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Digital modulation type
Higher-order modulation is a type of digital modulation usually with an order of 4 or higher. Common examples include quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK)
Higher-order_modulation
Method for converting signals between digital and analog
Delta-sigma (ΔΣ; or sigma-delta, ΣΔ) modulation is an oversampling method for encoding signals into low bit depth digital signals at a very high sample-frequency
Delta-sigma_modulation
3G mobile telecommunications protocols
its key features are shared channel and multi-code transmission, higher-order modulation, short Transmission Time Interval (TTI), fast link adaptation and
High_Speed_Packet_Access
Mobile data technology for GSM networks
minimum-shift keying (GMSK), EDGE uses higher-order PSK/8 phase-shift keying (8PSK) for the upper five of its nine modulation and coding schemes. EDGE produces
EDGE_(telecommunication)
Electronic method of transmitting information with a carrier wave
Frequency modulation (FM) is a signal modulation technique used in electronic communication, originally for transmitting messages with a radio wave. In
Frequency_modulation
Family of digital modulation methods
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is the name of a family of signal modulation methods widely used in modern telecommunications to transmit information
Quadrature amplitude modulation
Quadrature_amplitude_modulation
Wireless communication technique
aggregation allows Gigabit LTE. This is made possible through higher-order modulation (256QAM), carrier aggregation and 4x4 MIMO. Since LTE Release 10
Carrier_aggregation
Mobile telecommunications standards body
co-existence (IDC). Release 12 2015-03-13 Enhanced small cells (higher order modulation, dual connectivity, cell discovery, self configuration), Carrier
3GPP
Change from one tonality to another
In music, modulation is the change from one tonality (either a tonic or a mode, or both) to another. This may or may not be accompanied by a change in
Modulation_(music)
Representation of a signal as a rectangular wave with varying duty cycle
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), also known as pulse-duration modulation (PDM) or pulse-length modulation (PLM), is any method of representing a signal as
Pulse-width_modulation
Wireless network standard
the 5 GHz band, more spatial streams (up to eight versus four), higher-order modulation (up to 256-QAM vs. 64-QAM), and the addition of Multi-user MIMO
IEEE_802.11
Topics referred to by the same term
K)} , the set of linear forms from a vector space to its field Higher-order modulation, in telecommunications Hong–Ou–Mandel effect in quantum optics
HOM
Process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform
Signal modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform in electronics and telecommunication for the purpose of transmitting
Signal_modulation
IEEE standard in bandwidth
stream is 44 Gbit/s, with four streams this goes up to 176 Gbit/s. Higher order modulation is also added, probably up to 256-QAM. Applications could include
IEEE_802.11ay
Type of data encoding
is a digital modulation process which conveys data by changing (modulating) the phase of a constant frequency carrier wave. The modulation is accomplished
Phase-shift_keying
Electronic method of transmitting information with a carrier wave
communications, single-sideband modulation (SSB) or single-sideband suppressed-carrier modulation (SSB-SC) is a type of signal modulation used to transmit information
Single-sideband_modulation
Analytic solution of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation
K.; Finot, C.; Akhmediev, N.; Dudley, J.M.; Genty, G. (2011). "Higher-Order Modulation Instability in Nonlinear Fiber Optics". Physical Review Letters
Peregrine_soliton
Extension of DVB-S2
increased efficiency up to 51% over DVB-S2. Improvements include: Higher order modulation schemes (64/128/256APSK) Smaller roll-off factors of 5%, 10% and
DVB-S2X
Form of modulation
Pulse-density modulation (PDM) is a form of modulation used to represent an analog signal with a binary signal. In a PDM signal, specific amplitude values
Pulse-density_modulation
coding and modulation (ACM) and others (such as Power Control), is a term used in wireless communications to denote the matching of the modulation, coding
Link_adaptation
"Serial Turbo Trellis Coded Modulation with Rate-1 Inner Code". In this paper SCCCs were designed for use with higher order modulation schemes. Excellent performing
Serial concatenated convolutional codes
Serial_concatenated_convolutional_codes
Electronic method of transmitting information with a carrier wave
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a signal modulation technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting messages with a radio wave
Amplitude_modulation
Digital representation of sampled analog signals
Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a method used to digitally represent analog signals. It is the standard form of digital audio in computers, compact discs
Pulse-code_modulation
4K and 8K digital video formats
Terrestrial Transmission Field Tests Using Dual-Polarized MIMO and Higher-Order Modulation OFDM". IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting. 62 (1): 306–315. Bibcode:2016ITB
Ultra-high-definition television
Ultra-high-definition_television
Digital satellite television standard
Repeat-Accumulate codes. VCM (Variable Coding and Modulation) and ACM (Adaptive Coding and Modulation) modes, which allow optimizing bandwidth utilization
DVB-S2
Non-linear effect in amplitude modulation
Intermodulation (IM) or intermodulation distortion (IMD) is the amplitude modulation of signals containing two or more different frequencies, caused by nonlinearities
Intermodulation
American based telecommunications provider
carrier aggregation, 4x4 MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output), and higher-order modulation (256-QAM) that maximized data speeds for wireless broadband subscribers
Flow_(brand)
Radio modulation design
Binary offset carrier modulation (BOC modulation) was developed by John Betz in order to allow interoperability of satellite navigation systems. It is
Binary offset carrier modulation
Binary_offset_carrier_modulation
Group of video-transmitting modulation modes
more efficiently through long distances. In general, video modulation means that a higher frequency carrier wave is modified according to the original
Video_modulation
Radio transmission of audio by frequency modulation
Amplitude Modulation (AM) transmissions. In 1933, American engineer Edwin Armstrong began development of wide-band FM. This offered higher fidelity—more
FM_broadcasting
Thai satellite
efficient transmission methods, including Turbo Product Code (TPC) and higher order modulation (L-codes) for increased system performance. In the terminal-to-gateway
Thaicom_4
Rate of modulation of a digital signal
In a digitally modulated signal or a line code, symbol rate, modulation rate or baud rate is the number of symbol changes, waveform changes, or signaling
Symbol_rate
Concept in the psychophysics of vision
flicker fusion threshold, also known as critical flicker frequency, flicker modulation threshold, or flicker fusion rate, is the frequency at which a flickering
Flicker_fusion_threshold
Method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies
multiplexing (OFDM) is a type of digital transmission used in digital modulation for encoding digital (binary) data on multiple carrier frequencies. OFDM
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing
Theorem that tells the maximum rate at which information can be transmitted
or, with fixed bandwidth, by using higher-order modulations that need a very high SNR to operate. As the modulation rate increases, the spectral efficiency
Shannon–Hartley_theorem
Characteristic of an optical system
primary importance. This derived function is commonly referred to as the modulation transfer function (MTF). The image on the right shows the optical transfer
Optical_transfer_function
Fluctuations in the luminance of a light
type of light regulation technology applied (e.g. pulse-width modulation). If the modulation frequency is below the flicker fusion threshold and if the magnitude
Flicker_(light)
Nonlinear optical effect of light-matter interaction
Self-phase modulation (SPM) is a nonlinear optical effect of light–matter interaction. An ultrashort pulse of light, when travelling in a medium, will
Self-phase_modulation
Range of frequencies occupied by an unmodulated signal
modulate a higher frequency carrier signal in order that it may be transmitted via radio. Modulation results in shifting the signal up to much higher frequencies
Baseband
Class of proteins
that play a role in organization and compaction of the chromosome into higher order structures. They play vital roles in regulating processes like nucleosome
Non-histone_protein
Synthesizer
dominated by analog synthesizers. Frequency modulation synthesis, a means of generating sounds via frequency modulation (FM), was developed by John Chowning
Yamaha_DX7
Infrared spectroscopy technique
during product development. Microfluidic modulation spectroscopy’s sensitivity and accuracy, detects higher order structure change in the formulation and
Microfluidic modulation spectroscopy
Microfluidic_modulation_spectroscopy
Interferometric technique
reflected by a vibrating target is reflected into the laser cavity, causing a modulation both in amplitude and in frequency of the emitted optical beam. In this
Self-mixing_interferometry
opto-electronics applications such as focusing, optical coupling and modulation of radiation. In laser optics, part of the laser power is absorbed by
Thermo-optic_coefficient
Improved version of VHS
transitional format. Like the VHS format, S-VHS uses a color under A modulation scheme. S-VHS improves luminance (luma) resolution by increasing luminance
S-VHS
Technology of power electronics
or frequency-modulation ratio, is calculated using the equation mf = f∆/fc . If the over-modulation region, ma, exceeds one, a higher fundamental AC
Power_electronics
Classification of power amplifier
represents the signal by pulse-width modulation, pulse-density modulation, delta-sigma modulation or a related modulation technique before being applied to
Power_amplifier_classes
Type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying
In digital modulation, minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying that was developed in the late 1950s by Collins
Minimum-shift_keying
FM radio reception phenomenon
effect was observed by Edwin Armstrong in his early work on frequency modulation. In his 1936 paper to the IRE, he reported that one wideband FM signal
Capture_effect
AC to DC power converter
windmills. The major advantage of using the pulse width modulation technique is the reduction of higher order harmonics. It also makes it possible to control
PWM_rectifier
Use of light in the visible spectrum as a telecommunication medium
lower-power, but higher response velocity amplifier in order to synthesize the required AC current modulation. There are several modulation techniques available
Visible_light_communication
Use of radio waves for communication
demodulated and the bits are combined in the proper order into one bitstream. Many other types of modulation are also used. In some types, the carrier wave
Radio
Quantum states light can be in
state uncertainty (see above). The (modulation) signal with respect to this uncertainty can be improved by using a higher light power inside the interferometer
Squeezed_states_of_light
Modification of frequency and time distributions of signals, as used in computer graphics
polynomials of order three or higher with respect to ϕ ( t ) {\displaystyle \phi (t)} . It is beneficial for implementing higher-order modulation, and furthermore
Motions in the time-frequency distribution
Motions_in_the_time-frequency_distribution
Digital modulation scheme
Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of amplitude modulation that represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. For example
Amplitude-shift_keying
German longwave time signal radio station
that is lower by at least one order of magnitude than the uncertainty that can be achieved with DCF77 phase modulation receiving hardware (GPS time is
DCF77
Digital radio broadcasting standard
profiles (A or B) carrier modulation (16QAM or 64QAM) and channel bandwidth (9 or 10 kHz) The lower the protection class the higher the level of error correction
Digital_Radio_Mondiale
Specifically, in order to achieve greater stability on link speeds higher than 1200 baud. IL2P can be used with a variety of modulation methods including
Improved_Layer_2_Protocol
Oscilloscope display of a digital data signal
spectrum modulation on a clock is technically jitter in the strict sense, receivers for these systems are designed to track the modulation. The only
Eye_pattern
Ascending or descending sequence of musical tones
music of this period introduces modulation, which involves systematic changes from one scale to another. Modulation occurs in relatively conventionalized
Scale_(music)
Information transmission rate expressed in bits per second
data link and higher layer overhead. In modems and wireless systems, link adaptation (automatic adaptation of the data rate and the modulation and/or error
Bit_rate
Set of musical alterations
had fully emerged. Some pieces feature modulations, or changes in key, between contrasting sections. Modulations may or may not be reflected by a corresponding
Key_signature
Musical keys sharing many common tones
the scale a fifth higher is very closely related, while the scale a tritone higher is not. Other modulations may be placed in order from closest to most
Closely_related_key
Delays experienced through a linear time-invariant system
receiving end. Amplitude modulation creates the passband signal by shifting the baseband frequency components to a much higher frequency range. Although
Group_delay_and_phase_delay
Computer bus used for data storage systems
controller. Encoding schemes used included Frequency Modulation (FM), Modified Frequency Modulation (MFM) and RLL encoding at frequencies for example ranging
Hard_disk_drive_interface
e.g. to interacting wave components, Hamiltonian mechanics, higher-order modulational effects, dissipation effects. The averaged Lagrangian method requires
Averaged_Lagrangian
High-energy particle, mainly originating outside the Solar System
point-like extra-galactic sources distributed over the celestial sphere. Solar modulation theory explains how the intensity of cosmic rays changes as they travel
Cosmic_ray
Term in optics
based on the same principle: the Kerr effect introduces a self-phase modulation that changes the refractive index according to the intensity: φ ( x )
Soliton_(optics)
Device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information
transparent modems, and typically achieve higher data rates. The IEEE 802.11 standard defines a short range modulation scheme that is used on a large scale
Modem
Family of synthesizers by Casio
modulation had the output of one of the oscillators affect the volume of the other oscillator, resulting in a controlled distortion. Noise modulation
Casio_CZ_synthesizers
Non-commercial use of the radio spectrum
research. The principal voice modes are frequency modulation (FM), single sideband (SSB), and amplitude modulation (AM). FM offers high audio quality, SSB is
Amateur_radio
Process for reducing noise
high-frequency signal components may be emphasized to produce a more equal modulation index for a transmitted frequency spectrum, and therefore a better signal-to-noise
Emphasis_(telecommunications)
Type of microscopy using a physical probe
resonance (frequency modulation). The two most common modes of nc-AFM operation, frequency modulation (FM) and amplitude modulation (AM), are described
Non-contact atomic force microscopy
Non-contact_atomic_force_microscopy
Wireless networking standard in the 802.11 family
also supports a higher number of connected devices. Several companies are currently offering 802.11ac chipsets with higher modulation rates: MCS-10 and
IEEE_802.11ac
Device which diffracts light via sound waves
diffraction in medium thickness crystals leads to higher orders of diffraction. In thick crystals with weak modulation, only phasematched orders are diffracted;
Acousto-optic_modulator
Branch of physics
to mode-lock laser. Self-phase modulation (SPM), an effect due to the optical Kerr effect (and possibly higher-order nonlinearities) caused by the temporal
Nonlinear_optics
Aviation navigation system
frequency modulation. The amplitude modulated signal is transmitted from a separate omnidirectional antenna. The roles of amplitude and frequency modulation are
VHF_omnidirectional_range
Sound transmission method
reflected high frequency self-modulation products. These harmonic copies are largely attenuated by the natural losses at those higher frequencies when propagating
Sound_from_ultrasound
Light-sensitive material used in making electronics
(KPR) Modulation transfer function MTF (modulation transfer function is the ratio of image intensity modulation and object intensity modulation and it
Photoresist
System for digitally encoding audio signals
for the Super Audio CD (SACD). DSD uses delta-sigma modulation, a form of pulse-density modulation encoding, a technique to represent audio signals in
Direct_Stream_Digital
Interpretation of sensory information
TA, Neske GT, Connors BW, Burwell RD (September 2015). "Bidirectional Modulation of Recognition Memory". The Journal of Neuroscience. 35 (39): 13323–35
Perception
Modulation method used by the American ATSC digital TV standard
8VSB is the modulation method used for broadcast in the ATSC digital television standard. ATSC and 8VSB modulation is used primarily in North America;
8VSB
Optical transceiver used in high-bandwidth data communications
modules can use the same optical modulation techniques as the ACO interfaces do. Many different forms of optical modulation and multiplexing have been employed
Optical_module
Type of field-effect transistor
transistor (HEMT or HEM FET), also known as heterostructure FET (HFET) or modulation-doped FET (MODFET), is a field-effect transistor incorporating a junction
High-electron-mobility transistor
High-electron-mobility_transistor
Sound frequency changes responsible for perceptions of loudness, pitch and timbre
frequency modulation, FM); at higher rates, AM is perceived as roughness, with the greatest roughness sensation occurring at around 70 Hz; at even higher rates
Temporal envelope and fine structure
Temporal_envelope_and_fine_structure
Signal processing technique
of the original linear-frequency-modulation waveform. There are other means to modulate the signal. Phase modulation is a commonly used technique; in
Pulse_compression
Number of bits of information recorded for each digital audio sample
In digital audio using pulse-code modulation (PCM), bit depth is the number of bits of information in each sample, and it directly corresponds to the resolution
Audio_bit_depth
Electronic device that emits radio waves
proportion to the modulation signal. In an FM (frequency modulation) transmitter the frequency of the carrier is varied by the modulation signal. In an FSK
Transmitter
Relationship among tones of the chromatic scale
of fifths developed in the late 1600s and early 1700s to theorize the modulation of the Baroque era (see § Baroque era). The first circle of fifths diagram
Circle_of_fifths
3 MHz use solid state circuits, but higher power stations above 3 MHz still use valves. High level plate modulation consists of varying the voltage on
Radio_transmitter_design
Neurobiological theory
mechanics of modulation are not known at this time, and modulation has yet to be quantitatively identified. Qualitatively, aminergic modulation has been shown
Activation-synthesis hypothesis
Activation-synthesis_hypothesis
Digital signal sample rate converter
y [ n ] = y [ n − 1 ] + c [ n ] {\displaystyle y[n]=y[n-1]+c[n]} ). Higher-order CIC structures are obtained by cascading N {\displaystyle N} identical
Cascaded integrator–comb filter
Cascaded_integrator–comb_filter
Digital cable television standard
CfT) By using state of the art coding and modulation techniques, DVB-C2 should offer greater than 30% higher spectrum efficiency under the same conditions
DVB-C
Cognitive processes necessary for control of behavior
inhibition, inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Higher-order executive functions require the simultaneous use of multiple basic executive
Executive_functions
Digital radio modulation mode
PACTOR is a radio modulation mode used by amateur radio operators, marine radio stations, military or government users such as the United States Department
PACTOR
Technique for measuring chemical composition of a gas
at a harmonic of the modulation frequency. In FMS, the light is modulated at a much higher frequency but with a lower modulation index. As a result, a
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy
Tunable_diode_laser_absorption_spectroscopy
Dynamically programmable radio
of spectrum-sensing cognitive radio include emergency-network and WLAN higher throughput and transmission-distance extensions. The evolution of cognitive
Cognitive_radio
Peak divided by the Root mean square (RMS) of the waveform
general, modulation techniques that have smaller crest factors usually transmit more bits per second than modulation techniques that have higher crest factors
Crest_factor
Type of electronic circuit or optical filter
Filters of higher order have steeper slope in the stopband, such that the slope of nth-order filters equals 20n dB per decade. Higher order filters can
High-pass_filter
Family of technologies that are used to transmit digital data over telephone lines
multitone modulation (DMT), the most common kind, also known as Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) Trellis-coded pulse-amplitude modulation (TC-PAM)
Digital_subscriber_line
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