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Proposal in Proto-Indo-European phonology
The glottalic theory is a hypothesis that Proto-Indo-European had ejective or otherwise non-pulmonic stops, *pʼ *tʼ *kʼ, instead of the plain voiced ones
Glottalic_theory
Dissimilatory sound law
Proto-Indo-European constraint against roots of the form *T...Dʰ-. Glottalic theory has incorporated Grassmann's law and cites it as evidence. As formulated
Grassmann's_law
Danish linguist (1867–1953)
Pedersen's theories have been receiving considerable attention in recent times after decades of neglect, often known today under the names of the glottalic theory
Holger_Pedersen_(linguist)
Consonantal sound
Yaeyama varieties of the Japonic-Ryukyuan family According to the glottalic theory, the Proto-Indo-European language had a series of ejectives (or, in
Ejective_consonant
Geographic region where the proto-Indo-European language originated
mountains. Gamkrelidze and Ivanov, using the now largely unsupported glottalic theory of Indo-European phonology, also proposed Semitic borrowings into Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Indo-European_homeland
Russian philologist (1929–2017)
philologist, semiotician and Indo-Europeanist probably best known for his glottalic theory of Indo-European consonantism and for placing the Indo-European urheimat
Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)
Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(philologist)
Sound shift in the Germanic languages
Grimm's law is often suggested in the context of Proto-Indo-European glottalic theory, which is followed by a minority of linguists. This theoretical framework
Grimm's_law
American linguist
Great Britain and is an American linguist. In 1973, he proposed the glottalic theory regarding the reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European consonant inventory
Paul_J._Hopper
Postulated prehistoric ethnolinguistic group
the most widely accepted theory of the Proto-Indo-European expansion. The Armenian hypothesis, based on the glottalic theory, suggests that the Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Indo-Europeans
Reconstructed sound system of a proto-language
have led some scholars to propose a glottalic theory of the PIE stop system, replacing the voiced stops with glottalized and the voiced aspirated stops with
Proto-Indo-European_phonology
Proto-Germanic sound law
in the glottalic theory framework, where the voiced aspirate stops are replaced with plain voiced stops, and plain voiced stops with glottalized stops
Verner's_law
Northeast Caucasian language family
Tsakhur – 22,300 speakers The Lezgic languages are relevant to the glottalic theory of Indo-European, because several have undergone the voicing of ejectives
Lezgic_languages
Common ancestor of a language family
to the reconstructed phonemic inventory. The alternatives such as glottalic theory, despite representing a typologically less rare system, have not gained
Proto-language
Georgian linguist (1929–2021)
proponent of the glottalic theory of Proto-Indo-European consonants. In the 1980s, Gamkrelidze worked with Vyacheslav Ivanov on a new theory of Indo-European
Tamaz_V._Gamkrelidze
Traditional Model to Glottalic Theories. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004750449. ISBN 978-90-04-75044-9. Matasović, Ranko. "6. The Glottalic Theory and the 'Kortlandt
Glossary of sound laws in the Indo-European languages
Glossary_of_sound_laws_in_the_Indo-European_languages
Sound made by stopping airflow in the glottis
A glottal stop or glottal plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or
Glottal_stop
Process of creating phonetic sounds
two main theories as to how vibration of the vocal folds is initiated: the myoelastic theory and the aerodynamic theory. These two theories are not in
Phonation
Text by August Schleicher
prior texts in a number of ways. First, he conforms to the glottalic theory, representing glottalic plosives with a following apostrophe (t’) and omitting
Schleicher's_fable
Indo-European linguistic classification
uvular theory is the glottalic theory. Both these theories have some support if PIE was spoken near the Caucasus, where both uvular and glottal consonants
Centum_and_satem_languages
Proposed superfamily of Eurasian and African languages
Languages and Cultures BPX 20:51-56. Manaster Ramer, Alexis (?). A "Glottalic" Theory of Nostratic Archived 2012-03-05 at the Wayback Machine. Norquest
Nostratic_languages
Letter of the Latin alphabet
The reversed glottal stop, ⟨ʕ⟩ (majuscule: , minuscule: , superscript: ˤ), is a letter of the Latin script. It is used to denote a voiced pharyngeal
Reversed_glottal_stop
Vowel fronting in certain Armenian dialects
result is important evidence against certain arguments in favor of the glottalic theory of the Proto-Indo-European stop system since such vowel fronting makes
Adjarian's_law
Branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family
intelligible with Chechen or Ingush. The Nakh languages are relevant to the glottalic theory of Indo-European, because the Vainakh branch has undergone the voicing
Nakh_languages
Sound law for Latin vowels
before PIE voiced aspirate stops, glottalic theory reinterprets the law as reflecting lengthening before glottalized stops, not voiced stops. Glossary
Lachmann's_law
Scientific technique used in historical linguistics
linguistic typology to linguistic reconstruction has become known as the glottalic theory. It has a large number of proponents but is not generally accepted
Comparative_method
Series of sound changes affecting some West Germanic languages
Chind) occurs in the southern part of the Upper German dialect area. Glottalic theory The Tuscan gorgia, a similar evolution differentiating the Tuscan dialects
High_German_consonant_shift
Study of how humans produce and perceive sounds
tangentially to the roof of the mouth, striking it in passing. During a glottalic airstream mechanism, the glottis is closed, trapping a body of air. This
Phonetics
Reconstructed language
seen in Germanic, a fact that was significant in the formation of the Glottalic Theory. The Armenian Consonant Shift has often been compared to the famous
Proto-Armenian_language
Illich-Svitych, founder of Nostratic linguistics Vyacheslav Ivanov, founder of glottalic theory of Indo-European consonantism Roman Jakobson, literary theorist and
List_of_Russian_scientists
Reconstructed proto-language
Balto-Slavic acute by using the glottalic theory framework of Proto-Indo-European. He proposed that the acute is a reflex of a glottal stop, which has two sources
Proto-Balto-Slavic_language
Indo-European language
Proto-Armenian language, one of the circumstances that is often linked to the glottalic theory, a version of which postulated that some voiceless occlusives of Proto-Indo-European
Armenian_language
Dutch linguist (born 1978)
Indo-European studies. For instance, Kloekhorst subscribes to the glottalic theory, which itself rejects the traditionally reconstructed split between
Alwin_Kloekhorst
Cushitic language spoken in Eritrea
empirical precedent" for one of the more criticized aspects of the glottalic theory of Indo-European. For example, A writing system for Bilen was first
Bilen_language
Represents speech as a combination of sound and linear filter
vocal tract to interpret his own data of Russian speech sounds in Acoustic Theory of Speech Production, which established the source–filter model. To varying
Source–filter_model
Sound shift in Sanskrit
Sanskrit pṛthvī́. Glossary of sound laws in the Indo-European languages Glottalic theory Grassmann's law Stigler's law of eponymy Burrow, T. (1972). "A Reconsideration
Fortunatov's_law
Hypothesis in Indo-European historical linguistics
The phonological peculiarities of the consonants proposed in the glottalic theory would be best preserved in Armenian and the Germanic languages. Proto-Greek
Armenian_hypothesis
American linguist (born 1956)
Accentual Change and Language Contact, 1992. ISBN 978-0-415-08872-5 The Glottalic Theory, 1993. ISBN 978-0-941694-40-7 A History of German, 2018. ISBN 978-0-19-872302-8
Joe_Salmons
Dialect of Western Armenian
Akademia. OCLC 964246197. Garrett, Andrew (1998). "Adjarian's Law, the glottalic theory, and the position of Armenian". In Bergen, Benjamin K.; Plauché, Madelaine
Malatya_dialect
Illich-Svitych, founder of Nostratic linguistics Vyacheslav Ivanov, founder of glottalic theory of Indo-European consonantism Roman Jakobson, preeminent 20th-century
List_of_Russian_people
Human vocal register
register is the lowest vocal register and is produced through a loose glottal closure that permits air to bubble through slowly with a popping or rattling
Vocal_fry_register
Vyacheslav Ivanov, 88, Russian philologist and semiotician, co-developer of glottalic theory. Jan Arvid Johansen, 70, Norwegian musician, cancer. Ole Krarup, 82
Deaths_in_October_2017
Moscow School of Comparative Linguistics Vyacheslav Ivanov, founder of glottalic theory of Indo-European consonantism Roman Jakobson, literary theorist and
List of Russian linguists and philologists
List_of_Russian_linguists_and_philologists
Consonantal sound
A creaky-voiced glottal approximant is a consonant sound in some languages. It involves tension in the glottis and diminution of airflow, compared to
Creaky-voiced glottal approximant
Creaky-voiced_glottal_approximant
Theory in historical linguistics
was associated with glottalization, a suggestion supported by glottalized reflexes in Latvian. This could lend support to a theory that laryngeal consonants
Laryngeal_theory
Hypothesis of spoken word identification
The motor theory of speech perception is the hypothesis that people perceive spoken words by identifying the vocal tract gestures with which they are pronounced
Motor theory of speech perception
Motor_theory_of_speech_perception
Austronesian language spoken on Borneo
Linguistics. 7 (3–4): 309–324. doi:10.1080/08351817409370376. See glottalic theory. Blust, Robert A. (2006). "The Origin of the Kelabit Voiced Aspirates:
Kelabit_language
Timing, rhythm, and intonation of speech
acquisition of pragmatic prosody in the preschool years and its relation with Theory of Mind". Frontiers in Psychology. 12 662124. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.662124
Prosody_(linguistics)
First letter of many Semitic abjads
of a true consonant, a glottal stop ([ʔ]), the sound found in the catch in uh-oh. In Arabic, the alif represents the glottal stop pronunciation when
Aleph
Ancestor of Latin and other Italic languages
Reconstruction of Indo-European Stop Systems: From the Traditional Model to Glottalic Theories. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004750449_014. ISBN 978-90-04-75044-9. Sen
Proto-Italic_language
Process of hearing and understanding language
research. The direct realist theory of speech perception (mostly associated with Carol Fowler) is a part of the more general theory of direct realism, which
Speech_perception
Consonantal sound
tongue, rather than to the sides. The airstream mechanism is implosive (glottalic ingressive), which means it is produced by pulling air in by pumping the
Voiced dental and alveolar implosives
Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_implosives
Science of the sounds of language
illusion Auditory processing disorder Auditory system Hearing (sense) Motor theory of speech perception Psychoacoustics Speech perception O'Connor, J.D. (1973)
Auditory_phonetics
Danish linguist (1850–1923)
Oxford University Press. Zgusta, Ladislav. 2006. “The laryngeal and glottalic theories”, in History of the Language Sciences, vol. 3. Edited by Sylvain Auroux
Hermann_Möller
Migrations out of the Proto-Indo-European homeland
Caucasus. Gramkelidze and Ivanov, using the now largely unsupported glottalic theory of Indo-European phonology, also proposed Semitic borrowings into Proto-Indo-European
Indo-European_migrations
Theory that Native Americans are one of the lost tribes of Israel
Jewish Indian theory (or Hebraic Indian theory, or Jewish Amerindian theory) is the erroneous idea that some or all of the lost tribes of Israel had travelled
Jewish_Indian_theory
Linguistic subfield studying speech sound
acoustic phonetics and phonological theory together. This little book was followed in 1960 by Fant "Acoustic Theory of Speech Production", which has remained
Acoustic_phonetics
Process by which people translate thoughts into verbal words
Nasal Approximant Liquid Lateral Vowel Airstream mechanisms Pulmonic Glottalic Lingual Percussive Acoustics Phonation (Voicing) Fundamental frequency
Speech_production
Basic unit distinguishing one sound from another in a language
feature theory was created by Russian linguist Roman Jakobson in 1941, it was assumed that the distinctive features are binary and this theory about distinctive
Distinctive_feature
Consonantal sound
median–lateral dichotomy does not apply. The airstream mechanism is implosive (glottalic ingressive), which means it is produced by pulling air in by pumping the
Voiced_bilabial_implosive
Branch of linguistics studying how humans make sounds
airstream (found in all human languages). The larynx is used to initiate the glottalic airstream mechanism by changing the volume of the supraglottal and subglottal
Articulatory_phonetics
Representation of auditory sensation and perception in the nervous system
for a specific hair cell has been proposed by two diametrically opposed theories in neuroscience known as the peripheral instruction hypothesis and the
Neural_encoding_of_sound
Unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds
with a vowel may be pronounced with an epenthetic glottal stop when following a pause, though the glottal stop may not be a phoneme in the language. Few
Syllable
Common ancestor of the Siouan languages
exhibiting a non-high tone with an excrescent word-final glottal stop. In modern Crow, the glottal stop was vocalized leading to kúu, reflecting a long vowel
Proto-Siouan_language
Seventh letter in the Greek alphabet
the close front unrounded vowel, [i]. Originally denoting the voiceless glottal fricative, [h], in most dialects of Ancient Greek, its sound value in the
Eta
Range of tones a certain voice type can reliably produce
various theories of how the human voice changes, both subjectively and objectively, as it moves through its pitch range. There are many divergent theories on
Vocal_register
Schematic arrangement of vowels
Postalveolar Retroflex (Alveolo-)palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal/epiglottal Glottal Nasal m̥ m ɱ̊ ɱ n̼ n̪̊ n̪ n̥ n n̠̊ n̠ ɳ̊ ɳ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ Plosive p b p̪
Vowel_diagram
Linguistic concept
vowels being the trigger, the direction being progressive and affecting glottals, vowels, glides, and liquids within the domain, with obstruents and the
Vowel–consonant_harmony
Typographic character indicating a question (?)
many languages. The history of the question mark is contested. One popular theory posits that the shape of the symbol is inspired by the crook in a cat's
Question_mark
Speech synthesizer digital signal processor integrated circuits
lattice filter, selectably fed by either an excitation ROM (containing a glottal pulse waveform) or an LFSR (linear-feedback shift register) noise generator
Texas Instruments LPC Speech Chips
Texas_Instruments_LPC_Speech_Chips
Phonological system of the Hawaiian language
of every non-glottal Hawaiian consonant /p, k, m, n, l, w/ with glottal fricative /h/ and glottal stop /ʔ/ (see section on the glottal stop). There are
Hawaiian_phonology
Language that uses pitch changes for accent
original on 26 May 2026. Retrieved 7 August 2026. Hualde, J. I. (1987). "A theory of pitch-accent, with particular attention to Basque". Anuario del Seminario
Pitch-accent_language
Branch of the Indo-European language family
traces, and that Proto-Slavic was so unusually uniform. However, such a theory fails to explain how Slavic spread to Eastern Europe, an area that had no
Balto-Slavic_languages
Age-associated differences in speech habits in a community
England, children’s use of the glottal stop [ʔ], in place of /t/ is described as “the most openly stigmatised feature.” The glottal stop can occur in any non-initial
Age-graded_variation
West Germanic language
Carr, Philip; Honeybone, Patrick (2007). "English phonology and linguistic theory: an introduction to issues, and to 'Issues in English Phonology'". Language
English_language
Ethno-cultural region in Asia
there exists a Tibeto-Burman family of languages. More controversial is the theory that the Tibeto-Burman family is itself part of a larger language family
Tibet
Articulatory technique in Western Classical singing
Coup de glotte or 'shock of the glottis' is a term used in the theory of singing technique to describe a particular method of emitting or opening a note
Coup_de_glotte
Vocal register associated with speech and singing
resonant mode of vocal folds. It is characterized by balanced airflow and glottal tension to produce maximum vibration.[page needed] In linguistics, modal
Modal_voice
Consonants articulated in the larynx
epiglottals), the glottal consonants, and for some languages uvular consonants. The term laryngeal is often taken to be synonymous with glottal, but the larynx
Laryngeal_consonant
Interstellar object that passed near Earth in 2017
diacritic) is a Hawaiian ʻokina, not an apostrophe, and is pronounced as a glottal stop; the Pan-STARRS team chose the name in consultation with Kaʻiu Kimura
1I/ʻOumuamua
American electronic and acoustic engineer
plosives (such as pressing the lips together to create a "p" sound) and glottal stops (such as closing the back of the throat to produce a "guh" sound)
Homer_Dudley
Vowel sound represented by ⟨ø̞⟩ or ⟨œ̝⟩ in IPA
Trudgill, Peter (2009), "Greek Dialect Vowel Systems, Vowel Dispersion Theory, and Sociolinguistic Typology", Journal of Greek Linguistics, 9 (1): 80–97
Mid_front_rounded_vowel
Folklore of Polynesian island
from Hawaiki in about 40 named waka (compare the discredited Great Fleet theory of the Polynesian settlement of New Zealand). Polynesian oral traditions
Hawaiki
Relation between rules in linguistics
diphthong: /aː/→/ɛː/→/eː/→/iː/→/əi/ Bleeding order Markedness Optimality theory Order of operations Gussenhoven, C. & Jacobs, H. (1998). Understanding Phonology
Feeding_order
Abugida used for writing Burmese
[a̰] is the inherent vowel, and is not indicated by any diacritic. In theory, virtually any written syllable that is not the final syllable of a word
Burmese_alphabet
Phonological system of the Japanese language
always phonetically glottal. A study by Fujimoto, Maekawa & Funatsu (2010) used a video recording system and observed no glottal constriction during the
Japanese_phonology
Vowel sound represented by ⟨e̞⟩ or ⟨ɛ̝⟩ in IPA
Trudgill, Peter (2009), "Greek Dialect Vowel Systems, Vowel Dispersion Theory, and Sociolinguistic Typology", Journal of Greek Linguistics, 9 (1): 80–97
Mid_front_unrounded_vowel
Capital of the Philippines
it is actually not impossible for final consonant /d/ to shift into a glottal stop such as in mapalad to pinagpalà and hangád to hangà. The earliest
Manila
Kru language of Liberia
Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Labial- velar Glottal Plosive voiceless p t c k k͡p voiced b d breathy bʱ ⟨b⟩ dʱ ⟨d⟩ ɟʱ ⟨j⟩ ɡʱ ⟨g⟩ ɡ͡bʱ ⟨gb⟩ Fricative
Jabo_language
Variety of American English
origins of AAVE are still a matter of debate.[citation needed] The presiding theory among linguists is that AAVE has always been a dialect of English, meaning
African-American Vernacular English
African-American_Vernacular_English
Accents typical of English in the US
British English dialects as well.) T-glottalization and flapping mountain (glottalized t) [ˈmaʊnʔn̩] partner (glottalized t) [ˈpʰɑɹʔnɚ] leader (d-flapping)
General_American_English
English-based creole languages
just as "to know" is saber in Portuguese. (According to the monogenetic theory of pidgins, sabir was a basic word in Mediterranean Lingua Franca, brought
Nigerian_Pidgin
U.S. state
Whitney. p. 47. Stokes, John F.G. (1939). Hawaii's Discovery by Spaniards; Theories Traced and Refuted. Honolulu, HI: Hawaiian Historical Society. By Oliver
Hawaii
Tuu language of southwestern Botswana and eastern Namibia
considered to be uvular here are actually lingual–pulmonic and lingual–glottalic airstream contours. It may be that the 'prevoiced' consonants of Taa,
Taa_language
Vowel sound represented by ⟨o̞⟩ or ⟨ɔ̝⟩ in IPA
Trudgill, Peter (2009), "Greek Dialect Vowel Systems, Vowel Dispersion Theory, and Sociolinguistic Typology", Journal of Greek Linguistics, 9 (1): 80–97
Mid_back_rounded_vowel
Indigenous North American language family
phonemic tonal distinctions to arise from glottal features originally found at the end of the syllable. The glottal features in question are often evident
Na-Dene_languages
Extinct language in Egypt
regions. There are two theories that seek to establish the cognate sets between Egyptian and Afroasiatic, the traditional theory and the neuere Komparatistik
Egyptian_language
Writing system used c. 1050 to 146 BC
Phoenician letter was called bet and had the sound value b. According to a 1904 theory by Theodor Nöldeke, some of the letter names were changed in Phoenician
Phoenician_alphabet
Paragogic vowel that repeats the final vowel in a word
when a word ends with a glottal stop and comes at the end of an intonation unit, the final vowel is repeated after the glottal stop but is whispered and
Echo_vowel
Symbol that represents an idea or concept
the logogram for ʾālep 'ox' as the letter aleph representing the initial glottal stop. However, some logograms still meaningfully depict the meaning of
Ideogram
Regular use of a high-pitched voice after puberty
as maximum phonation time and direct measures of breath support such as glottal airflow and subglottal pressure. Clinicians can also request a self-assessment
Puberphonia
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