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Trilemma in international economics
economy, the impossible trinity (also known as the trilemma, the monetary trilemma or the Unholy Trinity) is the view that it is impossible to have all
Impossible_trinity
Topics referred to by the same term
Unholy Trinity may refer to: Impossible trinity or unholy trinity, a concept in international economics The unholy trinity in John Milton's Paradise Lost
Unholy_Trinity
Difficult choice from three options
1949 book, Unions and Capitalism. In 1962 and 1963, a trilemma (or "impossible trinity") was introduced by the economists Robert Mundell and Marcus Fleming
Trilemma
Monetary policy limiting transfer of assets in or out of a country
sometimes discussed in relation to the impossible trinity (trilemma, the unholy trinity), the finding that its impossible for a nation's economic policy to
Capital_control
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
List of countries by central bank interest rates
List_of_countries_by_central_bank_interest_rates
Indian economist (born 1949)
the "Holy Trinity" of price stability, financial stability, and sovereign debt sustainability as opposed to the well-known "impossible trinity" of the Mundell's
Duvvuri_Subbarao
Group making loans to developing countries
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
World_Bank_Group
Proposed international financial institution
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Defence, Security and Resilience Bank
Defence,_Security_and_Resilience_Bank
Money held by a central bank to pay debts, if needed
exchange rate regime and other factors. This is known as trilemma or impossible trinity. Hence, in a world of perfect capital mobility, a country with fixed
Foreign_exchange_reserves
2025 book by Edward Fishman
Throughout the book's narrative, Fishman proposes a geo-economic “impossible trinity,” arguing that states cannot simultaneously sustain deep economic
Chokepoints
1971 decoupling of the US dollar from gold
Criticism of the Federal Reserve Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 Impossible trinity Petrodollar recycling Triffin dilemma United States Bullion Depository
Nixon_shock
Conflict of economic interests in countries with global reserve currencies
Woods system Dollar hegemony Exorbitant privilege Reserve currency Impossible trinity (trilemma) While named for Triffin, "(...) a virtually identical warning
Triffin_dilemma
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
List of countries by inflation rate
List_of_countries_by_inflation_rate
Study of the development of economic thought
an extension of the IS–LM Model to an open economy, proposing the Impossible Trinity of fixed exchange rate, free capital movement, and an independent
History_of_economic_thought
Economic model
principle is frequently called the "impossible trinity", "unholy trinity", "irreconcilable trinity", "inconsistent trinity", "policy trilemma", or the "Mundell–Fleming
Mundell–Fleming_model
Monetary policy tool of central banks
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Quantitative_tightening
Central bank communications on monetary policy
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Forward_guidance
First detonation of a nuclear weapon
Trinity was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, conducted by the United States Army at 5:29 a.m. Mountain War Time (11:29:21 GMT) on July 16, 1945
Trinity_(nuclear_test)
Monetary policy tool
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Yield_curve_control
Economic policy
rate regimes. Three, potentially desirable policies, are called "impossible trinity" because a country could not achieve all three at the same time. fixed
Fear_of_floating
Policy regarding macroeconomic conditions
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Zero_interest-rate_policy
Geographical region which efficiently shares a single currency
York Times. May 3, 2010. The Trilemma of a Monetary Union: Another Impossible Trinity Hanno Beck, Aloys Prinz, Intereconomics, Volume 47, January/February
Optimum_currency_area
Problem in macroeconomics
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Zero_lower_bound
Set of global prudential standards for banks
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Basel_Framework
International financial institution owned by central banks
Political positions within the Herbert Hoover administration made it impossible for U.S. Federal Reserve System officials to be formally involved in the
Bank for International Settlements
Bank_for_International_Settlements
Book written by Augustine of Hippo
sight. The anecdote means the impossibility for the finite human mind to know deeply the faith mystery of the Holy Trinity. The anecdote became a popular
On_the_Trinity
Aspect of monetary policy
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Fiscal_dominance
Term used to describe people by their preferred approach to monetary policy
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Monetary_hawk_and_dove
Political responses to globalisation
making it harder for a state to be coerced by any other single state. Impossible trinity International political economy "Why governments can't have it all"
Political trilemma of the world economy
Political_trilemma_of_the_world_economy
Currencies held by monetary authorities as part of their foreign exchange reserves
of economic interests in countries with global reserve currencies Impossible trinity – Trilemma in international economics "Glossary:Reserve currency"
Reserve_currency
Cooperative international body on global financial system
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Financial_Stability_Board
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Consumer price index by country
Consumer_price_index_by_country
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
List of central banks of Africa
List_of_central_banks_of_Africa
Government management of money
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Monetary_system
Financial-economic agreement reached in 1944
doi:10.1177/0022002703262860. ISSN 0022-0027. RICHARD PEET (2003). UNHOLY TRINITY: THE IMF, WORLD BANK, AND WTO. Internet Archive. ZED BOOKS. ISBN 978-1-84277-073-3
Bretton_Woods_system
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Monetary_policy_of_India
Exclusive legal control over a currency
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Monetary_sovereignty
Rule from monetary policy
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Taylor_rule
Financial institution and UN specialized agency
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
International_Monetary_Fund
Total value of money available in an economy at a specific point in time
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Money_supply
Doctrine of central bank freedom from political influence
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Central_bank_independence
1992 UK financial crisis
Union portal 1990s portal 1999–2002 sale of British gold reserves Impossible trinity – Trilemma in international economics Sterling crisis (disambiguation)
Black_Wednesday
Study of global economic governance
international finance is the impossible trinity, derived from the Mundell–Fleming model, which holds that it is impossible to simultaneously pursue all
International political economy
International_political_economy
Central Bank of the Russian Federation
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Central_Bank_of_Russia
Monetary policy tool
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Quantitative_easing
Profit from minting money
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Seigniorage
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Monetary policy reaction function
Monetary_policy_reaction_function
Monetary authority of Venezuela
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Central_Bank_of_Venezuela
Economic policy regarding increases to the money supply
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Friedman's_k-percent_rule
Spanish physician (born 1966)
relives 2004 Tsunami ordeal which inspired new movie 'The Impossible'". Daily Record. Glasgow: Trinity Mirror. ISSN 0956-8069. OCLC 500344244. Retrieved 2 April
María_Belón
Central Bank of Liechtenstein
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
National Bank of Liechtenstein
National_Bank_of_Liechtenstein
Exchange rate regime where a currency's value is fixed against another value
union Black Wednesday Capital control Convertibility Currency board Impossible trinity Speculative attack Swan diagram Dornbusch, Rüdiger; Fisher, Stanley;
Fixed_exchange_rate_system
Monetary Authority of Bolivia
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Central_Bank_of_Bolivia
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific
Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Asia-Pacific
Central and only bank of the Soviet Union
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
State_Bank_of_the_USSR
Measure of money supply
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Monetary_base
Central banking system of the US
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Federal_Reserve
Central Bank of Bahamas
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Central_Bank_of_the_Bahamas
State-owned bank in Suriname
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Central_Bank_of_Suriname
Monetary authority of Mexico
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Bank_of_Mexico
Situation described in Keynesian economics
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Liquidity_trap
Central Bank of Morocco
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Bank_Al-Maghrib
Government body that manages currency and monetary policy
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Central_bank
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
List_of_central_banks
Government finance
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Debt_monetization
Monetary Authority of Brazil
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Central_Bank_of_Brazil
Central bank's rate of interest
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Bank_rate
List of the central banks and currencies of the Caribbean
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean
Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Caribbean
International financial regulatory body
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision
Monetary Authority of Honduras
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Central_Bank_of_Honduras
Central bank of Australia
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Reserve_Bank_of_Australia
Policy proposal; central banks making direct money transfers to the public
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Helicopter_money
International organization
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Financial_Stability_Forum
Central bank of Panama
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
National_Bank_of_Panama
Central Bank of Peru
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Central_Reserve_Bank_of_Peru
Central bank
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Central_Bank_of_Costa_Rica
EU executive body
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
European System of Central Banks
European_System_of_Central_Banks
Monetary authority of Guatemala
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Bank_of_Guatemala
Monetary policy rule proposed by Milton Friedman
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Friedman_rule
Central Bank of Cayman Islands
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Cayman Islands Monetary Authority
Cayman_Islands_Monetary_Authority
Global economic system, 1945 to 1970s
Anticipating the trilemma that would later be formulated as the impossible trinity, John Maynard Keynes and Harry Dexter White argued that freedom of
Embedded_liberalism
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Central banks and currencies of Europe
Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Europe
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Monetary_policy_of_Sweden
Monetary authority of the Dominican Republic
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Central Bank of the Dominican Republic
Central_Bank_of_the_Dominican_Republic
Monetary policy relating to currency exchange rates
inability to have both is part of a concept known as the incompatible trinity. When deciding upon a currency regime countries can achieve two out of
Exchange_rate_regime
Monetary Authority of Chile
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Central_Bank_of_Chile
Central Bank of Haiti
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Haiti
Monetary policy
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Price_stability
Required amount of capital needed by financial institutions
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Capital_requirement
Monetary authority of Canada
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Bank_of_Canada
Supranational central bank
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Eastern Caribbean Central Bank
Eastern_Caribbean_Central_Bank
Type of regulation on commercial banks
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Reserve_requirement
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Association of African Central Banks
Association_of_African_Central_Banks
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago
Central_Bank_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago
List of banks and currencies
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Central banks and currencies of the Americas
Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Americas
Monetary policy on interest rates
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Inflation_targeting
featuring twelve returning Chopped champions. Similar to the Chopped: Impossible tournament, each episode's winner progressed to the finale, where the
List of Chopped episodes (seasons 21–40)
List_of_Chopped_episodes_(seasons_21–40)
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Derick_Latibeaudiere
Monetary authority of Jamaica
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Bank_of_Jamaica
Monetary authority of Papua New Guinea
Exchange rate regime Foreign exchange reserves List Forward guidance Impossible trinity Interest rates Bank rate List Discount rate IS–LM model Liquidity
Bank_of_Papua_New_Guinea
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