one of the early voices raised
Amina_Warsame
Form of acquaintance rape and dating violence
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Date_rape
Reproductive system of female humans
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Female_reproductive_system
American serial killer and rapist (1870–1936)
coprophagia, urophilia, hematolagnia, pedophilia, necrophilia, and infibulation. Dempsey, in his summation, noted that Fish was a "psychiatric phenomenon"
Albert_Fish
Number of times a female has given birth to a baby
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Gravidity_and_parity
Legendary proto-Somali queen
denouncing her for her androcidal nature and introducing the practise of infibulation, a type of FGM, while supporters eulogize her gynocentric attempts at
Arawelo
Former Chinese custom
ISBN 978-0-935312-02-7. Mackie, Gerry (1996). "Ending Footbinding and Infibulation: A Convention Account". American Sociological Review. 61 (6): 999–1017
Foot_binding
Termination of a pregnancy
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Abortion
Female sex organ in mammals
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Uterus
Examination intended to determine female virginity
virginity testing or even the suturing of the labia majora (called infibulation) has been commonplace. Traditionally, Kenuzi girls (of the Sudan) are
Virginity_test
Medical specialty concerning pregnancy and childbirth
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Obstetrics
Act of killing one's wife or girlfriend
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Uxoricide
Regions south of the Sahara
Sierra Leone and Mali have the highest prevalence of FGM in the world. Infibulation, the most extreme form of FGM, is concentrated primarily in Northeast
Sub-Saharan_Africa
State of the reproductive system without evidence of disease, disorders, or deficiencies
may not include removing all or part of the labia majora. Type III (Infibulation) is the act of removing the inner or outer labia and sealing the wound
Sexual and reproductive health
Sexual_and_reproductive_health
Periodic shedding of the uterine lining
who had undergone female genital mutilation (particularly type III- infibulation) a practice common in parts of Africa, may experience menstrual problems
Menstruation
reclassifying it from a moral offense to a criminal felony. After a few cases of infibulation practiced by complaisant medical practitioners within the African immigrant
Crime_in_Italy
Excessive vomitings during pregnancy
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Hyperemesis_gravidarum
Female reproductive organ that produces egg cells
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Ovary
Complication during childbirth
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Obstructed_labour
Force-feeding of girls for marriage
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Leblouh
Death of a fetus at or after 20–28 weeks of pregnancy
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Stillbirth
1982 book by Asma El Dareer
condominium in Sudan (1899–1955), the British outlawed Type III FGM (infibulation), a ban that was widely ignored. Type III was and remains highly prevalent
Woman,_Why_Do_You_Weep?
Inability to reproduce
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Infertility
Maltreatment or neglect of a child
infancy and 15 years. FGM is classified into four types, of which type 3 – infibulation – is the most extreme form. The consequences of FGM include physical
Child_abuse
Conclusion of the human pregnancy
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Childbirth
Pregnancy in under-20 year olds
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Teenage_pregnancy
Tubes in the human female reproductive system
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Fallopian_tube
Slavery with the intention of using the slaves for sex
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Sexual_slavery
Overview of rape classified with regards to gender
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Rape_by_gender
Assisted reproductive technology procedure
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
In_vitro_fertilisation
Act by which an individual or group seeks to deaden their sinful nature
painful, including circumcision, subincision, clitoridectomy, piercing, or infibulation. In some Native American tribes enduring scarification or the bites of
Mortification_of_the_flesh
Pre-eclampsia characterized by the presence of seizures
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Eclampsia
South African term for bride kidnapping
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Ukuthwalwa
Act of killing one's sister
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Sororicide
Aspect of human reproduction and medicine
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Maternal_death
Use of rape as a military strategy during the Bosnian War
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Rape_during_the_Bosnian_War
Process of raising a child
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Parenting
Part of the vulva that covers and protects the glans of the clitoris
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Clitoral_hood
practice of female genital mutilation (either or both of clitoridectomy and infibulation) is responsible for the high incidence of AIDS in Africa, since intercourse
History_of_HIV/AIDS
Peptide hormone and neuropeptide
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Oxytocin
reclassifying it from a moral offense to a criminal felony. After a few cases of infibulation practiced by complaisant medical practitioners within the African immigrant
Feminism_in_Italy
Birth at less than a specified gestational age
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Preterm_birth
Being married without consenting
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Forced_marriage
Sterilization effected by government coercion
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Compulsory_sterilization
vaccine Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital cutting Clitoridectomy Infibulation Child marriage Forced marriage Polygamy Sexual intercourse Orgasm Dyspareunia
Women's_health_in_China
2007 crime in Ontario, Canada
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Murder_of_Aqsa_Parvez
Sudanese physician
men in five Sudanese provinces with a high prevalence of Type III FGM (infibulation). El Dareer is the author of Woman, Why Do You Weep: Circumcision and
Asma_El_Dareer
Misconduct of a sexual nature; legal term in some jurisdictions
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Sexual_misconduct
Murder of women or girls because of their gender
in the classroom), genital mutilation (clitoridectomies, excision, infibulations), unnecessary gynecological operations (gratuitous hysterectomies),
Femicide
Infamous domestic violence case
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Lissette Ochoa domestic violence case
Lissette_Ochoa_domestic_violence_case
Culmination of a multiple pregnancy where two or more offspring are born
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Multiple_birth
Prosecutions for witchcraft in Europe
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Witch trials in the early modern period
Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period
literature of the times describes procedures for electric shock treatment, infibulation, restraining devices like chastity belts and straitjackets, cauterization
History_of_masturbation
Sexual assaults
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
We_Are_Sthlm_sexual_assaults
Public health issue of violent acts against women
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Violence against women in Cambodia
Violence_against_women_in_Cambodia
2012 documentary film about female infanticide
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
It's a Girl: The Three Deadliest Words in the World
It's_a_Girl:_The_Three_Deadliest_Words_in_the_World
Femicide to extort more dowry
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Dowry_death
Intentional killing of trans women
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Transfemicide
Natural premature termination of pregnancy
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Miscarriage
Homophobic hate crime
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Corrective_rape
Islamic rite of male circumcision
OCLC 987911042. Mackie, Gerry (December 1996). "Ending Footbinding and Infibulation: A Convention Account". American Sociological Review. 61 (6): 999–1017
Khitan_(circumcision)
Murder of females in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Femicide_in_Ciudad_Juárez
Homicide to restore moral reputation
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Honor killings in the United States
Honor_killings_in_the_United_States
Sexual act or attempt to obtain a sexual act by violence or coercion
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Sexual_violence
Artificial stimulation of childbirth
vaccine Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital cutting Clitoridectomy Infibulation Child marriage Forced marriage Polygamy Sexual intercourse Orgasm Dyspareunia
Labor_induction
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Female_infanticide_in_China
Surgical incision of the perineum and the posterior vaginal wall
Pelvic inflammatory disease Female genital mutilation Clitoridectomy Infibulation Breast binding Breast health Breast ironing Child marriage Dyspareunia
Episiotomy
Rape of a victim by their spouse
Acid attack Breast ironing Female genital mutilation Gishiri cutting Infibulation Foot binding Other issues Gaslighting Dating abuse Domestic violence
Marital_rape
Role of men and women in Islamic culture
ISBN 978-0-8122-1746-9. Mackie, Gerry (December 1996). "Ending Footbinding and Infibulation: A Convention Account" (PDF). American Sociological Review. 61 (6): 999–1017
Gender_roles_in_Islam
American Christian missionary
genitalia and the suturing of the wound (infibulation). The Kikuyu practised excision and sometimes infibulation, calling it irua for female and male circumcision
Hulda_Stumpf
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