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Measure in population genetics
Genetic load is the difference between the fitness of an average genotype in a population and the fitness of some reference genotype, which may be either
Genetic_load
Expected reproductive success
w_{\max }}} Genetic load may increase when deleterious mutations, migration, inbreeding, or outcrossing lower mean fitness. Genetic load may also increase
Fitness_(biology)
Loss of biological fitness in a population due to genetic drift
drift load, a type of genetic load, is the decline in fitness in a population due to the fixation of deleterious mutations by genetic drift. Drift load generally
Drift_load
Reduced fitness as a result of inbreeding
inbred populations, especially small ones, genetic drift causes alleles to become fixed in a population. Drift load is the decline in fitness in a population
Inbreeding_depression
Topics referred to by the same term
pulmonary arteries Genetic load, of a population Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (acronym: LOAD), a chronic neurodegenerative disease Parasite load, of an organism
Load
diversity Genetic drift Genetic engineering Genetic genealogy Genetic history of Europe Genetic illness Genetic informatics Genetic linkage map Genetic load Genetic
Index_of_genetics_articles
History of the field of study
mutations remain in the population longer. H. J. Muller dubbed this "genetic load". Muller, motivated by his concern about the effects of radiation on
History of molecular evolution
History_of_molecular_evolution
DNA sequences with no known biological function
deleterious then the human species could not survive such a mutation load (genetic load). This led to predictions in the late 1940s by one of the founders
Junk_DNA
Reproduction by closely related organisms
that are closely related genetically. By analogy, the term is used in human reproduction, but more commonly refers to the genetic disorders and other consequences
Inbreeding
Accumulation of harmful mutations
results in an eventual accumulation of mutations known as genetic load. In theory, the genetic load carried by asexual populations eventually becomes so great
Muller's_ratchet
1969 scientific biology paper
proteins that according to Kimura would indicate an impossibly high genetic load if the changes were caused by natural selection. The paper was initially
Non-Darwinian Evolution (paper)
Non-Darwinian_Evolution_(paper)
Statistical effects of small numbers on a population
These types of malformations are caused by inbreeding depression or genetic load. Island populations often also have small populations due to geographic
Small_population_size
Mitigation strategy
Genetic rescue refers to a mitigation strategy designed to restore genetic diversity and reduce extinction risks in small, isolated and frequently inbred
Genetic_rescue
Reduction in frequency of deleterious alleles through inbreeding
inbreeding load. This means that, after purging, further inbreeding is expected to be less harmful. The efficiency of purging is reduced by genetic drift and
Genetic_purging
Electress of Bavaria from 1685 to 1692
pain, which progressed to systemic infection likely exacerbated by her genetic load resulting from inbreeding. Maria Antonia died on Christmas Eve, 24 December
Maria_Antonia_of_Austria
Exaggerated expression of humour
Jon; Toni, Ivan; Zilles, Karl; Falkai, Peter; Schneider, Frank (2004). "Genetic Load on Amygdala Hypofunction During Sadness in Nonaffected Brothers of Schizophrenia
Paradoxical_laughter
American plant geneticist
as a courtesy associate professor. Sanford has argued for genetic load in his book Genetic Entropy & the Mystery of the Genome (2005, 2008). In it, he
John_C._Sanford
This is sometimes referred to as genetic load, in this case it is a special kind of load known as segregational load. Crow and Kimura showed that at equilibrium
Infinite_alleles_model
Trait that is characterized by being more harmful than helpful
survivability. This could be caused by changes in trait distribution from genetic loading, exogenous environmental changes in the fitness landscape, or feedback
Maladaptation
Sexual reproduction in canine species
Smeds L, Ellegren H (April 2023). "From high masked to high realized genetic load in inbred Scandinavian wolves". Mol Ecol. 32 (7): 1567–80. Bibcode:2023MolEc
Canine_reproduction
the next generation because the offspring are exact genetic clones of their parents. The genetic load of organisms and their populations will increase due
Evolution of sexual reproduction
Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction
Turkish academic
module from reaching its local performance peak and thereby imposes a genetic load, i.e., the organism carrying a stalled module suffers a fitness cost
Betül_Kaçar
Rate at which mutations occur during some unit of time
dynamics in a bacterial population reflect tension between adaptation and genetic load". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States
Mutation_rate
Total number of genetic characteristics in a species
of understanding whether low neutral genetic diversity is correlated with high genetic drift and high mutation load. In a review of current research, Teixeira
Genetic_diversity
Sharp reduction in the size of a population
A population bottleneck or genetic bottleneck is a sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events such as famines, earthquakes
Population_bottleneck
Asexual reproduction by snakes and lizards
to the completely homozygous condition can lead to exposure of their genetic load resulting in an elevated rate of congenital malformations and embryonic
Parthenogenesis_in_squamates
Species of bird
to Denis Island in 2008 and have since successfully bred there. The genetic load of a small population can increase through accumulation of mildly deleterious
Seychelles paradise flycatcher
Seychelles_paradise_flycatcher
Order of insects
automatically be expressed, exposing them to natural selection. Thus, the genetic load of deleterious genes is purged relatively quickly. Some hymenopterans
Hymenoptera
Type of evolutionary extinction vortex
accumulation of deleterious mutations due to fixation by genetic drift. This loss of fitness is drift load, and it is a target of conservation genetics. A population
Mutational_meltdown
Rare species of fish native to Nevada, U.S.
most inbred vertebrates on Earth, and the resulting high mutation load and genetic instability remains a potential long-term threat to the species as
Devils_Hole_pupfish
Plants which reproduce in multiple ways
out-cross pollen. Selective Interference –The genetic process of selective inference may prevent purging of genetic load and counterbalance the automatic selection
Mixed_mating_systems
Deterioration of function with age
late-acting deleterious mutations was correspondingly small. Therefore, a genetic load of late-acting deleterious mutations could be substantial at mutation–selection
Senescence
Species of fern
the spores enter the airstream for long-distance dispersal, and a low genetic load allows spores that have grown into a gametophyte to self-fertilize with
Asplenium_platyneuron
Italian conservation genomics project
estimate the genetic load possibly accumulated due to genetic drift. The results will be theoretically important to understand the genetic load dynamic. Practically
Endemixit
Genetic phenomenon
Genetic erosion (also known as genetic depletion or genomic erosion) is any decrease in genetic diversity, both naturally occurring and human-caused.
Genetic_erosion
Selective seed death in plants
deleterious alleles is referred to as genetic load). Thus, selective embryo abortion would be expected to purge genetic load among inbred offspring by aborting
Selective_embryo_abortion
Phenomenon inducing a loss of genetic diversity
individual cannot appreciably contribute to the next generation because its genetic load is too high. The reduction is smaller for large s because deleterious
Background_selection
Evolution-related timelines
good fitness indicators, this means that sexual selection increases the genetic load of the offspring of unattractive individuals. Without sexual selection
Evolution of human intelligence
Evolution_of_human_intelligence
Latin Americans of European or West Asian descent
up with the majority mestizo population of Honduras, thus adding new genetic load to the Honduran population from other places in Europe. Of these the
White_Latin_Americans
Genus of mammals
en. Kuang, W.; Hu, J.; et al. (December 2020). "Genetic diversity, inbreeding level, and genetic load in endangered snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus)"
Snub-nosed_monkey
Number and virulence of the parasites that a host organism harbours
thought to tolerate higher parasite loads. In insects, susceptibility to parasite load has been linked to genetic variation in the insect colony. In colonies
Parasite_load
Genetic paradox
arguing that there is a fixed ceiling of 15% imposed by the genome's genetic load. (Prokaryotes, which have little "junk" DNA by comparison, exhibit a
G-value_paradox
Species of lizard
transition to the completely homozygous condition leads to exposure of the genetic load and results in embryonic mortality and an elevated rate of congenital
Arizona_striped_whiptail
MeSH Trees from the NLM. MeSH G13.330.159 – gene flow MeSH G13.330.320 – genetic drift MeSH G13.370.180 – chromosome instability MeSH G13.370.180.180 –
List_of_MeSH_codes_(G13)
Principle in genetics
of inbreeding Coefficient of relationship Natural selection Fitness Genetic load The term frequency usually refers to a number or count, but in this context
Hardy–Weinberg_principle
Redundant pollination mechanisms in plants
there is an increase in homozygosity, and inbreeding depression, due to genetic load, which results in reduced fitness of selfed offspring. Solely outcrossing
Reproductive_assurance
DNA testing for endangerment assessment
remaining adult individuals, the study showed high genetic diversity and low levels of inbreeding and genetic load in the studied Dryas monkey individuals. Another
Genome sequencing of endangered species
Genome_sequencing_of_endangered_species
Interdisciplinary study of extinction avoidance
1038/s41559-023-01995-0. PMID 36941343. Bertorelle, G.; Raffini, F.; Bosse, M. (2022). "Genetic load: genomic estimates and applications in non-model animals". Nature Reviews
Conservation_genetics
caused by early-acting inbreeding depression where the expression of genetic load causes self-fertilized embryos to abort. The proposed advantages of LSI
Late-acting self-incompatibility
Late-acting_self-incompatibility
with an organism's environment. mutational hot spot mutational load See genetic load. mutational meltdown mutationism mutator gene Any mutant gene or
Glossary of genetics and evolutionary biology
Glossary_of_genetics_and_evolutionary_biology
Japanese biologist (1924–1994)
contributed an important review article on the ongoing controversy over genetic load in 1961. 1968 marked a turning point in Kimura's career. In that year
Motoo_Kimura
Indian population geneticist (1946–2018)
studied the effects of consanguinity and consanguineous marriages on genetic load, the genetics of obesity, gallbladder disease, and type II diabetes.
Ranajit_Chakraborty
American geneticist (1916–2012)
important subject in population genetics. Crow developed the concept of genetic load, has contributed to the theory of random drift in small populations,
James_F._Crow
Limit on the speed of beneficial evolution
absolute fitness to models of relative fitness. Error catastrophe Genetic drift Genetic load Muller's ratchet Kimura M (February 1968). "Evolutionary rate
Haldane's_dilemma
Human hybridization during the Paleolithic
gene flow from modern humans is highly plausible given the increased genetic load in Neanderthals relative to modern humans. As shown in an interbreeding
Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans
Interbreeding_between_archaic_and_modern_humans
Species of lizard
transition to the completely homozygous condition results in exposure of the genetic load leading to embryonic mortality and an elevated rate of congenital malformations
Marbled_whiptail
Intentional breeding of wild organisms by humans
extinction, but for success, breeders must consider many factors—including genetic, ecological, behavioral, and ethical issues. Most successful attempts involve
Captive_breeding
Medical condition caused by drug dependence
long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic
Drug_withdrawal
1994 book
Spectator. 28 (2). Flynn, J. R. (1999). "Evidence against Rushton: The Genetic Loading of the Wisc-R Subtests and the Causes of Between-Group IQ Differences"
The_Bell_Curve
Continual use of drugs despite negative consequences
long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15:
Substance_use_disorder
Love typology by J. A. Lee
Brondino, Natascia; Pesenti, Sara; Re, Simona; Geroldi, Diego (2007). "Genetic loading on human loving styles". Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 28 (6): 815–821
Colour_wheel_theory_of_love
Love focused on feelings
Brondino, Natascia; Pesenti, Sara; Re, Simona; Geroldi, Diego (2007). "Genetic loading on human loving styles". Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 28 (6): 815–821
Romance
Harmful repetitive gambling
long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15:
Problem_gambling
Evolutionary conflict arising from differences in optimal parental investment
seeds. (Although other explanations for this phenomenon exist, such as genetic load, resource depletion or maternal regulation of offspring quality, they
Parent–offspring_conflict
Pharmacological phenomenon
long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic
Reverse_tolerance
CNS stimulant and isomer of amphetamine
long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic
Dextroamphetamine
Subspecies of butterfly
be at increased risk of extinction due to the increased genetic load and reduction in genetic diversity following the population bottleneck before the
Speyeria_zerene_hippolyta
Reduced reaction to a drug following repeated use
long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic
Drug_tolerance
Passerine species of bird native to New Zealand's South Island
inbreeding depression in a threatened New Zealand robin indicative of reduced genetic load?". Animal Conservation. 14 (1): 47–55. Bibcode:2011AnCon..14...47L. doi:10
South_Island_robin
Non-associative learning process
long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15:
Sensitization
Medical condition
long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic
Alcohol_dependence
Species of bee
Laurence (2007-09-12). "Successful Biological Invasion despite a Severe Genetic Load". PLOS ONE. 2 (9): e868. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000868. ISSN 1932-6203
Lasioglossum_leucozonium
Subfield of genetics
to some theories of the purging of mutation load and to the evolution of sexual reproduction. The genetic process of mutation takes place within an individual
Population_genetics
Proposed compulsive sexual disorder
long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic
Sexual_addiction
Evolutionary mechanism for speciation
1016/0040-5809(81)90021-6 Gillespie, John H. (1991), "The Burden of Genetic Load", Science, 254 (5034): 1049, Bibcode:1991Sci...254.1049W, doi:10.1126/science
Reproductive_isolation
Disorder resulting in compulsive behaviors
long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. "Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction
Addiction
Canadian evolutionary biologist
(August 1991). "Effects of a change in the level of inbreeding on the genetic load". Nature. 352 (6335): 522–524. doi:10.1038/352522a0. ISSN 0028-0836.
Spencer Barrett (evolutionary biologist)
Spencer_Barrett_(evolutionary_biologist)
Range of genetic and environmental risk factors for developing an addiction
There are a range of genetic and environmental risk factors for developing an addiction that vary across the population. Genetic and environmental risk
Addiction_vulnerability
Sequence of DNA that determines traits in an organism
when the frequencies of alleles shift due mostly to natural selection and genetic drift. Some of these alleles are located in genes. There are many different
Gene
Chemical substance that alters brain function
long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic
Psychoactive_drug
Risk factors related to schizophrenia
dementia praecox) was greatly increased if the subjects had both a higher genetic load for schizophrenia and lower birthweight. The investigators suggested
Risk_factors_of_schizophrenia
1981 book by Stephen Jay Gould
Publishers, p. 3. Flynn, J. R. (1999). "Evidence against Rushton: The Genetic Loading of the Wisc-R Subtests and the Causes of Between-Group IQ Differences"
The_Mismeasure_of_Man
Form of behavioral dependence involving emotional symptoms
long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic
Psychological_dependence
Need for a drug, whose discontinuation results in withdrawal symptoms
long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic
Substance_dependence
Rewarding and reinforcing behaviours
long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15:
Addictive_behavior
species due to negative side effects of selfing in these species, notably genetic load and inbreeding depression. Among angiosperms, dioecy is known to be substantially
Annual vs. perennial plant evolution
Annual_vs._perennial_plant_evolution
Consequence affecting an organism's future behavior
long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic
Reinforcement
Species of flowering plant
due to under-pollination, limited resources, or consequences of a high genetic load. Chamise is a self-incompatible plant, and allozyme analysis of chamise
Adenostoma_fasciculatum
so he can go with her. The DEA announces a pilot project with Mike's genetically enhanced soybeans. Adam chairs a UN finance committee meeting in the
List_of_Traders_episodes
Cognitive process
long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic
Motivational_salience
Plant species in the gentian family
Susanne; Schmid, Bernhard (2003). "Population Size and the Nature of Genetic Load in Gentianella germanica". Evolution. 57 (10): 2242–2251. doi:10.1111/j
Gentianella_germanica
Protected wilderness area in southeast Zimbabwe
"A continent-wide high genetic load in African buffalo revealed by clines in the frequency of deleterious alleles, genetic hitchhiking and linkage disequilibrium"
Sengwe_Safari_Area
Standard and alternative genetic codes
Markus Porto (14 June 2010). "Comparison of translation loads for standard and alternative genetic codes". BMC Evol Biol. 10 (178): 178. Bibcode:2010BMCEE
List_of_genetic_codes
Physical condition caused by chronic use of a tolerance-forming drug
long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT (January 2016). "Neurobiologic
Physical_dependence
"werewolf" and that they are not monsters. She says that being a wolfblood is genetic, and that everything Rhydian thought made him a freak—sight, hearing, smell
List_of_Wolfblood_episodes
Group of genetic disorders resulting in fragile bones
ˌɪmpɜːrˈfɛktə/; OI), colloquially known as brittle bone disease, is a group of genetic disorders that all result in bones that break easily. The range of symptoms—on
Osteogenesis_imperfecta
Continued use of cannabis despite clinically significant impairment
long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15:
Cannabis_use_disorder
Subfield of genetics that studies biological invasions
in the context of biological invasions. Invasion genetics considers how genetic and demographic factors affect the success of a species introduced outside
Invasion_genetics
Evolution and neuroscience of romantic love
Brondino, Natascia; Pesenti, Sara; Re, Simona; Geroldi, Diego (2007). "Genetic loading on human loving styles". Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 28 (6): 815–821
Biology_of_romantic_love
Continent
Nilo-Saharan language speaking groups. Genetic evidence has identified the Horn of Africa to be the source of a genetic marker "M35/215" Y-chromosome lineage
Africa
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