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Form of logic
A free logic is a logic with fewer existential presuppositions than classical logic. Free logics may allow for terms that do not denote any object. Free
Free_logic
Application of logical methods to philosophical problems
Understood in a narrow sense, philosophical logic is the area of logic that studies the application of logical methods to philosophical problems, often
Philosophical_logic
Type of logical system
first-order logic (FOL), also called predicate logic, predicate calculus, or quantificational logic, is a type of formal system. First-order logic uses quantified
First-order_logic
Study of the scope and nature of logic
Philosophy of logic is the branch of philosophy that studies the scope and nature of logic. It investigates the philosophical problems raised by logic, such as
Philosophy_of_logic
Digital audio workstation
engine but with reduced features called Logic Express was available starting in 2004. Apple's GarageBand comes free with all new Macintosh computers and
Logic_Pro
Overview of and topical guide to logic
Formal logic Free logic Fuzzy logic Higher-order logic Infinitary logic Informal logic Intensional logic Intermediate logic Interpretability logic Intuitionistic
Outline_of_logic
Study of correct reasoning
Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid inferences or logical
Logic
State of being real
x{\text{Flyinghorse}}(x)} is invalid in free logic, even though it is valid in first-order logic. Free logic uses an additional existence predicate (
Existence
Bearer of truth values
Bacon, Andrew; Hawthorne, John; Uzquiano, Gabriel (2016). "Higher-order Free Logic and the Prior-Kaplan Paradox". Canadian Journal of Philosophy. 46 (4–5):
Proposition
American philosopher (born 1941)
and co-editor of the Journal of Symbolic Logic. In logic, Van Frassen is best known for his work on free logic and his introduction of the supervaluation
Bas_van_Fraassen
Look up Appendix:Glossary of logic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. This is a glossary of logic. Logic is the study of the principles of valid reasoning
Glossary_of_logic
Approach to logic
In logic and formal semantics, term logic, also known as traditional logic, syllogistic logic or Aristotelian logic, is a loose name for an approach to
Term_logic
Symbol representing a property or relation in logic
In logic, a predicate is a non-logical symbol that represents a property or a relation, though, formally, does not need to represent anything at all.
Predicate_(logic)
Reasoning about equations with free variables
logic, algebraic logic is the reasoning obtained by manipulating equations with free variables. What is now usually called classical algebraic logic focuses
Algebraic_logic
American philosopher and logician
written extensively on the subject of free logic, a term which he coined. Lambert's law is the major principle in any free definite description theory that
Karel_Lambert
Class of formal logics
Classical logic (or standard logic) or Frege–Russell logic is the intensively studied and most widely used class of deductive logic. Classical logic has had
Classical_logic
Subfield of mathematics
Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics. Major subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory
Mathematical_logic
Syntactically correct logical formula
In mathematical logic, propositional logic, and predicate logic, a well-formed formula, abbreviated WFF or wff, often simply formula, is a finite sequence
Well-formed_formula
American rapper and singer (born 1990)
Robert Bryson Hall II (born January 22, 1990), known professionally as Logic, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer from Gaithersburg
Logic_(rapper)
School of thought in philosophy of mathematics
is an extension of logic, some or all of mathematics is reducible to logic, or some or all of mathematics may be modelled in logic. Bertrand Russell and
Logicism
Polish philosopher
paper "Logic and Existence" (1954–55) Lejewski presented a version of free logic. He began by presenting the problem of non-referring nouns, and commended
Czesław_Lejewski
Mathematical use of "for all" and "there exists"
In mathematical logic, quantifiers are formal counterparts of natural-language adjectives like all, some, most, few, etc. which indicate the number of
Quantifier_(logic)
Symbol representing a mathematical concept
In formal systems particularly mathematical logic, a function symbol is a non-logical symbol which represents a function or mapping on the domain of discourse
Function_symbol
Logical formalism using combinators instead of variables
Combinatory logic is a notation to eliminate the need for quantified variables in mathematical logic. It was introduced by Moses Schönfinkel and Haskell
Combinatory_logic
Concept in model theory
systems of formal logic can be defined via model theory. Specifically, a logic α {\displaystyle \alpha } is said to be as strong as a logic β {\displaystyle
Strength_(mathematical_logic)
Formal system in mathematical logic
In mathematical logic, an abstract logic is a formal system consisting of a class of sentences and a satisfaction relation with specific properties related
Abstract_logic
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up logic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Logic is the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration. Logic may also
Logic_(disambiguation)
Classical logic of two values, either true or false
value, either true or false. A logic satisfying this principle is called a two-valued logic or bivalent logic. In formal logic, the principle of bivalence
Principle_of_bivalence
In logic, a statement which is always true
In mathematical logic, a tautology (from Ancient Greek: ταυτολογία) is a formula that is true regardless of the interpretation of its component terms
Tautology_(logic)
Method of deriving conclusions
of deriving conclusions from premises. They are integral parts of formal logic, serving as the logical structure of valid arguments. If an argument with
Rule_of_inference
In mathematical logic, a well-formed formula with no free variables
In mathematical logic, a sentence (or closed formula) of a predicate logic is a Boolean-valued well-formed formula with no free variables. A sentence
Sentence_(mathematical_logic)
Concept in logic
texts outside of mathematical logic, for an individual expression it is not always possible to identify which variables are free and bound. For example, in
Substitution_(logic)
System of resource-aware logic
Linear logic is a substructural logic proposed by French logician Jean-Yves Girard as a refinement of classical and intuitionistic logic, joining the
Linear_logic
Dialogical logic (German: dialogische Logik, also known as the logic of dialogues) is a pragmatic approach to the semantics of logic developed in the
Dialogical_logic
Programming paradigm based on formal logic
Logic programming is a programming, database, and knowledge representation paradigm based on formal logic. A logic program is a set of sentences in logical
Logic_programming
Branch of logic
Propositional logic is a branch of classical logic. It is also called statement logic, sentential calculus, propositional calculus, sentential logic, or sometimes
Propositional_logic
Phenomenon in natural language
classical systems of modal logic. If they were valid, then the semantics of natural language would validate the Free Choice Principle. Free Choice Principle: ◊
Free_choice_inference
Mathematical model for deduction or proof systems
arithmetic. Early logic systems includes Indian logic of Pāṇini, syllogistic logic of Aristotle, propositional logic of Stoicism, and Chinese logic of Gongsun
Formal_system
Formal system of logic
In mathematics and logic, a higher-order logic (HOL) is a form of logic that is distinguished from first-order logic by additional quantifiers and, sometimes
Higher-order_logic
Non-contradiction of a theory
In deductive logic, a consistent theory is one that does not lead to a logical contradiction. A theory T {\displaystyle T} is consistent if there is no
Consistency
Computer program for complexity reduction of digital logic circuits
ESPRESSO logic minimizer is a computer program using heuristic and specific algorithms for efficiently reducing the complexity of digital logic gate circuits
Espresso heuristic logic minimizer
Espresso_heuristic_logic_minimizer
Many-valued logic in which truth values comprise a continuous range
In logic, an infinite-valued logic (or real-valued logic or infinitely-many-valued logic) is a many-valued logic in which truth values comprise a continuous
Infinite-valued_logic
Logical connective OR
In logic, disjunction (also known as logical disjunction, logical or, logical addition, or inclusive disjunction) is a logical connective typically notated
Logical_disjunction
Framework for a family of logic languages
Common Logic (CL) is a framework for a family of logic languages, based on first-order logic, intended to facilitate the exchange and transmission of
Common_Logic
Standard system of axiomatic set theory
however, even if ZFC is formulated in so-called free logic, in which it is not provable from logic alone that something exists, the axiom of infinity
Zermelo–Fraenkel_set_theory
Whether a decision problem has an effective method to derive the answer
effectively determined. Zeroth-order logic (propositional logic) is decidable, whereas first-order and higher-order logic are not. A theory (set of sentences
Decidability_(logic)
System including an indeterminate value
three-valued logic (also trinary logic, trivalent, ternary, or trilean, sometimes abbreviated 3VL) is any of several many-valued logic systems in which
Three-valued_logic
Form of logic that allows quantification over predicates
In logic and mathematics, second-order logic is an extension of first-order logic, which itself is an extension of propositional logic. Second-order logic
Second-order_logic
Concept in first-order logic
In first-order logic, the empty domain is the empty set, having no members. In traditional and classical logic, domains are restrictedly non-empty in
Empty_domain
Assignment of meaning to the symbols of a formal language
formal semantics. The most commonly studied formal logics are propositional logic, predicate logic and their modal analogs, and for these there are standard
Interpretation_(logic)
Type of formal logic
Modal logic is a kind of logic used to represent statements about necessity and possibility. In philosophy and related fields it is used as a tool for
Modal_logic
Process in digital electronics and integrated circuit design
Logic optimization is a process of finding an equivalent representation of the specified logic circuit under one or more specified constraints. This process
Logic_optimization
Type of logic diagram
In term logic (a branch of philosophical logic), the square of opposition is a diagram representing the relations between the four basic categorical propositions
Square_of_opposition
Ancient philosophy
traditionally divided into three interconnected disciplines: logic, physics, and ethics. Stoic logic focuses on highly intentional reasoning through propositions
Stoicism
Logic with discrete truth values
In logic, a finite-valued logic (also finitely many-valued logic) is a propositional calculus in which truth values are discrete. Traditionally, in Aristotle's
Finite-valued_logic
Approach to formal semantics
to the study of several non-classical logics such as modal logic, relevance logic, free logic and connexive logic. Recently, Rahman and collaborators developed
Game_semantics
Form of second-order logic
In mathematical logic, monadic second-order logic (MSO) is the fragment of second-order logic where the second-order quantification is limited to quantification
Monadic_second-order_logic
Sequence of words formed by specific rules
In logic, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics, a formal language is a set of strings whose symbols are taken from a set called "alphabet".
Formal_language
Family of formal knowledge representation
Description logics (DL) are a family of formal knowledge representation languages. Many DLs are more expressive than propositional logic but less expressive
Description_logic
Mathematical set containing no elements
the empty set follows easily from the axiom of separation. Even using free logic (which does not logically imply that something exists), there is already
Empty_set
System for reasoning about vagueness
Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth value of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1. It is employed to handle the concept
Fuzzy_logic
Number of arguments required by a function
In logic, mathematics, and computer science, arity (/ˈærɪti/ ) is the number of arguments or operands taken by a function, operation or relation. In mathematics
Arity
Existence of values making formula true
In mathematical logic, a formula is satisfiable if it is true under some assignment of values to its variables. For example, the formula x + 3 = y {\displaystyle
Satisfiability
System for representing and reasoning about time
In logic, a temporal logic is any system of rules and symbolism for representing, and reasoning about, propositions qualified in terms of time (for example
Temporal_logic
Mathematical use of "for all"
In mathematical logic, a universal quantification is a type of quantifier, a logical constant which is interpreted as "given any", "for all", "for every"
Universal_quantification
Argument whose conclusion must be true if its premises are
In logic, specifically in deductive reasoning, an argument is valid if and only if it takes a form that makes it impossible for the premises to be true
Validity_(logic)
Logical formulation of recursion
In mathematical logic, fixed-point logics are extensions of classical predicate logic that have been introduced to express recursion. Their development
Fixed-point_logic
Various systems of symbolic logic
logic, sometimes more generally called constructive logic, refers to systems of symbolic logic that differ from the systems used for classical logic by
Intuitionistic_logic
Rules used for constructing, or transforming the symbols and words of a language
In logic, syntax is an arrangement of well-structured entities in the formal languages or formal systems that express something. Syntax is concerned with
Syntax_(logic)
Topics referred to by the same term
Look up fuzzy logic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Fuzzy logic is a form of logic theory. Fuzzy Logic may also refer to: Fuzzy Logic (Super Furry
Fuzzy_logic_(disambiguation)
Alternative to Tarskian semantics
consequence as given in Dunn and Belnap 1968. Another problem occurs in free logic. Consider a language with one individual constant c {\displaystyle c}
Truth-value_semantics
Logic theorem
In logic, the law of noncontradiction (LNC; also known as the law of contradiction, principle of non-contradiction (PNC), or the principle of contradiction)
Law_of_noncontradiction
Logical incompatibility between two or more propositions
In traditional logic, a contradiction involves a proposition conflicting either with itself or established fact. It is often used as a tool to detect
Contradiction
System of logic in mathematics and philosophy
philosophy, Łukasiewicz logic (/ˌwʊkəˈʃɛvɪtʃ/ WUUK-ə-SHEV-itch, Polish: [wukaˈɕɛvitʂ]) is a non-classical, many-valued logic. It was originally defined
Łukasiewicz_logic
Study of the semantics, or interpretations, of formal and natural languages
In logic, the semantics or formal semantics is the study of the meaning and interpretation of formal languages, formal systems, and (idealizations of)
Semantics_(logic)
Digital logic based on non-linear magnetic effects
Magnetic logic is digital logic made using the non-linear properties of wound ferrite cores. Magnetic logic represents 0 and 1 by magnetising cores clockwise
Magnetic_logic
Variable that can either be true or false
building-blocks of propositional formulas, used in propositional logic and higher-order logics. Formulas in logic are typically built up recursively from some propositional
Propositional_variable
Extension of modal logic
In logic, philosophy, and theoretical computer science, dynamic logic is an extension of modal logic capable of encoding properties of computer programs
Dynamic_logic_(modal_logic)
Description of non-logical symbols
In mathematical logic, a signature is a description of the non-logical symbols of a formal language. In universal algebra, a signature lists the operations
Signature_(logic)
Type of formal logic
Paraconsistent logic is a type of non-classical logic that allows for the coexistence of contradictory statements without leading to a logical explosion
Paraconsistent_logic
Type of mathematical variable
In mathematical logic, a predicate variable is a predicate letter which functions as a "placeholder" for a relation (between terms), but which has not
Predicate_variable
Range of application for a quantifier or connective in a logical formula
In logic, the scope of a quantifier or connective is the shortest formula in which it occurs, determining the range in the formula to which the quantifier
Scope_(logic)
Theorem in mathematical logic
mathematical logic, Lindström's theorem (named after Swedish logician Per Lindström, who published it in 1969) states that first-order logic is the strongest
Lindström's_theorem
Extension of first-order logic with atoms expressing variable dependencies
t_{n-1}} . Dependence logic is a logic of imperfect information, like branching quantifier logic or independence-friendly logic (IF logic): in other words
Dependence_logic
Branch of non-classical logic
In logic, a substructural logic is a logic lacking one of the usual structural rules (e.g. of classical and intuitionistic logic), such as weakening,
Substructural_logic
Algebraic manipulation of "true" and "false"
In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is a branch of algebra. It differs from elementary algebra in two ways. First, the values of the
Boolean_algebra
Branch of logic
equational logic consists of quantifier-free terms of ordinary first-order logic, with equality as the only predicate symbol. The model theory of this logic was
Equational_logic
System of formal deduction in logic
In logic, more specifically proof theory, a Hilbert system, sometimes called Hilbert calculus, Hilbert-style system, Hilbert-style proof system, Hilbert-style
Hilbert_system
German-born British philosopher (born 1960)
German-born philosopher whose research interests focus on philosophy of logic and language, determinism and freedom, and ancient philosophy. She is currently
Susanne_Bobzien
Theory of logic to account for observations from quantum theory
In the mathematical study of logic and the physical analysis of quantum foundations, quantum logic is a set of rules for manipulation of propositions
Quantum_logic
Symbolic logic system
Minimal logic, or minimal calculus, is a symbolic logic system originally developed by Ingebrigt Johansson under the name "Minimalkalkül". It is a paraconsistent
Minimal_logic
Value indicating the relation of a proposition to truth
In logic and mathematics, a truth value, sometimes called a logical value, is a value indicating the relation of a proposition to truth, which in classical
Truth_value
In the context of semantics the extension of a concept, idea, or sign
fields of study that treat the use of signs — for example, in linguistics, logic, mathematics, semantics, semiotics, and philosophy of language — the extension
Extension_(semantics)
Extension of classical first-order logic
Independence-friendly logic (IF logic; proposed by Jaakko Hintikka and Gabriel Sandu [fr] in 1989) is an extension of classical first-order logic (FOL) by means
Independence-friendly_logic
Mathematical logic concept
In mathematical logic, an atomic formula (also known as an atom or a prime formula) is a formula with no deeper propositional structure, that is, a formula
Atomic_formula
Philosophical treatment of oxymorons
(2001). "Existence and Reference in Medieval Logic". In Lambert, Karel (ed.). New Essays in Free Logic. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 211. ISBN 1-4020-0216-5
Nonexistent_objects
Formula that contains at least one free variable
database. First-order logic Higher-order logic Quantifier (logic) Predicate (mathematical logic) Scope (logic) Glossary of logic Dumas, Bob A.; McCarthy
Open_formula
Mathematical-logic system
In mathematical logic, the lambda calculus (also written as λ-calculus) is a formal system for expressing computation based on function abstraction and
Lambda_calculus
Modal temporal logic with modalities referring to time
In logic, linear temporal logic or linear-time temporal logic (LTL) is a modal temporal logic with modalities referring to time. In LTL, one can encode
Linear_temporal_logic
Term in logic
In logic and analytic philosophy, an atomic sentence is a type of declarative sentence which is either true or false (may also be referred to as a proposition
Atomic_sentence
FREE LOGIC
FREE LOGIC
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FREE LOGIC
FREE LOGIC
FREE LOGIC
FREE LOGIC
FREE LOGIC
FREE LOGIC