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German historian and Indologist (1938–2026)
Hermann Kulke (30 May 1938 – 10 March 2026) was a German historian and Indologist, who was professor of South and Southeast Asian history at the Department
Hermann_Kulke
Surname list
Kulke is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Hermann Kulke (1938–2026), German historian and Indologist Matthew Kulke, American cancer
Kulke
Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.10 Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa:
Trade_guilds_of_South_India
1290–1320 Turco-Afghan dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate
perspective, Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, 10(1), pp 264-289 Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004. Sastri (1955), pp 206–208 "Khalji Dynasty"
Khalji_dynasty
Chola emperor from 1070 to 1122
History by Derek Thiam Soon Heng, Syed Muhd Khairudin Aljunied p.40 Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja. Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections
Kulottunga_I
Son of Drona in the Hindu epic Mahabharata
historians R. Sathianathaier and D. C. Sircar, with endorsements by Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund and Burton Stein. Sircar points out that the family
Ashvatthama
Estate in the Bhoi dynasty
present; current titular Gajapati) Bhoi dynasty List of rulers of Odisha Hermann Kulke (1974), "Kings without a kingdom: The rajas of Khurda and the Jagannatha
Puri_Estate
General of Delhi Sultanate
Padmaavat, Malik Kafur is portrayed by Jim Sarbh. S. Digby 1990, p. 419. Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 1998, p. 160. Romila Thapar 1990, p. 342. Wendy
Malik_Kafur
Empire based on Sumatra (c. 671–1025 AD)
l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient. 40 (2): 239–313. JSTOR 43733093. Kulke, Hermann (2016). "Śrīvijaya Revisited: Reflections on State Formation of a Southeast
Srivijaya
Philosophical and political concept
have been non-existent in the Maurya Empire. However, according to Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, "Ashoka's orders seem to have been resisted
Liberty
Gupta emperor from c. 375 to c. 415
influence in the Vakataka administration during her regency. Historians Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund believe that the Vakataka kingdom was "practically
Chandragupta_II
Ancient dynasty originated in the Utkala Kingdom
power. The dynasty, of ancient local Kshatriya lineage as documented by Hermann Kulke, succeeded the Vindhyatabi branch of the Nagas of Padmavati, who ruled
Bhanja_dynasty
Indian medieval merchant guild
Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany and Vijay Sakhuja, p.xviii and p.181 Peranakan Indians
Ainnurruvar
Blue-colored variant of a diamond
University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-521-80904-5, p. 40 A History of India, Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, Edition: 3, Routledge, 1998, p. 160; ISBN 0-415-15482-0
Blue_diamond
Social community of South Asia
social interaction, rules for women, and marriage, etc. German historian Hermann Kulke has coined the term "Secondary Rajputisation" for describing the process
Rajput
Emperor of Kalinga
People: The age of imperial unity. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 213. Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. p
Kharavela
Late medieval empire in the Indian subcontinent (1206–1526)
whole of India had been bought under the sway of the Delhi kingdom. Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, 3rd ed., Routledge, 1998
Delhi_Sultanate
Indian caste from western Rajasthan
with "rajguru" a term used in ancient India for a type of Brahmin. Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund note that there "is much evidence in ancient
Rajpurohit
Indian mathematician and educationalist
Gyndykes Dkhar (2010) Surendra Dubey (2010) Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010) Hermann Kulke (2010) Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010) Govind Chandra Pande (2010) Mrs YGP
Anand_Kumar
Talks on a British transfer of power to India and Pakistan
Muslims of British India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-08488-1. Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004) [First published 1986]. A History of India
1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India
South Indian dynasty (275–897)
historians R. Sathianathaier and D. C. Sircar, with endorsements by Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund and Burton Stein. Sircar points out that the family
Pallava_dynasty
Significance of tigers in human culture
Marketplace. Heinemann-Raintree Library. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-1403476517. Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja (2009) Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections
Cultural_depictions_of_tigers
Ancient Indian empire (c. 321–185 BCE)
Machine Historians Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund depict the Maury Empire with several "autonomous and free tribes" (legenda): Kulke & Rothermund (2004
Maurya_Empire
Type of diamond that has pink color
University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-521-80904-5, p. 40 A History of India, Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, Edition: 3, Routledge, 1998, p. 160; ISBN 0-415-15482-0
Pink_diamond
1565 battle in India
disintegrating in the late 1640s. Vijayanagara side was winning the war, state Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund in a survey of Indian history, until two Muslim
Battle_of_Talikota
also synonymous with Rajguru as an ancient term for a type of Brahmin. Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund stated, "There is much evidence in ancient texts
Gairola
Pre-independence history of Pakistan
tactics". Kulke, Hermann; Dietmar Rothermund (1986). A History of India. Totowa, New Jersey: Barnes & Noble. pp. 300–312. ISBN 978-0-389-20670-5. Kulke, Hermann;
History_of_Pakistan
Hungarian judge, justice of the constitutional court (1998–2016). Hermann Kulke, 87, German Indologist. Lee Sang-hee, 80, South Korean general and politician
Deaths_in_March_2026
Indian independence activist (1869–1948)
from the fragmentary and terminally weakened British empire in India. Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Routledge. pp. 311–12
Mahatma_Gandhi
1025–1026 Chola military campaign
Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.170 Trade and Trade Routes in Ancient
Chola_invasion_of_Srivijaya
Chola emperor from 1014 to 1044
411–413. doi:10.1017/s0022463400008882. ISSN 0022-4634. S2CID 162962287. Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay, eds. (2009). Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa:
Rajendra_I
Process of coalescing diverse communities into the Rajput community
infanticide that was common in Hindu Rajput clans. German historian Hermann Kulke has coined the term "Secondary Rajputisation" for describing the process
Rajputisation
Study of the history and culture of South Asia
Professor of Ancient History, emerita, at the Jawaharlal Nehru University Hermann Kulke (1938–present), Professor of South and Southeast Asian history at the
Indology
Mountain range near the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan
ISBN 0582482089. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Routledge. pp. 164–165
Hindu_Kush
South Asian Buddhism: A Survey, Routledge, 2012, p. 43. Prebish 1975. Hermann Kulke 2004, p. 69-70. Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India, John Wiley
History_of_Buddhism
Transgression against divine law
Pustak Mahal. p. 194. ISBN 978-8-122-31056-6. Günther-Dietz Sontheimer; Hermann Kulke, eds. (2001). Hinduism Reconsidered. Manohar Publications. p. 252.
Sin
Proposed age of religious and philosophical change from the 8th to 3rd centuries BCE
Jaspers focused on philosophical development of the Age. Historians Hermann Kulke and Max Ostrovsky demonstrated that the Age is even more Axial in historical
Axial_Age
American Buddhist writer and academic (1941–2026)
Gyndykes Dkhar (2010) Surendra Dubey (2010) Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010) Hermann Kulke (2010) Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010) Govind Chandra Pande (2010) Mrs YGP
Robert_Thurman
15th century historical figure from Odisha and a Devotee of Jagannath
the first Nabakalebara ritual at Barunei fort of Khurda. Historian Hermann Kulke mentions that in recognition of Bisara Mohanty’s unmatched courage and
Bisara_Mohanty
Founder of the Bhoi Dynasty
Historian KC. Panigrahi Bhoi rulers belonged to Karana caste. Historian Hermann Kulke while quoting KC. Panigrahi mentions the lineage of Govinda Vidyadhara's
Govinda_Vidyadhara
German historian (1933–2020)
inhabitants. With History of India, Rothermund, together with his colleague Hermann Kulke, created standard work, which has been translated into Italian, Turkish
Dietmar_Rothermund
Empress of the Chola Empire, r. 949–957
139–179 A History of India by Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund (1998) p.134 A History of India by Hermann Kulke (2004) p.145 Siva in the Forest
Sembiyan_Mahadevi
Gupta emperor from 455 to 467
the coins of the Gupta dynasties. p. 114. R. C. Majumdar 1981, p. 69. Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004, p. 96. R. C. Majumdar 1981, p. 71. R. C.
Skandagupta
Arid region in India and Pakistan
(1987). An Observation: Perspective of Pakistan. Tanzeem Publishers. Hermann kulke (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-415-32920-0
Thar_Desert
Indian caste
in Modern South India. Routledge. p. 249. Professor of Asian History Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. p
Vellalar
Emperor of the Khmer Empire from 1000 to 1150 CE
2024. Briggs, "The Ancient Khmer Empire," p. 187. A History of India Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund: p.125 Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed
Suryavarman_II
Mughal emperor from 1754 to 1759
31 January 2014. Raghunath Rai. History. Retrieved 31 January 2014. Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund. A History of India. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
Alamgir_II
Indian news anchor and author
Gyndykes Dkhar (2010) Surendra Dubey (2010) Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010) Hermann Kulke (2010) Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010) Govind Chandra Pande (2010) Mrs YGP
Rajdeep_Sardesai
Empire in Southeast Asia (802–1431)
Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., ISBN 9747534991 A History of India, Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund: p. 125. Commerce and Culture in the Bay of Bengal
Khmer_Empire
Rajputana Rajput Rebellion List of dynasties and rulers of Rajasthan Hermann kulke (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-415-32920-0
List of Rajput dynasties and states
List_of_Rajput_dynasties_and_states
Metropolitan city in Madhya Pradesh, India
Ujjain were probably destroyed by the Iron Age settlers. According to Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, Avanti, whose capital was Ujjain, "was one of
Ujjain
State in southwestern India
District. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. OCLC 37526233. Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, fourth edition, Routledge
Karnataka
2nd–13th-century Indianised kingdom on the Malay Peninsula
the India Ocean since the protohistoric period (c. 500 BCE–500 CE). Hermann Kulke (1990) suggests that complex pre-Indianized political entities in present-day
Tambralinga
Indian novelist and short story writer (born 1934)
Gyndykes Dkhar (2010) Surendra Dubey (2010) Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010) Hermann Kulke (2010) Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010) Govind Chandra Pande (2010) Mrs YGP
Ruskin_Bond
Region bordering the Indian coastline
History. New Delhi: Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 0-00-255717-7. Hermann, Kulke; Rothermund D (2001) [2000]. A History of India. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32920-5
Coastal_India
Hindu temple of Shiva in Tamil Nadu, India
Chidambaram. Institute of Asian Studies. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-81-87892-20-5. Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Routledge. p. 145.
Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram
Town on the banks of the Ghaggar River in India
or Indigenous?". Aryan Books International. Kulke, Professor of Asian History Hermann; Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A History of India
Kalibangan
Ancient cave temples in Maharashtra, India
ISBN 978-1-74104-308-2 – via archive.org. Owen 2012, pp. 135–136. Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Routledge. p. 120.
Ellora_Caves
Advaita Vedanta Hindu monastery with temples
they lack details to help establish the early history.According to Hermann Kulke, the early history of Sringeri is unknown but the earliest historical
Sringeri_Sharada_Peetham
Price controls and related reforms in Alauddin Khalji's empire
379–380. Satish Chandra 2007, p. 102. Satish Chandra 2007, p. 105. Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 2004, p. 173. Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992, p. 381
Market reforms of Alauddin Khalji
Market_reforms_of_Alauddin_Khalji
Indian journalist, educationist and social worker (1925-2019)
Gyndykes Dkhar (2010) Surendra Dubey (2010) Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010) Hermann Kulke (2010) Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010) Govind Chandra Pande (2010) Mrs YGP
Mrs_YGP
Central Indian dynasty (c. 1000–1758)
Era. Government Epigraphist for India. V. V. Mirashi 1957, p. 495. Hermann Kulke & Dietmar Rothermund 1998, pp. 172–173. Panda, Shishir Kumar (1991)
Kalachuris_of_Ratnapura
Indian mathematician and librarian
Gyndykes Dkhar (2010) Surendra Dubey (2010) Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010) Hermann Kulke (2010) Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010) Govind Chandra Pande (2010) Mrs YGP
S._R._Ranganathan
Social community of Odisha, India
alongside Rajguru and Gajapati Raja in Jagannath Temple of Puri. Historian Hermann Kulke also states that the Turban worn by the Deula Karana servitors is tied
Karan_(caste)
military-theocratic state was borrowed from Mesopotamia. For an example, see Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund referring to the statuette as "so-called Priest
Religion of the Indus Valley Civilisation
Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilisation
Historic 45.52-carat diamond of deep-blue color
University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-521-80904-5, p. 40 A History of India, Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, 3rd ed., Routledge, 1998, p. 160; ISBN 0-415-15482-0
Hope_Diamond
Indian journalist
Gyndykes Dkhar (2010) Surendra Dubey (2010) Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010) Hermann Kulke (2010) Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010) Govind Chandra Pande (2010) Mrs YGP
Sucheta_Dalal
Indian poet, writer and humorist
Gyndykes Dkhar (2010) Surendra Dubey (2010) Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010) Hermann Kulke (2010) Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010) Govind Chandra Pande (2010) Mrs YGP
Surender_Sharma
Rajput Clan of Gujarat
(1998). Rajasthan. Popular Prakashan. p. 700. ISBN 9788171547692. Hermann Kulke (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-415-32919-4
Solanki_(clan)
Indian artist, poet, lyricist, writer, actor (1931–2013)
Gyndykes Dkhar (2010) Surendra Dubey (2010) Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010) Hermann Kulke (2010) Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010) Govind Chandra Pande (2010) Mrs YGP
Vaali_(poet)
Suvarnadwipa: reflections on Chola naval expeditions to Southeast Asia (2009), Hermann Kulke, K. Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
Hinduism_in_China
Indian politician
ween_Gujarat_s_Solanki_Kings_and_Mohammed_Ghuri_over_1000_years_ago Hermann Kulke (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-415-32919-4
Kuldeep_Solanki
Indian novelist and poet (born 1952)
Gyndykes Dkhar (2010) Surendra Dubey (2010) Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010) Hermann Kulke (2010) Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010) Govind Chandra Pande (2010) Mrs YGP
Vikram_Seth
Pustak Mahal. p. 194. ISBN 978-8-122-31056-6. Günther-Dietz Sontheimer; Hermann Kulke, eds. (2001). Hinduism Reconsidered. Manohar Publications. p. 252.
Mahapatakas
Major deity in Hinduism
Pocket Books (P) Ltd. (published 1998). p. 118. ISBN 978-81-7182-073-3. Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Routledge. p. 149.
Krishna
Historical Chola king who ruled over southern India
of South India: From Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar. Hermann, Kulke; Rothermund D (2001) [2000]. A History of India. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32920-5
Karikala
Indian writer (born 1945)
Gyndykes Dkhar (2010) Surendra Dubey (2010) Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010) Hermann Kulke (2010) Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010) Govind Chandra Pande (2010) Mrs YGP
Aswathi Thirunal Gowri Lakshmi Bayi
Aswathi_Thirunal_Gowri_Lakshmi_Bayi
State in western India
on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2018. Kulke, Professor of Asian History Hermann; Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A History of India
Gujarat
Grand vizier of the Mughal Empire
31 January 2014. Raghunath Rai. History. Retrieved 31 January 2014. Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund. A History of India. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III
Ghazi_ud-Din_Khan_Feroze_Jung_III
Indian columnist and playwright
Gyndykes Dkhar (2010) Surendra Dubey (2010) Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010) Hermann Kulke (2010) Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010) Govind Chandra Pande (2010) Mrs YGP
Tarak_Mehta
American business writer (born 1962)
Gyndykes Dkhar (2010) Surendra Dubey (2010) Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010) Hermann Kulke (2010) Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010) Govind Chandra Pande (2010) Mrs YGP
Nitin_Nohria
Territorial partition in British India
History of Modern India (PDF) (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund. A History of India (PDF) (4th ed.). Routledge.
Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)
History and Civilization. New Age International. ISBN 9788122411980. Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press.
Political_marriages_in_India
Indian writer (born 1956)
Gyndykes Dkhar (2010) Surendra Dubey (2010) Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010) Hermann Kulke (2010) Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010) Govind Chandra Pande (2010) Mrs YGP
Amitav_Ghosh
Regnal title from Odisha, India
1994, p. 19 "History". Government of Orissa. Retrieved 31 May 2021. Kulke, Hermann (1993). Kings and Cults: State Formation and Legitimation in India and
Gajapati_(title)
Pustak Mahal. p. 194. ISBN 978-8-122-31056-6. Günther-Dietz Sontheimer; Hermann Kulke, eds. (2001). Hinduism Reconsidered. Manohar Publications. p. 252.
Pāpa
Ruler of Odisha (r. 1568-1607)
Vidyadhara, a lieutenant of Bhoi king Govinda Vidyadhara. Historian Hermann Kulke while quoting “Katakarajavamshavali” mentions that Ramachandra Deva’s
Ramachandra_Deva_I
Chola emperor from 985 to 1014
Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.230 Chandra, Satish. Medieval India:
Rajaraja_I
Indian politician and Santhali writer (born 1957)
Gyndykes Dkhar (2010) Surendra Dubey (2010) Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010) Hermann Kulke (2010) Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010) Govind Chandra Pande (2010) Mrs YGP
Kalipada_Soren
Ghurid sultan from 1173 to 1206
A.H. Habib 1981, p. 144. Khan 2008, p. 116-117. Habib 1981, p. 132. Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. p
Muhammad_of_Ghor
Indian journalist (1954-2021)
Gyndykes Dkhar (2010) Surendra Dubey (2010) Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010) Hermann Kulke (2010) Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010) Govind Chandra Pande (2010) Mrs YGP
Vinod_Dua
American educator (born 1976)
Gyndykes Dkhar (2010) Surendra Dubey (2010) Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010) Hermann Kulke (2010) Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010) Govind Chandra Pande (2010) Mrs YGP
Sal_Khan
Ancient region and civilaztion in South Asia
Higher Education. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-230-34549-2.[permanent dead link] Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2016). A History of India. Taylor & Francis.
Gandhara
Head of government of the Republic of India
London: C. Hurst & Co. pp. 131–142. ISBN 978-1850653981. OCLC 54023168. Hermann, Kulke; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A History of India (4th ed.). New York
Prime_Minister_of_India
9th century Hindu temple in Gwalior
Gopāchala. Bharatiya Jnanpith. p. 31. ISBN 978-81-263-1155-2. Hermann Goetz; Hermann Kulke (1974). Studies in the history, religion and art of classical
Teli_ka_Mandir
200 BC–10 AD Greek kingdom in South Asia
ISBN 978-1-317-45893-7. There were later Indo-Greek kingdoms in northwest India. ... Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. p
Indo-Greek_Kingdom
American economist
Gyndykes Dkhar (2010) Surendra Dubey (2010) Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai (2010) Hermann Kulke (2010) Ramaranjan Mukherji (2010) Govind Chandra Pande (2010) Mrs YGP
Srikant_Datar
Karnata Empire in southern India (1336–1646)
underestimate technology's value. Despite these disadvantages, Kamath, Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund concur that the vast Vijayanagara army appeared
Vijayanagara_Empire
kings' (Kaliararar) —K.A.N. Sastri, A History of South India, p 130 Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, Routledge (UK), p 105 K.A.N
History_of_Tamil_Nadu
State in Eastern India
Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2013. Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 9780415329194
Odisha
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