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Spanish and Portuguese energy policy
The Iberian exception (IE) is a set of legal measures introduced by the governments of Spain and Portugal to reduce electricity prices for Spanish and
Iberian_exception
Commission granting Spain a temporary mechanism to cap gas prices (the "Iberian exception"). Other major events included the 2021 Morocco–Spain border incident
2023_Spanish_general_election
Peninsula in southwestern Europe
The Iberian Peninsula (IPA: /aɪˈbɪəriən/ eye-BEER-ee-ən), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe. Mostly separated from the rest
Iberian_Peninsula
Pre-Roman languages indigenous to the Iberian Peninsula
Paleohispanic languages, with the exception of Proto-Basque, were replaced by Latin, the ancestor of the modern Iberian Romance languages. Some of these
Paleohispanic_languages
Extinct language of an indigenous western European people
The Iberian language is the language or family of languages of an indigenous western European people (the Iberians), identified by Greek and Roman sources
Iberian_language
Writing system
[citation needed] All of the Paleohispanic scripts, with the exception of the Greco-Iberian alphabet, share a common distinctive typological characteristic:
Northeastern_Iberian_script
Medieval Christian military campaigns (722–1492)
the fall of al-Andalus was a series of military campaigns by northern Iberian Christian polities against Muslim-ruled al-Andalus, which had previously
Reconquista
Writing system
The southeastern Iberian script, also known as Meridional Iberian, was one of the means of written expression for the Iberian language, which was primarily
Southeastern_Iberian_script
Heat waves affecting Europe in 2022
at least, the last 20 years." The first day of application of the "Iberian exception", by which the regulated price of electricity is calculated with a
2022_European_heatwaves
Country in Southern and Western Europe
early antiquity, the Iberian Peninsula was inhabited by Iberians, Celts, and other pre-Roman peoples. The Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula created
Spain
197–195 BC revolt against the Romans
The Iberian revolt (197–195 BC) was a rebellion of the Iberian peoples of the provinces Citerior and Ulterior, created shortly before in Hispania by the
Iberian_revolt
Listing of events in Spanish history
general Tariq ibn Ziyad, loyal to the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I, enters the Iberian peninsula from North Africa. At the Battle of Guadalete, Tariq ibn Ziyad
Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula
Timeline_of_the_Muslim_presence_in_the_Iberian_Peninsula
southwestern Europe and northern Africa, occupying about 84.6% of the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory includes a small exclave inside France called
Geography_of_Spain
Writing systems used before the Latin alphabet in Iberia
created in the Iberian Peninsula before the Latin alphabet became the dominant script. They derive from the Phoenician alphabet, with the exception of the Greco-Iberian
Paleohispanic_scripts
Region of lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have a Mediterranean climate
European peninsulas, the Apennine Peninsula, the Balkan Peninsula, and the Iberian Peninsula, extend into and comprise much of the Mediterranean-climate zone
Mediterranean_basin
Copper Age (3500 to 1700 BC) in prehistoric Europe
period. Large towns with stone walls appeared in two different areas of the Iberian Peninsula: one in the Portuguese region of Estremadura (culture of Vila
Chalcolithic_Europe
Ethnic group
the exception of Basque, stem from the Vulgar Latin that was spoken in Hispania (Roman Iberia). A new group of Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula
Spaniards
Ancient writing system from the Iberian peninsula
northeastern Iberian script, the most frequently used of the Iberian scripts. All the Paleohispanic scripts, with the exception of the Greco-Iberian alphabet
Celtiberian_script
Medieval West Iberian Romance language
Medieval Portuguese, was a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages, in the northwest area of the Iberian Peninsula. It is both the ancestor
Galician–Portuguese
World Heritage Site in Spain
The group of over 700 sites of prehistoric Rock Art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin, a type of Levantine art, were collectively declared a World Heritage
Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin
Rock_art_of_the_Iberian_Mediterranean_Basin
Jewish diaspora of Spain and Portugal
and rarely as Iberian Peninsula Jews, are a Jewish diaspora population associated with the historic Jewish communities of the Iberian Peninsula and their
Sephardic_Jews
Set of fortifications in the Spanish city of Ceuta
Ceuta became part of the Kingdom of Spain following the dissolution of the Iberian Union. The walls at the southern end of the city were severely damaged
Royal_Walls_of_Ceuta
Subspecies of carnivore
With the exception of the wolves in Italy and the Iberian Peninsula, all populations shown here consist of Eurasian wolves.
Eurasian_wolf
as a custom of Iron Age Spain, particularly in the central area of the Iberian Peninsula. Departing from the native tribe and serving militarily in others
Mercenaries of the ancient Iberian Peninsula
Mercenaries_of_the_ancient_Iberian_Peninsula
Muslim-ruled parts of the Iberian Peninsula (711–1492)
romanised: al-ʾAndalus) refers to the various Muslim ruled territories on the Iberian Peninsula that existed between 711 and 1492. At its height, it covered
Al-Andalus
Interpretatio Christiana strategic method
the temples of the old dispensation became the province of the new." Exceptions to this are the conversion of the Askepieion in Athens around 529, and
Christianized_sites
Period in Jewish history
During this period, Jews living in what was collectively called al-Andalus (Iberian territories under Muslim rule 711–1492, now Spain, Portugal, and Gibraltar)
Golden Age of Jewish culture in Spain
Golden_Age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain
Spanish politician and chemical engineer (born 1976)
Russian invasion of Ukraine, contributed to the approval of the "Iberian energy exception" and prepared the update of the National Integrated Energy and
Sara_Aagesen
Writing system used c. 1050 to 146 BC
bulk of PH inscriptions use, by far, the Northeastern Iberian script, which serves to write Iberian in the levantine coast North of Contestania and in the
Phoenician_alphabet
Technological development due to wars
Due to centuries of constant conflict, warfare and daily life in the Iberian Peninsula were interlinked. Small, lightly equipped armies were maintained
Iberian ship development, 1400–1600
Iberian_ship_development,_1400–1600
Aragon, whose marriage marked the beginning of Spanish power beyond the Iberian Peninsula. They pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created
Spanish colonization of the Americas
Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas
Title and rank given in the Iberian kingdoms of Spain and Portugal
"infant" or translated as "prince", is the title and rank given in the Iberian kingdoms of Spain (including the predecessor kingdoms of Aragon, Castile
Infante
Romance language historically spoken by Sephardi Jews
It has been spoken by Sephardic Jews since they were expelled from the Iberian Peninsula after the Edict of Expulsion, and with their migrations it spread
Judaeo-Spanish
1807–1814 war against Napoleon in Iberia
Toulouse The Peninsular War (1808–1814) was fought in the Iberian Peninsula by the Iberian nations Spain and Portugal, along with the United Kingdom,
Peninsular_War
Muslim-descended community in Spain
sizeable Muslim population, the mudéjars, in the early 16th century. The Iberian Union mistrusted Moriscos and feared that they would prompt new invasions
Morisco
Enchantress-goddess in Greek mythology
de la boue Perimede – a Greek mythological witch. Urganda – a figure in Iberian myth often identified as Circe. "Circe". Merriam-Webster. definition &
Circe
Dialect of the Portuguese language
Portuguese. "Peninsular Portuguese" (Portuguese: português peninsular) and "Iberian Portuguese" (Portuguese: português ibérico) are sometimes used, but they
European_Portuguese
centuries played a significant role in the expansion of the kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula for a multitude of reasons. Primarily, the maps developed during
Iberian cartography, 1400–1600
Iberian_cartography,_1400–1600
Portuguese association football club
das Amoreiras, which was considered at the time the best stadium in the Iberian Peninsula. The Casapians faced Benfica in the 4 categories in front of
Casa_Pia_A.C.
Arabic expression meaning "if God wills" or "God willing"
future, having the same meaning as the English word "hopefully". In the Iberian languages, the expression was borrowed as oxalá or ojalá, and it is used
Inshallah
Prehistory in the Iberian peninsula begins with the arrival of the first Homo genus representatives from Africa, which may range from c. 1.5 million years
Prehistoric_Iberia
Set of varieties of Spanish language
(Spanish: español de España), European Spanish (Spanish: español europeo), or Iberian Spanish (Spanish: español ibérico), is the set of varieties of the Spanish
Peninsular_Spanish
Sculpture style in Europe during the Middle Ages
the 14th century, the French style triumphed in most regions, with the exception of Galicia and Extremadura, and the main centres of monumental sculpture
Gothic_sculpture
Direct descendants of Vulgar Latin
Romance languages form a continuum extending from the far southwest of the Iberian Peninsula to the Flemish linguistic boundary in Belgium and as far as Istria
Romance_languages
Ancient Basque-related peoples of the western Pyrenees
compared them instead to the Iberians. The area had a material culture of its own, distinct from that of its Gaulish, Iberian and Celtiberian neighbours
Vasco-Aquitanian_peoples
Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968
Portugal and Spain signed the Iberian Pact, a non-aggression treaty that marked the beginning of a new phase in Iberian relations. Meetings between Franco
António_de_Oliveira_Salazar
quality and condition of public services (particularly following the 2025 Iberian Peninsula blackout and the 2026 Adamuz and Gelida train accidents). While
Next_Spanish_general_election
parental strengths through ornamental cues (e.g. a yellow chest patch in Iberian rock sparrows) are based on the differential allocation hypothesis. This
Parental_care_in_birds
Municipality in Spain
Spain. It is located on the banks of the Turia, on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula on the Mediterranean Sea. With a population of 824,340, it is
Valencia
418–720 kingdom in Iberia
barbarian kingdom that occupied what is now southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to the 8th century. One of the Germanic successor
Visigothic_Kingdom
Species of bee
parasitic cuckoo bumblebee found in most of Europe with the exception of the southern Iberian Peninsula and Iceland. B. bohemicus practices inquilinism
Bombus_bohemicus
Islam was once a major religion on the Iberian Peninsula, beginning with the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula and ending (at least overtly) with
Islam_in_Spain
European languages prior to the Bronze Age
language. ? Iberian – perhaps a relative to Aquitanian and Basque, but not confirmed. Tartessian – unclassified; possibly related to Iberian, if not related
Paleo-European_languages
distinct from each other, as well as from those varieties spoken in the Iberian Peninsula —collectively known as Peninsular Spanish— and Spanish spoken
Spanish language in the Americas
Spanish_language_in_the_Americas
Twenty-fourth letter of the Latin alphabet
in most Iberian languages and in the orthographies of other languages influenced by Spanish, such as Nahuatl. In French (with a few exceptions), Italian
X
of rulers during Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages in Gaul, the Iberian Peninsula and in the Byzantine Empire. Royal persecutions of Jews from
Conversions of Jews to Christianity
Conversions_of_Jews_to_Christianity
Sweet and viscous substance made by bees
flavor caused by fermentation, smoke, chemicals, or other causes with the exception of the predominant floral source" Practically free "contains practically
Honey
Germanic people of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages
the Treasure of Guarrazar, and its legal code remained influential in Iberian law until the Late Middle Ages. In 711, the Visigothic kingdom collapsed
Visigoths
1907 painting by Pablo Picasso
of Egyptian or southern Asian style. The two adjacent figures are in an Iberian style of Picasso's Spain, while the two on the right have African mask-like
Les_Demoiselles_d'Avignon
1640–1668 war between Portugal and Spain
ended with the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668, bringing a formal end to the Iberian Union. The period from 1640 to 1668 was marked by periodic skirmishes between
Portuguese_Restoration_War
Bronze Age culture in Portugal
The South-Western Iberian Bronze is a loosely defined Bronze Age culture of Southern Portugal and nearby areas of SW Spain (Huelva, Seville, Extremadura)
South-Western_Iberian_Bronze
Ancient town & Roman Catholic titular see in Spain
Castulo (Latin: Castulo; Iberian: Kastilo) was an Iberian town and bishopric (now Latin titular see located in the Andalusian province of Jaén, in south-central
Castulo
People from Galicia
[ɡaˈʎeɣos]) are a Romance ethnic group primarily residing in Galicia, northwest Iberian Peninsula. Historical emigration resulted in populations in other parts
Galicians
Species of moth
southern France through all southern Europe (with the exception of the extreme west of the Iberian Peninsula), Corsica, Sardinia towards northern Iraq,
Omphalophana_antirrhinii
European association football tournament
Altafini at Wembley gave the spoils to Milan, making the trophy leave the Iberian Peninsula for the first time ever. Inter Milan beat an ageing Real Madrid
UEFA_Champions_League
Major war in Central Europe (1618–1648)
Portugal with the Restoration War to re-gain their independence against the Iberian Union, then in the Principality of Catalonia. Both were backed by France
Thirty_Years'_War
1618–1651 theater of war
These overseas dimensions involved mainly the pro-Habsburg and Catholic Iberian Union (Spain and Portugal) against the anti-Hasburg and Protestant coalition
Thirty Years' War outside Europe
Thirty_Years'_War_outside_Europe
Spanish archipelago in the Mediterranean
archipelago in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula. The archipelago forms a province and autonomous community of
Balearic_Islands
Type of barnacle
which are harvested manually at great risk by percebeiros on the northern Iberian coast, mainly in Galicia and Asturias, and on the southwestern Portuguese
Goose_barnacle
Autonomous community of Spain
communities and 50 provinces of Spain. It is located at the heart of the Iberian Peninsula and Central Plateau (Meseta Central); its capital and largest
Community_of_Madrid
Autonomous community of Spain
autonomous community in Peninsular Spain, located in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, in southwestern Europe. It is the most populous and the second-largest
Andalusia
troops, surrounded the city of Numantia during the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. Scipio's army constructed a wall around the city, created an
List_of_last_stands
Generic term for alcoholic beverages containing 29% to 60% alcohol by volume
from and is typically consumed on the Iberian Peninsula and in Ibero-America. The word is a compound of the Iberian languages' words for 'water' (agua in
Aguardiente
Language of the Basque people
other linguists, encompasses the Basco-Iberian hypothesis. Iberian: another ancient language once spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, shows several similarities
Basque_language
Country in Europe with territories in North Africa
populous European Union (EU) member state. Spanning the majority of the Iberian Peninsula, its territory also includes the Canary Islands, in the Eastern
Outline_of_Spain
from the start of September 2025 through to 31 August 2026, with the exception of the Eastern Mediterranean group, which the season begins on 1 October
2025–26 European windstorm season
2025–26_European_windstorm_season
Second Punic War (3rd century BCE), through the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. The Romans founded cities and Romanized some previously existing
Roman_cities_in_Portugal
Romance language
Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe. It originated in the Kingdom of Castile, a historical
Spanish_language
Moroccan sultanate (1666–1912)
century and was also invited by the Nasrids to fight against Castile in the Iberian Peninsula during the Granada War. He declined to settle in Granada at the
Alawi_Sultanate
The woodlands of the Iberian Peninsula are distinct ecosystems on the Iberian Peninsula (which includes Spain, Portugal, Andorra, Gibraltar and Southern
Forests of the Iberian Peninsula
Forests_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula
History of Istanbul under Ottoman rule
Istanbul. Bayezid II, upon learning of the expulsion of Jews from the Iberian Peninsula, reportedly exclaimed: "Ferdinand of Spain is a foolish king
Istanbul during the Ottoman Empire
Istanbul_during_the_Ottoman_Empire
Ethnic group
Ibrahim. This group became Arabized following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, and they were known as Mozarabs. When Ismail came to Mecca,
Tribes_of_Yemen
Romance language
Catalan (català) is a Western Romance language that is native to the eastern Iberian Peninsula. It shares official status with Spanish in three autonomous communities
Catalan_language
a coastal nation in western Europe, located at the western end of the Iberian Peninsula, bordering Spain (on its northern and eastern frontiers: a total
Geography_of_Portugal
Coexistence of cultures in al-Andalus
Muslims, Christians, and Jews co-existed for over seven centuries in the Iberian Peninsula during the era of Al-Andalus states. The degree to which the
Social and cultural exchange in al-Andalus
Social_and_cultural_exchange_in_al-Andalus
Species of moth
It is found in most of Europe, with the exception of Iceland, Ireland, Great Britain, the Benelux, the Iberian Peninsula, Croatia and Slovenia. The wingspan
Lampronia_rupella
State in Islamic Iberia (756–1031 CE)
Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031. Its territory comprised most of the Iberian Peninsula (known to Muslims as al-Andalus), the Balearic Islands, and parts
Umayyad_state_of_Córdoba
Medieval kingdom around the Pyrenees
(/nəˈvɑːr/ nə-VAR), originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a historical Iberian polity which occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with
Kingdom_of_Navarre
the Iberian Peninsula (the Reconquista). Mosques were an integral part of Al-Andalus social, political and cultural spheres. With the exception of the
List of former mosques in Spain
List_of_former_mosques_in_Spain
Family name that combines two family names
types of double surnames are not accepted by German name law. However, exceptions are made for immigrants and for marriages where the double surname was
Double-barrelled_name
French military unit (1801–1815)
Catholic, the Spanish people remembered the period of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula by the Moors, and was offended by the presence of the Muslims
Mamelukes of the Imperial Guard
Mamelukes_of_the_Imperial_Guard
1121–1269 Berber empire in North Africa and Iberia
13th centuries. At its height, it controlled much of the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus). The Almohad movement was founded by Ibn Tumart
Almohad_Caliphate
the exception of microstates, it has the highest real density population in Europe, based on density of inhabited areas. With the notable exception of
Demographics_of_Spain
Natural region in Northern Spain
Cantabrian mixed forests Climate of Spain The Eurosiberian region of the Iberian Peninsula Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome "Cuatro destinos
Cantabrian_Coast
Languages of Eurasia before the arrival of Indo-European languages
Spain to the Caucasus Mountains; Iberian, which was spoken by most of Spain prior to the Roman conquest of the Iberian peninsula; Libyan, which was spoken
Pre-Indo-European_languages
1386 alliance between the UK and Portugal
as independent states, with one brief exception as described below. While Portugal was subsumed under the Iberian Union, rebellious Portuguese factions
Anglo-Portuguese_Alliance
U.S. state
linguistic research has determined that the dialect "is neither more Iberian nor more archaic" than other varieties spoken in the Americas. Nevertheless
New_Mexico
Turkish Empire (c. 1299–1922)
united under the Iberian Union. The Ottomans were holders of the Caliph title, meaning they were the leaders of Muslims worldwide. The Iberians were leaders
Ottoman_Empire
Family of mammals
is between a third and a half of the body length, although with some exceptions, like the Lynx species and margay (Leopardus wiedii). Cat species vary
Felidae
Romance language
system of Latin longer than most other Romance languages (with the notable exception of Romanian which still currently maintains a case distinction), differentiating
French_language
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