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Team of women who processed astronomical data
The Harvard Computers were a team of women working as skilled workers to process astronomical data at the Harvard College Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Harvard_Computers
Person performing mathematical calculations, before electronic calculators
some women offered to work for the Harvard Computers for free. Many of the women astronomers from this era were computers with possibly the best-known being
Computer_(occupation)
Computer architecture treating code and data similarly, though not usually identically
modern computers that are documented as Harvard architecture are, in fact, modified Harvard architecture. The original Harvard architecture computer, the
Modified_Harvard_architecture
Collection of astronomical glass negatives
the Harvard Computers or, more recently, referred to as the Women Astronomical Computers at Harvard. Nearly 200 women would work at the Harvard Plate
Harvard_Plate_Stacks
Electromechanical computer at Harvard University, completed in 1947
The Harvard Mark II, also known as the Aiken Relay Calculator, was an electromechanical computer built under the direction of Howard Aiken at Harvard University
Harvard_Mark_II
was predominantly done by women; significant examples include the Harvard Computers, codebreaking at Bletchley Park and engineering at NASA. After the
Women_in_computing
Early American electromechanical computer (1944)
The Harvard Mark I, or IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), was one of the earliest general-purpose electromechanical computers used in
Harvard_Mark_I
Programmable machine that processes data
electronic computers can perform generic sets of operations known as programs, which enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. The term computer system
Computer
American astronomer (1868–1921)
Leavitt also began working as volunteer assistant, one of the "computers" at the Harvard College Observatory. In 1902, she was hired by the director of
Henrietta_Swan_Leavitt
Astronomical observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian) Irwin Shapiro 1983–2004 Charles Alcock 2004–2022 Lisa Kewley 2022–present Harvard Computers Sears Tower – Harvard Observatory
Harvard_College_Observatory
American computer scientist and professor
(/meɪlɛn/) is an American computer scientist and professor. Malan is a Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science at Harvard University, and is best known
David_J._Malan
American astronomer
findings. This consequently also strengthened and contributed to Harvard Computers. In 1882, he started his appeals for international variable star observations
Edward_Charles_Pickering
Scottish astronomer (1857–1911)
She became one of the founding members of the Harvard Computers, an all-women cadre of human computers hired by Pickering to compute mathematical classifications
Williamina_Fleming
American astronomer
American astronomer and human computer, one of the first members of female computer group known as "the Harvard Computers." She made the most complete
Anna_Winlock
American science writer
Glass Universe: How the Ladies of the Harvard Observatory Took the Measure of the Stars about the Harvard Computers. Sobel was born in The Bronx, New York
Dava_Sobel
Electronic stored-program computer built at Harvard University in 1952
(in the context of microcontrollers). Harvard Mark I Harvard Mark II Harvard Mark III List of vacuum-tube computers Research, United States Office of Naval
Harvard_Mark_IV
Electromechanical computer built at Harvard University in 1949
The Harvard Mark III, also known as ADEC (for Aiken Dahlgren Electronic Calculator) was an early computer that was partially electronic and partially
Harvard_Mark_III
Computer-based technologies
transmit information. While the term is commonly used to refer to computers and computer networks, it also encompasses other information distribution technologies
Information_technology
American astronomer
an American astronomer and member of "Harvard Computers," a group of female astronomers who worked at the Harvard College Observatory under Director Edward
Evelyn_Leland
Classification of stars based on spectral properties
began to hire pioneering female astronomers collectively known as the Harvard Computers. Though they would study many different astronomical subjects, an
Stellar_classification
American astronomer (1866–1952)
Beta Lyrae. Maury was part of the Harvard Computers, a group of female astronomers and human computers at the Harvard College Observatory. Dorrit Hoffleit
Antonia_Maury
American astronomer (1863–1941)
College. In 1896, Cannon became a member of the Harvard Computers, a group of women hired by Harvard Observatory director Edward C. Pickering to complete
Annie_Jump_Cannon
American astronomer
the Harvard College Observatory as an employee of Edward Pickering, observing and classifying stars. Florence was one of the "Harvard Computers" who
Florence_Cushman
Computer architecture where code and data each have a separate bus
The Harvard architecture is a computer architecture with separate storage and signal pathways for instructions and data. It is often contrasted with the
Harvard_architecture
American artist
inspiration in Harvard Computers". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved March 20, 2022. "Before 'Hidden Figures,' there were the Harvard Computers. Now their
Lia_Halloran
American astronomer (1839–1914)
ISBN 978-0-521-39916-6. Woodman, Jenny (2 December 2016). "The Women 'Computers' Who Revolutionized Astronomy". The Atlantic. Retrieved 3 December 2016
Mary_Anna_Draper
The Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis (1965 to 1991) pioneered early cartographic and architectural computer applications that
Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis
Harvard_Laboratory_for_Computer_Graphics_and_Spatial_Analysis
Computation machine that uses continuously varying data technology
digital computers represent varying quantities symbolically and by discrete values of both time and amplitude (digital signals). Analog computers can have
Analog_computer
Middle and high school in Los Angeles, California, US
Harvard-Westlake School is an independent, co-educational university preparatory day school in Los Angeles, California, with about 1,600 students in grades
Harvard-Westlake_School
American computer scientist (born 1984)
and the development of efficient algorithms. He joined the computer science faculty at Harvard University in 2013 and remained there until joining UC Berkeley
Jelani_Nelson
American computer scientist
privacy and proof-of-work. Dwork works at Harvard University, where she is Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science, Radcliffe Alumnae Professor at the
Cynthia_Dwork
Computer hardware technology that uses quantum mechanics
computers have the potential to complete some calculations exponentially faster than classical computers. For example, a large-scale quantum computer
Quantum_computing
Study of computation
states that "computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes." The design and deployment of computers and computer systems is
Computer_science
available to astronomers, which led to the rise of human computers, famously the Harvard Computers, to track and analyze the data. Scientists began discovering
History_of_astronomy
constitute personal computers (including desktop computers, portable computers, laptops, all-in-ones, and more), mainframe computers, minicomputers, servers
List of computer system manufacturers
List_of_computer_system_manufacturers
American art historian
Radcliffe College. As an undergraduate student, she did computing work at the Harvard College Observatory. She earned a Ph.D. in art history from Bryn Mawr College
Anne_Hagopian
non-graduates of Harvard, see the list of Harvard University non-graduate alumni. For a list of Harvard's presidents, see President of Harvard University.
List of Harvard University people
List_of_Harvard_University_people
Type of computer
early Harvard machines were regarded as "reactionary by the advocates of stored-program computers". The concept of the stored-program computer can be
Stored-program_computer
Engineering school of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts
The Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) is the engineering school of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Harvard_John_A._Paulson_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Sciences
Physical components of a computer
construction of the first computers. Building on Babbage's design, relay computers were built by George Stibitz at Bell Laboratories and Harvard University's Howard
Computer_hardware
Computer scientist
American computer scientist. She is the Daniel Paul Professor of the Practice of Government and Technology at the Harvard Kennedy School and in the Harvard Faculty
Latanya_Sweeney
American business software company (1980–1996)
existed. A salient benefit of Harvard Graphics, then, was that it brought sophisticated on-screen graphics capabilities to computers running the normally non-graphical
Software Publishing Corporation
Software_Publishing_Corporation
Central computer component that executes instructions
Vacuum-tube computers such as EDVAC tended to average eight hours between failures, whereas relay computers—such as the slower but earlier Harvard Mark I—failed
Central_processing_unit
American computer scientist (born 1947)
computer science, and writings on computing, higher education, and technology. He is Gordon McKay Research Professor of Computer Science at Harvard University
Harry_R._Lewis
English programmer, venture capitalist, and writer (born 1964)
Science in 1988, and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1990, both in computer science from Harvard University. Graham also studied fine arts and painting at the
Paul_Graham_(programmer)
Episode of Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey
the spectra of multiple stars simultaneously, and the work of the Harvard Computers or "Pickering's Harem", a team of women researchers under Pickering's
Sisters_of_the_Sun
Hijacking computers to mine currency
using university or research computers to mine bitcoins have been published. On February 20, 2014, a member of the Harvard community was stripped of their
Cryptojacking
Founder of Tandem Computers, manufacturer of the first fault tolerant computers (b. 1940)
founder of Tandem Computers, which designed and manufactured the first fault tolerant computers, in 1974. These pioneering computers were marketed to transaction
Jimmy_Treybig
American physicist
the original conceptual designer behind IBM's Harvard Mark I, the United States' first programmable computer. Aiken was born on 8 March 1900, in Hoboken
Howard_H._Aiken
American computer scientist
the Geniac and Brainiac toy computers. Berkeley founded, published and edited Computers and Automation, the first computer magazine. He sometimes wrote
Edmund_Berkeley
Computer architecture where code and data share a common bus
implementation. Stored-program computers were an advancement over the manually reconfigured or fixed function computers of the 1940s, such as the Colossus
Von_Neumann_architecture
stream encoded in Harvard biphase. ARINC 573 Digest of papers: computer peripherals, CPU--benefactor or bottleneck?, IEEE Computer Society, 1974 Wyatt
Harvard_biphase
American computer programmer (1921–2000)
Programmable Computer". The Harvard Gazatte. Retrieved January 22, 2020. William H. Honan (May 29, 2000). "Richard Bloch, 78, Pioneer in Digital Computers [obituary]"
Richard_Milton_Bloch
Series of digital signal processor chips
The Super Harvard Architecture Single-Chip Computer (SHARC) is a high performance floating-point and fixed-point DSP from Analog Devices. SHARC is used
Super Harvard Architecture Single-Chip Computer
Super_Harvard_Architecture_Single-Chip_Computer
Early electronic digital computing device
Zuse's Z1 computer, and the simultaneously developed Harvard Mark I. The first electronic, programmable, digital machine, the Colossus computer from 1943
Atanasoff–Berry_computer
Computer built from mechanical components such as levers and gears
indicators. Mechanical computers continued to be used into the 1960s, but had steadily been losing ground to digital computers since their advent. By
Mechanical_computer
American computer scientist
American computer scientist and the Chief Technology Officer of Harvard University. He is the Gordon McKay Professor of the Practice of Computer Science
Jim_Waldo
American computer programmer (b. 1956)
deep interest in computers and taught himself to code in different languages and for different computers. He subsequently attended Harvard College, majoring
Monte_Davidoff
American astronomer, human computer
Lindsay. "Women Astronomical Computers at the Harvard College Observatory | The Harvard Plate Stacks". platestacks.cfa.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2026-03-15
Muriel_Mussells_Seyfert
Women's college in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1878–1999)
1879. In 1999, it was fully incorporated into Harvard College. The college was named for the early Harvard benefactor Anne Mowlson (née Radcliffe) and was
Radcliffe_College
American computer scientist (born 1961)
of Arts with a major in philosophy from Harvard University in 1983. He received a Master of Arts in computer science from University of Washington in
Thomas_E._Anderson
Quantum Computing company in Boston, Massachusetts
Massachusetts. The company develops quantum computers using neutral atoms based on research conducted at both Harvard University and MIT. QuEra also develops
QuEra
American law professor (born 1969)
International Law at Harvard Law School. He is also a professor at the Harvard Kennedy School, a professor of computer science at the Harvard School of Engineering
Jonathan_Zittrain
Harvard computers, a group of women engaged in the production of astronomical data at Harvard. Henrietta Swan Leavitt joined the Harvard "computers"
Timeline of women in computing
Timeline_of_women_in_computing
Ethiopian computer scientist (born 1991)
the Harvard Society of Fellows. She is the second Junior Fellow with a CS Ph.D., the first female computer scientist, and the first Black computer scientist
Rediet_Abebe
American computer scientist (1921–1992)
Sciences, an executive at the Burroughs Corporation and a developer of first computers at Sperry Univac. International Federation for Information Processing
Isaac_L._Auerbach
American computer scientist
Columbia. Previously, Seltzer was the Herchel Smith Professor of Computer Science at Harvard University's John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied
Margo_Seltzer
American computer scientist
Applied Sciences of Harvard University and has been serving as the school's interim dean since 2023. Smith's titles within Harvard include John H. Finley
Michael D. Smith (computer scientist)
Michael_D._Smith_(computer_scientist)
2000s social networking website
ConnectU (originally HarvardConnection) was a social networking website launched on May 21, 2004, that was founded by Harvard students Cameron Winklevoss
ConnectU
individual personal computers were low enough in cost that they eventually became affordable consumer goods. Early personal computers – generally called
History_of_personal_computers
British-American computer scientist
British-American computer scientist. He is the George F. Colony Professor of Computer Science and Co Faculty Director of the Harvard Data Science Initiative
David_C._Parkes
American computer scientist; creator of Morris Worm; associate professor at MIT
in 1983. Morris attended Harvard University, and later went on to graduate school at Cornell University. Morris's computer worm was developed in 1988
Robert_Tappan_Morris
Topics referred to by the same term
up Harvard in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Harvard University is a university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, US. Harvard may also refer to: Harvard (name)
Harvard_(disambiguation)
(1995). The Trouble with Computers: Usefulness, Usability, and Productivity. MIT Press. ISBN 0262621088. the trouble with computers. Psychology: a brief overview
Thomas_Landauer
American computer scientist
Mitzenmacher is an American computer scientist working in algorithms. He is Professor of Computer Science at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering
Michael_Mitzenmacher
Public lending library on Borough High Street in Southwark, London
free computer classes. Its collection includes books, audiobooks, CDs, DVDs, Blu-Ray discs, and PlayStation 3 games. In early 2010, John Harvard Library
John_Harvard_Library
Computer scientist
2019. In 2020, he moved to Harvard as a Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science. In 2015, Procaccia won the IJCAI Computers and Thought Award, given
Ariel_D._Procaccia
American computer scientist
ai, OctoML, and Apple. He was the Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science at Harvard University and author of several books about the Linux operating
Matt Welsh (computer scientist)
Matt_Welsh_(computer_scientist)
Chinese computer scientist, physicist, and computational theorist
University, Yao earned a doctorate in physics from Harvard University in 1972 and a second doctorate in computer science from the University of Illinois in 1975
Andrew_Yao
Indian-American computer scientist (born 1966)
1966) is an Indian-American computer scientist. He has been a Gordon McKay Professor of Computer Science at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering
Madhu_Sudan
1988 Internet worm
self-replicating computer program that affected VAX computers and SUN-3 workstations running the 4.2 and 4.3 Berkeley UNIX code. It is one of the oldest computer worms
Morris_worm
German-American computer scientist (1923–2008)
Weizenbaum worked on analog computers and helped create a digital computer. In 1956, he worked for General Electric on ERMA, a computer system that introduced
Joseph_Weizenbaum
British and American astronomer (1900–1979)
16....1P. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.16.090178.000245. ISSN 0066-4146. Harvard Computers – Team of women who processed astronomical data Sisters of the Sun
Cecilia_Payne-Gaposchkin
2010 film by David Fincher
their attractiveness. After traffic to the site crashes parts of Harvard's computer network, Zuckerberg is given six months of academic probation. Facemash's
The_Social_Network
American astronomer (1885–1979)
In 1912, after graduating from Radcliffe College, Harwood worked at the Harvard Observatory and taught in private schools in the Boston area, including
Margaret_Harwood
American computer scientist
Mathematics from Harvard University, in 1969 and 1973, respectively. In his Ph.D. thesis "Architectural Principles for Virtual Computer Systems", published
Robert_P._Goldberg
personal computer (PC), in the 1970s. The cost of computers gradually became so low that personal computers by the 1990s, and then mobile computers (smartphones
History_of_computing_hardware
interact with computers and design technologies that let humans interact with computers in novel ways. As a field of research, human–computer interaction
Glossary_of_computer_science
Service to help customers use a product
product. Regarding technology products such as mobile phones, televisions, computers, software products or other electronic or mechanical goods, it is termed
Customer_support
Theoretical computer scientist
of computer science at Harvard University, and a member of technical staff at OpenAI. He graduated in 1999 with a B.Sc. in mathematics and computer science
Boaz_Barak
Taiwanese computer scientist
November 9, 1945) is a Taiwanese computer scientist who is the William H. Gates Professor of Computer Science at Harvard University. Kung's early research
H._T._Kung
American lawyer
with first ever computer wirertap order net international hacker charged with illegally entering Harvard and U.S. military computers". Archived from the
Stephen_Heymann
American computer scientist
Study at Harvard University (2015–16). He graduated summa cum laude from Harvard with an A.B. in Applied Mathematics and earned a Ph.D. in Computer Science
Philip_N._Klein
Astronomical observatory in Chile
These plates were studied by pioneering female astronomers called Harvard Computers. They were digitized in the DASCH project in anticipation of the Rubin
Vera_C._Rubin_Observatory
U.S. naval officer and computer scientist (1906–1992)
also one of the first programmers on the Harvard Mark I computer. She is credited with writing the first computer manual, "A Manual of Operation for the
Grace_Hopper
Instructions a computer can execute
The history of software is closely tied to the development of digital computers in the mid-20th century. Early programs were written in the machine language
Software
British American computer scientist
currently the T. Jefferson Coolidge Professor of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics at Harvard University. Valiant was awarded the Turing Award
Leslie_Valiant
Extension school of Harvard University
Harvard Extension School (HES) is the continuing education school of Harvard University, a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Harvard_Extension_School
programs running on commercially available computers. Chess programs running on commercially available desktop computers won decisive victories against human
Human–computer_chess_matches
American computer scientist
Vadhan is an American computer scientist. He is a Vicky Joseph Professor of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics at Harvard University. After completing
Salil_Vadhan
HARVARD COMPUTERS
HARVARD COMPUTERS
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Garrett 1.
Male
English
 English name derived from a Norman French byname for someone given to stirring up trouble, from the word hareler, HARLAND means "to create a disturbance," hence "trouble-maker." Variant spelling of English Harlan, meaning "hare's land."Â
Surname or Lastname
English (also established in Ireland), French, and Dutch
English (also established in Ireland), French, and Dutch : nickname for an inveterate gambler or a brave or foolhardy man prepared to run risks, from Middle English, Old French hasard, Middle Dutch hasaert (derived from Old French) ‘game of chance’, later used metaphorically of other uncertain enterprises. The word derives from Arabic az-zahr, from az, assimilated form of the definite article al + zahr ‘die’. It appears to have been picked up in the Holy Land and brought back to Europe by Provençal crusaders.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from places called Harford, in Gloucestershire and Devon. The former is named from Old English heorot ‘hart’ + ford ‘ford’, the latter has as its first element Old English here ‘army’. In some cases it may be an altered form of Hereford.Irish : mainly of English origin, an Anglo-Norman habitational name for someone from Hereford.
Male
Swedish
Swedish variant spelling of Scandinavian Halvard, HALVAR means "rock defender."
Boy/Male
Norse Swedish
Rock defender.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : nickname from Middle English, Old French hagard ‘wild’, ‘untamed’. This word was adopted into Middle English as a technical term in falconry to denote a hawk that had been captured and trained when already fully grown, rather than being reared in captivity; the surname may have developed as a metonymic occupational name for a falconer.Americanized form of Danish Ågård (see Agard).
Male
Norwegian
Norwegian variant spelling of Scandinavian Halvard, HALLVARD means "rock defender."
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant spelling of Hazard.
Male
Scandinavian
Scandinavian form of Old Norse Hallvar�r, HALVARD means "rock defender."
Boy/Male
Australian, Danish, Norse, Swedish
Rock Defender; Guardian of the Rock; Rock Guardian
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Old English personal name Hereweard, composed of the elements here ‘army’ + weard ‘guard’, which was borne by an 11th-century thane of Lincolnshire, leader of resistance to the advancing Normans. The Old Norse cognate Hervarðr was also common and, particularly in the Danelaw, it may in part lie behind the surname.Welsh : variant of Havard.John Harvard (1607–38), who gave his name to Harvard College, was the son of a London butcher. He inherited considerable property, and emigrated to MA in 1637. On his death he bequeathed half his estate and the whole of his library to the newly founded college at Cambridge, MA.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : metonymic occupational name for a cutler, from Old French hansard, hansart ‘cutlass’, ‘dagger’ (of Germanic origin, composed of elements meaning ‘hand’ and ‘knife’ (see Sachs)).
Female
Russian
(Варвара) Russian form of Greek Barbara, VARVARA means "foreign; strange."
Male
German
Variant spelling of German Harman, HARMAND means "bold/hardy man."
Male
English
Anglicized form of Danish/Norwegian HÃ¥vard, HAWARD means "high guard." This is an older form of modern English Howard.
Male
Scandinavian
 Scandinavian form of Old Norse Haraldr, HARALD means "army ruler." Compare with another form of Harald.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : variant of Harvard.
Surname or Lastname
English (mainly northeastern)
English (mainly northeastern) : habitational name from any of various minor places (including perhaps some now lost) named from Old English hÄr ‘gray’, hara ‘hare’, or hær ‘rock’, ‘tumulus’ + land ‘tract of land’, ‘estate’, ‘cultivated land’, notably Harland in Kirkbymoorside. North Yorkshire, which is named from hær + land. This surname has been present in northern Ireland since the 17th century.French (Normandy) : nickname for someone given to stirring up trouble, from the present participle of medieval French hareler ‘to create a disturbance’.George and Michael Harland were Quakers who emigrated from Durham, England, to Ireland. George went on to DE in 1687 and became governor in 1695, while Michael went to Philadelphia. George Harland’s descendants, who dropped the final -d from their name, included a number of prominent American politicians, in particular James Harlan (1820–99), who became a senator and secretary of the interior.
Male
German
 Dutch and German form of Anglo-Saxon Hereweald, HARALD means "army ruler." Compare with another form of Harald.
HARVARD COMPUTERS
HARVARD COMPUTERS
HARVARD COMPUTERS
HARVARD COMPUTERS
HARVARD COMPUTERS
HARVARD COMPUTERS
HARVARD COMPUTERS
n.
Hazard; peril.
adv.
In a haggard manner.
a.
A hag.
a.
A young or untrained hawk or falcon.
n.
Playing at hazard; gaming; gambling.
n.
An officer who is appointed to guard hedges, and to keep cattle from breaking or cropping them, and whose further duty it is to impound animals found running at large.
a.
A fierce, intractable creature.
imp. & p. p.
of Hazard
a.
Having the expression of one wasted by want or suffering; hollow-eyed; having the features distorted or wasted, or anxious in appearance; as, haggard features, eyes.
p. pr. & vb. /
of Hazard
a.
Wild or intractable; disposed to break away from duty; untamed; as, a haggard or refractory hawk.
n.
Hazard.
n.
An official report of proceedings in the British Parliament; -- so called from the name of the publishers.
v. i.
To venture; to hazard.
n.
A merchant of one of the Hanse towns. See the Note under 2d Hanse.
n.
A stackyard.
n.
See Halyard.
n.
Risk; danger; peril; as, he encountered the enemy at the hazard of his reputation and life.
n.
Holing a ball, whether the object ball (winning hazard) or the player's ball (losing hazard).
a.
Exposed to hazard; dangerous; risky.