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Educational website about physics
HyperPhysics is an educational website about physics topics. The information architecture of the website is based on HyperCard, the platform on which the
HyperPhysics
Scientific field of study
June 2023 at the Wayback Machine – Science videos, including physics HyperPhysics website Archived 8 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine – Physics and astronomy
Physics
Light scattering by small particles
375–384. doi:10.1080/14786449908621276. Blue Sky and Rayleigh Scattering. Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved on 2018-08-06. Rana, Farhan. "Electromagnetic
Rayleigh_scattering
Sound whose frequency is audible to the average human
Music Theory for Dummies. For Dummies. p. 97. ISBN 9780470167946. "Hyperphysics". Retrieved 19 September 2014. Heffner, Henry; Heffner, Rickye (January
Audio_frequency
Attraction of masses and energy
on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2022. "Hafele-Keating Experiment". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved
Gravity
Static pressure exerted by the weight of the Earth's atmosphere
original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-23. Vapour Pressure, Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, archived from the original on 2017-09-14, retrieved
Atmospheric_pressure
Property of a mass in motion
Hyperphysics. Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012. Nave, Carl (2010). "The Franck-Hertz Experiment". Hyperphysics.
Momentum
Keyboard instrument
November 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2018. Nave, Carl R. "The Piano". HyperPhysics. Archived from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November
Piano
Watercraft capable of independent underwater operation
Maritime National Park Association. Nave, R. "Bulk Elastic Properties". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University. Retrieved 26 October 2007. "Physics Of Liquids
Submarine
Microscopic theory of superconductivity
attracts a lot of attention within the field of ultracold gases. The hyperphysics website pages at Georgia State University summarize some key background
BCS_theory
Elementary particle, fundamental constituent of matter
Confinement". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy. Retrieved 29 June 2008. R. Nave. "Quarks". HyperPhysics. Georgia
Quark
Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
59.5529F. doi:10.1063/1.1679903. Nave R. "Bulk Elastic Properties". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University. Archived from the original on 28 October 2007
Water
Physical theory of the cosmos
Retrieved 28 April 2020. Guth 1998 "Big Bang models back to Planck time". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 28 April 2020. Ryden, Barbara (17 November
Big_Bang
Color between indigo and ultraviolet on the electromagnetic spectrum
State University Department of Physics and Astronomy. "Spectral Colors". HyperPhysics site. Retrieved 20 October 2017. "violet, n.1". OED Online. Oxford University
Violet_(color)
Thermodynamic process in which no mass or heat is exchanged with surroundings
University Press. pp. 185. ISBN 0-521-66624-4. "Adiabatic Process". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University. Atkins, Peter; de Paula, Giulio (2006). Atkins'
Adiabatic_process
Non-technical introduction to topics in electromagnetism
OCLC 21447877. "Magnets and Electromagnets". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-27. "Ferromagnetism". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-27
Introduction to electromagnetism
Introduction_to_electromagnetism
Daily falling of the Sun below the horizon
Encyclopedia of Modern Optics. Vol. 1. Elsevier. p. 186. "Hyperphysics, Georgia State University". Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Archived from the original on
Sunset
Speed of sound wave through elastic medium
McGraw-Hill. 2012. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-07-179273-8. C. R. Nave. "Speed of Sound". HyperPhysics. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University. Retrieved
Speed_of_sound
Interaction between subatomic particles
interaction. Harry Cheung, The Weak Force @Fermilab Fundamental Forces @Hyperphysics, Georgia State University. Brian Koberlein, What is the weak force? Archived
Weak_interaction
Chemical element with atomic number 1 (H)
Retrieved 12 February 2008. Nave, C. R. (2006). "Deuterium-Tritium Fusion". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008
Hydrogen
Opposition of a circuit to a current when a voltage is applied
CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-9807-9. OCLC 863646311. Complex impedance, Hyperphysics Horowitz, Paul; Hill, Winfield (1989). "1". The Art of Electronics. Cambridge
Electrical_impedance
Elementary particle with extremely low mass
March 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2016. "Conservation of lepton number". HyperPhysics / particles. Georgia State University. Archived from the original on
Neutrino
Mass per unit volume
the original (PDF) on September 25, 2007. "Nuclear Size and Density". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University. Archived from the original on July 6, 2009
Density
Physical systems that don't interact with other parts of the universe
the Wayback Machine Hyperphysics, by the Department of Physics and Astronomy of Georgia State University; at http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/conser
Isolated_system
Everything in space and time
1126/science.1126231. PMID 16675662. S2CID 14178620. "Dark Energy". Hyperphysics. Archived from the original on May 27, 2013. Retrieved January 4, 2014
Universe
Primary colour
State University Department of Physics and Astronomy. "Spectral Colors". HyperPhysics site. Archived from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved October
Red
Main anion present in sea water
Academic Press. pp. 23–29. ISBN 978-0-12-370626-3. "Common Salts". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Georgia State University. "Chlorides". www.gopetsamerica
Chloride
Calendar year
July 13, 2025. "The Hubble Space Telescope "Ultra Deep Field" View". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Archived from the original on May 29, 2007. Retrieved
2003
Recording of sound and playing it back
no. 8. Nave, Carl R. "Rod" (2001). "Noise Reduction and Tape Hiss". Hyperphysics. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2021. Millard
Sound recording and reproduction
Sound_recording_and_reproduction
Energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects
conservative forces are gradients of a potential field. "Hyperphysics – Potential Energy". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 26 February 2025. William
Potential_energy
Pair of copper hemispheres designed to demonstrate the power of atmospheric pressure
on 2008-08-03. Nave, C.R. (2000). "Original Magdeburg Hemispheres". Hyperphysics. Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State Univ. "Magdeburg hemispheres"
Magdeburg_hemispheres
Boson with spin equal to zero
mesons". HyperPhysics. Atlanta, GA: Georgia State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy. Retrieved 23 May 2021 – via hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu
Scalar_boson
Fundamental interaction between charged particles
Electromagnetism Resources in your library Nave, R. "Electricity and magnetism". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University. Archived from the original on 2023-06-07.
Electromagnetism
Mathematical model combining space and time
Retrieved 6 July 2024. Nave, R. "Energetics of Charged Pion Decay". Hyperphysics. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University. Archived
Spacetime
Traditional American food
Essential Amino Acids". Retrieved April 28, 2022. "Essential Amino Acids". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved April 28, 2022. The Three Sisters of Indigenous
Succotash
Average velocity of particles mainly moving randomly
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. p. 289. ISBN 9780138053260. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/ohmmic.html Ohm's Law, Microscopic View
Drift_velocity
Data values of standard electrode potential
org/web/20150924015049/http://www.fptl.ru/biblioteka/spravo4niki/handbook-of-Chemistry-and-Physics.pdf http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/tables/electpot.html#c1
Standard electrode potential (data page)
Standard_electrode_potential_(data_page)
Important atomic emission spectra
line Lamb shift Moseley's law Quantum optics "The Hydrogen 21-cm Line". Hyperphysics. Georgia State University. 2005-10-30. Retrieved 2009-03-18. Liboff,
Hydrogen_spectral_series
Type of quark
Flavors by the Weak Interaction". Department of Physics and Astronomy. HyperPhysics. Atlanta, GA: Georgia State University. L. Lederman (1978). "The Upsilon
Bottom_quark
Stellar classification
original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2020. "Stellar Lifetimes". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2024-07-20. Figueira, P.; Faria, J. P.; Silva
G-type_main-sequence_star
Number describing angular momentum along an axis
2010-07-20. "Hydrogen Schrodinger Equation". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. "Hydrogen Schrodinger Equation". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Herzberg, Gerhard (1950)
Magnetic_quantum_number
BookRags, Periodic Table. World Book Encyclopedia, Exploring Earth. HyperPhysics, Georgia State University, Abundance of Elements in Earth's Crust. Eric
Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth's_crust
Magnesium- and iron-rich extrusive igneous rock
Klein & Hurlbut 1993, pp. 558–560. Nave, R. "Bowen's Reaction Series". Hyperphysics. Georgia State University. Retrieved 24 March 2021. Blatt & Tracy 1996
Basalt
Ability of magnetization
Nickel-alloys.net. Retrieved 2011-11-08. ""Relative Permeability", Hyperphysics". Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2011-11-08. ""Soft Magnetic Cobalt-Iron
Permeability (electromagnetism)
Permeability_(electromagnetism)
Woodwind instrument
acoustics". UNSW Music Acoustics. Retrieved 18 January 2006. "The Flute". HyperPhysics. Retrieved 20 March 2016. Spell, Eldred (1983). "Anatomy of a Headjoint"
Flute
01528 grams/mole). Thus, we get P M/R T = m/V = density. The values shown at hyperphysics-sources indicate that the saturated vapor density is 4.85 g/m3 at 273
Saturation_vapor_density
Physical characteristic of oscillating systems
Greene, Brian, "Resonance in strings". The Elegant Universe, NOVA (PBS) Hyperphysics section on resonance concepts Resonance versus resonant (usage of terms)
Resonance
Class of musical instruments
harmonic sequence of notes with a trumpet". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. "The Pedal Tone". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. "Brass instrument (lip reed)
Brass_instrument
Lightest color
Spectral Types Archived 2 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine, entry at hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu, accessed on line 19 June 2007. "An Introduction to
White
Influence that can change motion of an object
Carl Rod. "Elasticity". HyperPhysics. University of Guelph. Retrieved 2013-10-28. Nave, Carl Rod. "Centripetal Force". HyperPhysics. University of Guelph
Force
Lowest frequency of a periodic waveform, such as sound
(PDF) on 2014-05-15. Retrieved 2012-11-27. "Standing Waves on a String". Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2012-11-27. "Creating musical sounds". OpenLearn
Fundamental_frequency
Unobstructed view upward from Earth
2009. Nave, C. R. "Red Sunset, Green Flash". Georgia State University. HyperPhysics. Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2010
Sky
Type of quark
doi:10.1140/epjh/e2011-10047-1. S2CID 54062126. R. Nave. "Quarks". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy. Retrieved
Up_quark
State of matter
Animated Gas Lab. Accessed February 2008. Georgia State University. HyperPhysics. Accessed February 2008. Antony Lewis WordWeb. Accessed February 2008
Gas
Electron energy bands which determine the electrical conductivity of a material
Retrieved 8 December 2021. Nave, Carl R. (Rod) (1999). "Band Theory for Solids". Hyperphysics. Retrieved 8 December 2021. Direct Band Gap Energy Calculator
Valence_and_conduction_bands
Phenomenon of air resonance in a cavity
Machine" (archival photograph) HyperPhysics Acoustic Laboratory Archived 2021-02-11 at the Wayback Machine HyperPhysics Cavity Resonance Archived 2021-02-10
Helmholtz_resonance
Photoreceptor cells that can function in lower light better than cone cells
PMID 2324310. S2CID 24649779. "The Rods and Cones of the Human Eye". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 25 April 2016. Kandel E.R., Schwartz, J.H
Rod_cell
Chemical species that donates an electron to another species in a redox reaction
EESemi.com. Retrieved 12 July 2021. "Standard Electrode Potentials". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 29 March 2018. Aufray M, Menuel S, Fort Y
Reducing_agent
Tone with a frequency higher than the frequency of the reference tone
octave Undertone series Xenharmonic music "Overtones and Harmonics". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-26. Fineberg, Joshua (2000). "Guide
Overtone
Comparison of a wide range of lengths
July 2025 (link) Nave, Carl R. "Cowan and Reines Neutrino Experiment". HyperPhysics. Retrieved 4 December 2008. (6.3 × 10−44 cm2, which gives an effective
Orders_of_magnitude_(length)
Measure of a substance's ability to resist or conduct electric current
Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-102153-2. (see also Table of Resistivity. hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu) John O'Malley (1992) Schaum's outline of theory and
Electrical resistivity and conductivity
Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity
Range of colors with the hues between blue and red
State University Department of Physics and Astronomy. "Spectral Colors". HyperPhysics site. Retrieved 20 October 2017. Charles A. Poynton (2003). Digital video
Purple
Area of high elevation such as a mountainous region or elevated mountainous plateau
Shillong, India - 'Scotland of the east'". www.scotsman.com. Retrieved 19 February 2017. "The Highlands of Venus". HyperPhysics. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
Highland
Concept in quantum mechanics
doi:10.1119/1.1450558. ISSN 0002-9505. R. Nave. "Wave–Particle Duality". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy. Retrieved
Wave–particle_duality
Study of the practices and possibilities of music
R. (n.d.). "Frequencies for Maximum Sensitivity of Human Hearing", Hyperphysics website, Georgia State University (accessed 5 December 2014). Olson,
Music_theory
Physical and chemical properties of pure water
59.5529F. doi:10.1063/1.1679903. Nave, R. "Bulk Elastic Properties". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University. Archived from the original on 2007-10-28.
Properties_of_water
Hypothetical travel into the past or future
Retrieved April 26, 2017. Nave, Carl Rod (2012). "Scout Rocket Experiment". HyperPhysics. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017
Time_travel
Radioactive isotope of caesium
p. 114. ISBN 978-1-870965-87-3. Nave, Rod. "Biological Half-life". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University. Bandazhevsky, Y. I. (2003). "Chronic Cs-137
Caesium-137
Emission of electrons when electromagnetic radiation hits a material
AstronomyCast. Nave, R., "Wave-Particle Duality". HyperPhysics. "Photoelectric effect". Physics 2000. University of Colorado, Boulder
Photoelectric_effect
Vibration that travels via pressure waves in matter
sound and waves (uses Flash) Archived 2012-03-13 at the Wayback Machine HyperPhysics: Sound and Hearing Introduction to the Physics of Sound Hearing curves
Sound
Production of voltage by a varying magnetic field
(2nd ed.). John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-3382-1. Nave, C. R. "Faraday's Law". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University. Retrieved 2011-08-29. Maxwell, J. C. (1861)
Electromagnetic_induction
Organ that detects light and converts it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons
on 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2020-10-19. "The Retina of the Human Eye". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-05-04. Retrieved
Eye
Class of musical instruments with air resonator
1121/1.1912381. "Producing a harmonic sequence of notes with a trumpet". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Gunnar Schmidtmann; Susanne Jahnke; Egbert J. Seidel;
Wind_instrument
Time of day when the sun appears above the horizon
Encyclopedia of Modern Optics. Vol. 1. Elsevier. p. 186. "Blue Sky". Hyperphysics, Georgia State University. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012
Sunrise
Energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe
1126/science.1126231. PMID 16675662. S2CID 14178620. "Dark Energy". Hyperphysics. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2014
Dark_energy
Number of protons or neutrons that make a nucleus particularly stable
PMC 10630140. PMID 37648757. Nave, C. R. "The Most Tightly Bound Nuclei". HyperPhysics. W., P. (October 23, 1999). "Twice-magic metal makes its debut - isotope
Magic_number_(physics)
Study of subatomic particles and forces
Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-285-62958-2. Nave, R. "The Color Force". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy. Archived
Particle_physics
Interference phenomenon of waves
Prof. Magnes". 27 April 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2026. "Coronas". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 8 February 2026. "Home - Practical Astrophotography
Diffraction
Property of space that quantifies the magnetic influence at a given location
Archived 30 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine". Nave, R., "Magnetic Field". HyperPhysics. "Magnetism", The Magnetic Field (archived 9 July 2006). theory.uwinnipeg
Magnetic_field
Process of combining atomic nuclei
Most Tightly Bound Nuclei Archived 14 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 17 August 2011. Report, Science World (23
Nuclear_fusion
Pre-pressed compact disc containing computer data
original on 2018-09-14. Retrieved 2013-09-23. "Audio Compact Disc Player". HyperPhysics Concepts. Archived from the original on 13 March 2024. McFadden, Andy
CD-ROM
Device for controlled nuclear reactions
1007/BF00750983. S2CID 95704617. Nave, R. "Light Water Nuclear Reactors". Hyperphysics. Georgia State University. Archived from the original on 3 December 2017
Nuclear_reactor
Property in optics
2015-06-29. Retrieved 2023-08-13. Nave, Carl R. (2000). "Dispersion". HyperPhysics. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University. Archived
Refractive_index
System of complete and orthogonal polynomials
on Legendre polynomials from his personal collection of mathematics The Legendre Polynomials by Carlyle E. Moore Legendre Polynomials from Hyperphysics
Legendre_polynomials
Radioactive isotope of strontium
24 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014. "Biological Half-life". HyperPhysics. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 January
Strontium-90
Basic law of electromagnetism
(2nd ed.). John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-3382-1. Nave, Carl R. "Faraday's Law". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University. Retrieved 2011-08-29. "121-11-77: "linked
Faraday's_law_of_induction
Distance between a projectile path and center of a potential field affecting it
September 2021). "Notes" (PDF). "Impact Parameter for Nuclear Scattering". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-03. * Relativistic Heavy Ion Physics
Impact_parameter
Movement of an object's magnetic moment axis about a magnetic field
Eksperimental'noi i Teoreticheskoi Fiziki. 16 (7): 603–606. Georgia State University HyperPhysics page on Larmor Frequency Larmor Frequency Calculator
Larmor_precession
Chemical element with atomic number 14 (Si)
(PDF) on 2012-09-07. Retrieved 2016-08-08. "Silicon and Germanium". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2021-06-07. King 1995, pp. xiii–xviii Greenwood
Silicon
Degree to which a material becomes magnetized in an applied magnetic field
1098/rspa.1941.0002. Nave, Carl L. "Magnetic Properties of Solids". HyperPhysics. Retrieved 2008-11-09. R. Dupree & C. J. Ford (1973). "Magnetic susceptibility
Magnetic_susceptibility
Chemical element with atomic number 28 (Ni)
original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2008. "Nuclear synthesis". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved October 15, 2020. Fewell, M. P. (1995). "The
Nickel
Force distributed over an area
ISBN 978-0-9678550-9-7. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. R Nave. "Pressure". Hyperphysics. Georgia State University, Dept. of Physics and Astronomy. Retrieved
Pressure
Principle in fluid mechanics
from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2018. "Pressure". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved
Pascal's_law
p. 148. ISBN 978-0-7503-0718-5. Nave, Carl R. (2010). "Bar Magnet". Hyperphysics. Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State Univ. Retrieved 2011-04-10
Earth's_magnetic_field
Measured time difference as explained by relativity theory
1485583. Nave, C. R. (22 August 2005). "Hafele and Keating Experiment". HyperPhysics. Retrieved 2013-08-05. "Einstein" (PDF). Metromnia. National Physical
Time_dilation
Meteorological optical phenomenon
2013. Nave, C.R. "Red Sunset, Green Flash". Georgia State University. HyperPhysics. Retrieved 11 August 2010. O'Connell, D.J.K. (1958). "The green flash
Green_flash
Science demonstration
Exploratorium. Retrieved 2014-03-17. "Transverse and Longitudinal Waves". hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-13. Exploratorium Archived 2008-10-05
Lariat_chain
Portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye
1410162111. PMC 4273384. PMID 25453064. Nave, R. "Spectral Colors". Hyperphysics. Archived from the original on 2017-10-27. Retrieved 2022-05-11. "Colour
Visible_spectrum
Conserved physical quantity; rotational analogue of linear momentum
Astronomy, Georgia State University. "Moment of Inertia: Thin Disk". HyperPhysics. Retrieved 17 March 2023. Wilson, E. B. (1915). "Linear Momentum, Kinetic
Angular_momentum
Type of radioactive decay
ISBN 978-0-471-80553-3. Nave, C. R. "Energy and Momentum Spectra for Beta Decay". HyperPhysics. Archived from the original on 2013-05-15. Retrieved 2013-03-09. Fermi
Beta_decay
HYPERPHYSICS
HYPERPHYSICS
HYPERPHYSICS
HYPERPHYSICS
Boy/Male
Muslim
Servant of the responsive, Servant of the answerer
Girl/Female
Indian, Kannada, Tamil, Traditional
Mellowness; Tranquility; Softness
Boy/Male
Norse
War bear.
Girl/Female
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Telugu, Traditional
Mother; One who is Sensitive
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Handsome
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim, Sindhi
Walking
Female
Russian
(Ðграфена) Variant spelling of Russian Agripena, AGRAFENA means "wild horse."
Male
Hebrew
Variant spelling of Hebrew Chananya, CHANANIAH means "whom Jehovah has graciously given."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Flower
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly East Midlands), Dutch, and German
English (mainly East Midlands), Dutch, and German : from Middle English pi(c)k, Middle Dutch picke, Middle High German bicke ‘pick’, ‘pickaxe’, hence a metonymic occupational name for someone who made pickaxes or used them as an agricultural or excavating tool.North German : metonymic occupational name for a pitch-burner, from Low German pick ‘pitch’.English : possibly from Middle English pike ‘pike’ (the fish), applied as a metonymic occupational name for a fisherman or seller of these fish, or as a descriptive nickname for someone thought to resemple a pike in some way.Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : unexplained.
HYPERPHYSICS
HYPERPHYSICS
HYPERPHYSICS
HYPERPHYSICS
HYPERPHYSICS