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Earthquake that occurs before a mainshock but is of lower magnitude
A foreshock is an earthquake that occurs before a larger seismic event – the mainshock – and is related to it in both time and space. The designation
Foreshock
Smaller earthquake which follows a larger one in the same area
show quite predictable foreshock behaviour before the main seismic event. Reviews of data of past events and their foreshocks showed that they have a
Aftershock
Earthquake in Japan
Kyushu Region, Japan, at a depth of about 10 kilometres (6.2 miles), and a foreshock earthquake with a magnitude 6.2 at 21:26 JST (12:26 UTC) on April 14,
2016_Kumamoto_earthquakes
Largest earthquake in a sequence
sequence, sometimes preceded by one or more foreshocks, and almost always followed by many aftershocks. A foreshock is an earthquake that occurs before a larger
Mainshock
<mapframe>: Title "2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.map" is not a valid map data page This article provides a list of aftershocks of intensity VI (Strong)
List of aftershocks of the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake
List_of_aftershocks_of_the_2023_Turkey–Syria_earthquake
July 4–5, 2019, earthquakes in California
sequence) to the east of Ridgecrest. The first main shock (now deemed to be a foreshock) occurred on Thursday, July 4 at 10:33 a.m. PDT, approximately 18 km (11
2019_Ridgecrest_earthquakes
Earthquake in Romania
Cornelius Radu, several foreshocks of magnitude 5–6 occurred starting with March 1738. In a chronicle it is mentioned that a "large" foreshock happened on 8 May
1738_Vrancea_earthquake
M7.2 and M7.5 doublet earthquake
which measured Mw 7.2, occurred at 18:04 VET and was classified as a foreshock. It was followed by a Mw 7.5 mainshock 30 seconds later centered off the
2026_Venezuela_earthquakes
Flores to Timor. The 2002 Sumatra earthquake is believed to have been a foreshock, preceding the main event by over two years. Great earthquakes such as
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami
Type of earthquake at convergent plate boundaries
2020). "The 21 May 1960 Mw 8.1 Concepción Earthquake: A Deep Megathrust Foreshock That Started the 1960 Central-South Chilean Seismic Sequence". Seismological
Megathrust_earthquake
Origin point beneath an air explosion
release of energy from a larger mass of rock. Computing the hypocenters of foreshocks, main shock, and aftershocks of earthquakes allows the three-dimensional
Hypocenter
Earthquake in California, United States
effects varied widely, including the time of the main shock as well as foreshocks that occurred at several locations earlier in the morning. The 1857 earthquake
1857_Fort_Tejon_earthquake
GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) This is a list of foreshocks and aftershocks of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake. Japan had experienced 900
List of foreshocks and aftershocks of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake
List_of_foreshocks_and_aftershocks_of_the_2011_Tōhoku_earthquake
Earthquake in New Zealand
The 2016 Te Araroa earthquake was an earthquake measuring 7.1 on the moment magnitude scale that occurred at 04:37:55 NZST on 2 September 2016 (16:37:55
2016_Te_Araroa_earthquake
Mw5.7 and Mw6.0 earthquakes in central Italy
02:33 CEST (00:33 UTC) on 26 September 1997. It was preceded by several foreshocks, beginning with a Mw 4.5 event on 3 September. A second and slightly larger
1997 Umbria and Marche earthquakes
1997_Umbria_and_Marche_earthquakes
Magnitude 6.4 earthquake in Taiwan
scale. At least 17 deaths were reported, with 285 injured. The maximum foreshock was recorded on 4 February 2018, at 21:56:40. The epicenter was located
2018_Hualien_earthquake
7th largest earthquake in the US
States Geological Survey have since considered the two earthquakes as foreshocks to the Mw 8.2 event in 2021. The Mw 7.8 earthquake on July 21, 2020, was
2021_Chignik_earthquake
Fatal disaster in southern Japan
Experts warn, "Be aware of the possibility of a main shock following a foreshock."] (in Japanese). The Yomiuri Shimbun. 29 July 2026. Retrieved 1 August
2026_Kumamoto_earthquake
Faults in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan
earthquake, specifically the Hinagu segment to the southwest of the April 14 foreshock of the 2016 earthquake sequence. The tectonics of Kyushu, Shikoku and
Futagawa-Hinagu_fault_zone
Earthquake off the coast of Morocco
The foreshock caused no damage but was felt III (Weak) at its maximum in Málaga, Spain. It was also felt in Nador and Tangier, Morocco. This foreshock was
2016_Alboran_Sea_earthquake
Earthquake in Chile
Saturday, April 22 and before the event of magnitude 6.9 more than 180 foreshocks had been recorded, the strongest being that of magnitude 6.0 that occurred
2017_Valparaíso_earthquake
Earthquake in Yemen
The earthquake was preceded by slight foreshocks that began days before the mainshock struck. A damaging foreshock occurred at noon on January 9, causing
1941_Jabal_Razih_earthquake
Earthquake in Northern Chile
09:00 local time and on 4 April at 16:00 local time, are interpreted as foreshocks to the mainshock on 11 April. The mainshock triggered a tsunami that affected
1819_Copiapó_earthquake
1962 earthquake in southern Italy
assigned a maximum intensity of IX (Violent). It was preceded by an Mw 5.68 foreshock, and followed by a 5.34 aftershock. The earthquakes resulted in nearly
1962_Irpinia_earthquake
Magnitude-7.3 tremor in California
triggered by surface wave energy produced by the Landers earthquake. Foreshock activity, in the form of a significant increase in micro-earthquakes,
1992_Landers_earthquake
Megathrust earthquake in Russia
earthquakes. A foreshock, measuring Mw 7.4, struck on 20 July, about 60 km (37 mi) to the southwest of the 29 July mainshock. The foreshock was preceded
2025_Kamchatka_earthquake
Magnitude 7.1 earthquake in California
PDT. Its moment magnitude was 7.1 and the earthquake was preceded by 12 foreshocks, the largest of which had a magnitude of 3.8. The event is thought to
1999_Hector_Mine_earthquake
Earthquake in Haicheng, Liaoning, China
evacuation ordered by Chinese officials, based mainly on the pronounced foreshock sequence leading up to the earthquake, makes it a notable instance of
1975_Haicheng_earthquake
Measure of earthquake size
Part of a series on Earthquakes Types Mainshock Foreshock Aftershock Blind thrust Doublet Interplate Intraplate Megathrust Remotely triggered Slow Submarine
Moment_magnitude_scale
7.9 magnitude; November 3, 2002
only 11 days, this earthquake is regarded as a foreshock. The calculated stress transfer from this foreshock indicates that it brought the Denali fault closer
2002_Denali_earthquake
1693 earthquake in Sicily, Italy
at around 21:00 local time. This earthquake was preceded by a damaging foreshock on 9 January. The main quake had an estimated magnitude of 7.4 on the
1693_Sicily_earthquake
Earthquakes in the Atlantic Ocean
component of the broader Scotia plate) at a rate of 71 mm/yr. The 7.5 Mw foreshock was located at a depth of 47 km, placing it within the lower half of the
2021 South Sandwich Islands earthquakes
2021_South_Sandwich_Islands_earthquakes
Sudden movement of the Earth's crust
redesignated as the mainshock and the original main shock is redesignated as a foreshock. Aftershocks are formed as the crust around the displaced fault plane
Earthquake
Active stratovolcano in the Gulf of Naples, Italy
Mount Vesuvius (/vəˈsuːviəs/ və-SOO-vee-əs) is a somma–stratovolcano located on the Gulf of Naples in Campania, Italy, about 9 km (5.6 mi) east of Naples
Mount_Vesuvius
large supershear earthquake has been observed. It was preceded by a few foreshocks months earlier, and aftershocks that continued for nearly six months.
2017 Komandorski Islands earthquake
2017_Komandorski_Islands_earthquake
Earthquake in Crete, Greece
(last event on 13:11:13.0 UTC). The largest foreshock of Mw4.8 occurred on 24 July 2021. Spatially the foreshock activity concentrated a relatively small
2021_Arkalochori_earthquake
Earthquake in Colombia
was not a subduction-related earthquake. On October 17, a magnitude 6.7 foreshock struck between Murindó and Opogodó 31 hours before the mainshock. Its
1992_Murindó_earthquake
Vibrational energy transfer in Earth or other planetary body
Part of a series on Earthquakes Types Mainshock Foreshock Aftershock Blind thrust Doublet Interplate Intraplate Megathrust Remotely triggered Slow Submarine
Seismic_wave
Earthquakes affecting Central Papua, Indonesia
Nabire Regency, then located in Papua Province, Indonesia. It served as a foreshock to a larger event the following day, measuring Mw 7.3. At least 37 people
February 2004 Nabire earthquakes
February_2004_Nabire_earthquakes
Sound generated by earthquakes
Part of a series on Earthquakes Types Mainshock Foreshock Aftershock Blind thrust Doublet Interplate Intraplate Megathrust Remotely triggered Slow Submarine
Subterranean_rumbling
Point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the hypocenter in an earthquake
instrumental data. This may be estimated using intensity data, information about foreshocks and aftershocks, knowledge of local fault systems or extrapolations from
Epicenter
Earthquake sequence in South Sudan
a normal sense. At 20:00:08, only a little over 25 minutes after the foreshock, an even stronger earthquake struck the region: the second strongest of
1990_South_Sudan_earthquakes
Measure of the strength of earthquakes
Part of a series on Earthquakes Types Mainshock Foreshock Aftershock Blind thrust Doublet Interplate Intraplate Megathrust Remotely triggered Slow Submarine
Richter_scale
Natural disaster in Iran
damage to over 170 villages in the province. Because of several strong foreshocks, most of the population had fled their homes: the death toll thus only
1958_Firuzabad_earthquake
Moderate 5.1 Mw earthquake in Spain
many from their homes. The quake was preceded by a magnitude 4.4 (Mw) foreshock at 17:05 (15:05 UTC), that inflicted substantial damage to many older
2011_Lorca_earthquake
Earthquake in Southeast Asia
early warning issued prior to it happening. Precursor events including foreshocks and some seismic anomalies led to an evacuation of the area before the
1995_Myanmar–China_earthquake
Earthquake in Mexico
the deaths of at least 5,000 people. The sequence of events included a foreshock of magnitude 5.2 that occurred the prior May, the main shock on 19 September
1985_Mexico_City_earthquake
activity in the Jumla district before the main shock. However, they are not foreshocks to the main shock. As of 7 June 2015[update], over 304 aftershocks have
List of aftershocks of the April 2015 Nepal earthquake
List_of_aftershocks_of_the_April_2015_Nepal_earthquake
Earthquakes in Taiwan
as "foreshocks". The Earthquake Prediction Center of the CWB said that 73 foreshocks were recorded, which is a rare occurrence. Five foreshocks had magnitudes
2022_Taitung_earthquakes
Mw 7.6 earthquake in Hebei, China
educational campaign, and a series of foreshocks. It is significant that at Tangshan there were no perceptible foreshocks. On the other hand, it is reported
1976_Tangshan_earthquake
Earthquake in California, US
portion of Northern and Central California. There was a non-destructive foreshock and aftershock sequence that lasted for several months. With financial
1957_San_Francisco_earthquake
Earthquake with a hypocenter depth exceeding 300 km
Part of a series on Earthquakes Types Mainshock Foreshock Aftershock Blind thrust Doublet Interplate Intraplate Megathrust Remotely triggered Slow Submarine
Deep-focus_earthquake
Series of water waves
Part of a series on Earthquakes Types Mainshock Foreshock Aftershock Blind thrust Doublet Interplate Intraplate Megathrust Remotely triggered Slow Submarine
Tsunami
Earthquake in Mindanao, Philippines
strike-slip mechanism, which may be that of the 1955 earthquake. Multiple foreshocks preceded the mainshock, the largest measuring 6.3 occurred 6 hours earlier
1955_Lanao_earthquake
Earthquake in west-central Syria, 1157
After a year of foreshocks, an earthquake occurred on 12 August 1157 near the city of Hama, in west-central Syria (then under the Seljuk rule), where the
1157_Hama_earthquake
Earthquake in Abruzzo, Italy
surrounding villages suffered the most damage. There were several thousand foreshocks and aftershocks since December 2008, more than thirty of which had a Richter
2009_L'Aquila_earthquake
2002 earthquake in Indonesia
Simeulue island, and resulted in three fatalities. It is believed to be a foreshock of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, which had an epicenter about 60 km
2002_Sumatra_earthquake
Earthquakes in Chile
earthquakes that happened between 21 and 22 May 1960. They formed part of the foreshock sequence for the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, the largest recorded earthquake
1960_Concepción_earthquakes
Earthquake in Switzerland
22 rockfalls and three landslides. Prior to the mainshock, two notable foreshocks occurred on November 10 and 13 with respective intensities V and IV on
1946_Valais_earthquake
2011 earthquake near Prague, Oklahoma
followed several minor quakes earlier in the day, including a 4.7 magnitude foreshock. The quake had a maximum perceived intensity of VIII (Severe) on the Mercalli
2011_Oklahoma_earthquake
Index of articles associated with the same name
significant damage and deaths: July 2018 Lombok earthquake (Mw and ML: 6.4, a foreshock) 5 August 2018 Lombok earthquake (Mw: 6.9, ML: 7.0, the mainshock) 9 August
2018_Lombok_earthquake
Earthquake in Japan
located undersea. A foreshock occurred on November 27, 1585, and is thought to have triggered the mainshock two months later. The foreshock had an estimated
1586_Tenshō_earthquake
Earthquake and tsunami in Valparaíso Region, Chile
deaths were recorded due to the earthquake, reportedly because a strong foreshock had caused people to leave their homes. The same is also true for the
1730_Valparaíso_earthquake
7 Mw earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia
and also in Tawau, Malaysia. This event was preceded by a sequence of foreshocks, the largest of which was a magnitude 6.1 tremor that occurred earlier
2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami
2018_Sulawesi_earthquake_and_tsunami
Branch of geophysics, primarily seismology
smaller earthquakes (foreshocks) that sometimes precede a large quake, which if small enough may go unnoticed by people. Foreshocks may also cause groundwater
Earthquake_prediction
Scientific study of earthquakes and propagation of elastic waves through a planet
Part of a series on Earthquakes Types Mainshock Foreshock Aftershock Blind thrust Doublet Interplate Intraplate Megathrust Remotely triggered Slow Submarine
Seismology
attorney candidates. Approximately 100 minor aftershocks and one presumed foreshock were reported within two days after the earthquake, 27 of which occurred
2008_Chino_Hills_earthquake
Earthquakes in New Zealand
islands. The main magnitude 8.1 earthquake was preceded by a magnitude 7.4 foreshock and followed by a magnitude 6.1 aftershock. A separate, unrelated magnitude
2021 Kermadec Islands earthquakes
2021_Kermadec_Islands_earthquakes
1114 earthquake in Marash, Turkey
location in modern-day Turkey. The mainshock was preceded by two destructive foreshocks in August and November that same year. At least 40,000 people were killed
1114_Marash_earthquake
Seismic intensity scale used to quantify the degree of shaking during earthquakes
Part of a series on Earthquakes Types Mainshock Foreshock Aftershock Blind thrust Doublet Interplate Intraplate Megathrust Remotely triggered Slow Submarine
Modified Mercalli intensity scale
Modified_Mercalli_intensity_scale
Earthquake in Indonesia
inland, located 32 km (20 mi) south of Mamuju. It was preceded by a Mw 5.7 foreshock several hours prior. Shaking from the mainshock was assigned a maximum
2021_West_Sulawesi_earthquake
0 Mw 21 May 1960 06:02 (local time) Concepción, Chile 125 8.1–8.3 Mw Foreshock to the next earthquake on 22 May. 1960 Concepción earthquakes 22 May 1960
List of megathrust earthquakes
List_of_megathrust_earthquakes
Town in Macedonia, Greece
damage. The worst hit area was the county of Ventzia. There were two foreshocks of lesser intensity that preceded the main earthquake by a few minutes
Grevena
Earthquake
missing] Epicenter 38°24′N 25°18′W / 38.4°N 25.3°W / 38.4; -25.3 Areas affected Azores Max. intensity MMI X (Extreme) Foreshocks 12 June 1841 (1841-06-12)
1841 Caída da Praia earthquake
1841_Caída_da_Praia_earthquake
Part of a series on Earthquakes Types Mainshock Foreshock Aftershock Blind thrust Doublet Interplate Intraplate Megathrust Remotely triggered Slow Submarine
Aftermath of the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes
Aftermath_of_the_2023_Turkey–Syria_earthquakes
Earthquake in Canada
from any inhabited areas. The mainshock was preceded by a magnitude 5.1 foreshock ten hours earlier. It was the first earthquake in eastern North America
1989_Ungava_earthquake
Released: May 11, 1990 Label: Sub Pop Formats: CD, CS — — — — — — — — — — Foreshocks Released: June 28, 1994 (Promo only) Label: A&M Formats: CD — — — — —
Soundgarden_discography
Earthquake in Croatia
on the European macroseismic scale. Before this event there were three foreshocks, the strongest of which had a magnitude of 5.2 Mw on the day before. The
2020_Petrinja_earthquake
Severe earthquake centered in Valparaíso Region, Chile
The event followed a ten-day period of moderate and non-destructive foreshocks and left at least 177 people dead and about 2,500 injured. According to
1985_Algarrobo_earthquake
Earthquake in Asia
northern India Max. intensity CSIS IX (MMI IX) Peak acceleration 0.419 g Foreshocks mb 4.2 Aftershocks 3,614 recorded Strongest: Mww 5.5 Casualties 126 fatalities
2025_Tibet_earthquake
Earthquake in Indonesia
the island of Lombok, Indonesia. It was the main shock following its foreshock, a nearby Mw 6.4 earthquake on 29 July. It was followed by a nearby 6
5 August 2018 Lombok earthquake
5_August_2018_Lombok_earthquake
Earthquake in Greece
the Thessaloniki–Gerakarou Fault Zone and was preceded by significant foreshocks. The estimated damage ranged from $250 million to $1 billion (in 1978
1978_Thessaloniki_earthquake
Natural disaster
Batanes, Philippines on July 27, 2019. It was preceded by a 5.4 magnitude foreshock. Nine people were killed by the combined effects of the earthquakes. The
2019_Batanes_earthquake
NASA probe to study solar wind, at L1 since 1995
temperature. First evidence of three-wave interactions in the terrestrial foreshock using bi-coherence. First evidence of proton temperature anisotropy constraints
Wind_(spacecraft)
U.S. territory in the Pacific Ocean
Retrieved September 1, 2008. "Review & Outlook: The Mariana Pension Foreshock". The Wall Street Journal. May 11, 2012. Retrieved August 29, 2015. Mercado
Northern_Mariana_Islands
Seismology Term
Part of a series on Earthquakes Types Mainshock Foreshock Aftershock Blind thrust Doublet Interplate Intraplate Megathrust Remotely triggered Slow Submarine
Pre-slip
Foreshock of the 7.4 event 21 minutes later. - - 20 Russia, Kamchatka offshore, 145 km (90 mi) E of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 7.4 34.0 VIII Foreshock
List_of_earthquakes_in_2025
Bay in Alaska, US
epicenter of two major earthquakes on September 10, 1899, a magnitude 7.4 foreshock and a magnitude 8.0 main shock, 37 minutes apart. The Shelikhov-Golikov
Yakutat_Bay
000 people were forced to spend several nights in shelters. This was a foreshock of the 7.0 quake. A magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck Japan 5 km (3.1 mi)
List_of_earthquakes_in_2016
Earthquake in Nepal and India
This was because the mainshock was preceded by two smaller but intense foreshocks earlier that day, causing many residents to take refuge outside their
1833_Bihar–Nepal_earthquake
Multiple earthquakes with nearly identical waveforms originating from the same location
seismograms showed that some of these were not simply unusually large foreshocks and aftershocks. Other studies have shown that about 20% of very large
Doublet_earthquake
Earthquakes in Peru
by a Mw 6.4 foreshock the previous day which left 15 injured and damaged 15 dwellings in Nueva Cajamarca and Rioja. Due to the foreshock occurring on
1990–91_Alto_Mayo_earthquakes
Earthquake in Mexico
occurred, the surrounding area had been seismically active in 2009. Several foreshocks began from April 1, 2010, with magnitudes of 3 and 4. The earthquake measured
2010 Baja California earthquake
2010_Baja_California_earthquake
9.4–9.6 magnitude earthquake in Chile
UTC-4 (7.8 Mw) on 22 May. These earthquakes formed a southward migrating foreshock sequence to the main Valdivia shock, which occurred just 15 minutes after
1960_Valdivia_earthquake
Earthquake in Italy
1857, with a duration of about 25 seconds. It was preceded by several foreshocks, the largest of which occurred about two minutes before the mainshock
1857_Basilicata_earthquake
Part of a series on Earthquakes Types Mainshock Foreshock Aftershock Blind thrust Doublet Interplate Intraplate Megathrust Remotely triggered Slow Submarine
Epicentral_distance
M 6.0 earthquake in Mindanao, Philippines
later downgraded it to Mw 6.1 at a shallow depth of 10 km. There was a foreshock which preceded the main quake, recorded Mw 4.8 at 7:28 AM PST by Philippine
2021_Davao_del_Sur_earthquake
Earthquakes in New Zealand
aftershock of the June earthquake. Both earthquakes were preceded by smaller foreshocks. As the second quake was slightly less in magnitude than the first, they
1942_Wairarapa_earthquakes
Mountain on the island of Kyushu, Japan
1889 a 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck beneath the mountain. In 2016 the foreshock of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes also struck beneath Mount Kinbō. Master
Mount_Kinbō_(Kumamoto)
Earthquake in New Zealand
earthquake was preceded by a series of foreshocks, the largest of which had a magnitude of 5.7. Below is a list of all foreshocks magnitudes 5.0 and above that
2013_Seddon_earthquake
FORESHOCK
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