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Aerodynamic performance of an air or spacecraft
In aerodynamics, the flight envelope, service envelope, or performance envelope of an aircraft or spacecraft refers to the capabilities of a design in
Flight_envelope
Safety system in aircraft
Flight envelope protection is a human machine interface extension of an aircraft's control system that prevents the pilot of an aircraft from making control
Flight_envelope_protection
Vehicle or machine that can fly by gaining support from the air
instrumentation, navigation, radar, monitoring, and communications systems. The flight envelope of an aircraft refers to its approved design capabilities in terms
Aircraft
1989 aviation accident in England
flutter was unreliable and the fan blade had to be subjected to the full flight envelope to be certain of the test results. The accident was the first hull
Kegworth_air_disaster
Lighter-than-air aircraft
balloon is a lighter-than-air aircraft consisting of a bag, called an envelope, which contains heated air. Suspended beneath is a gondola or wicker basket
Hot_air_balloon
Aircraft without any human pilot on board
of flight controllers, to ensure safety without excessive redundancy to minimize cost and weight. Besides, dynamic assessment of flight envelope allows
Unmanned_aerial_vehicle
Retired NASA helicopter on the Mars 2020 mission
improved navigational techniques, and explored the limits of its flight envelope. Ingenuity's performance and resilience in the harsh Martian environment
Ingenuity_(helicopter)
Electronic flight control system
performance envelope. Mechanical and hydro-mechanical flight control systems are relatively heavy and require careful routing of flight control cables
Fly-by-wire
Aircraft control computer software
Because the system is controlled electronically, the flight control system can provide flight envelope protection. The electronic system is subdivided between
Flight_control_modes
Twin-aisle airliner family
maiden flight". Flight International. Retrieved July 21, 2010. "Horizontal stabiliser gaps force 787 inspections and reduced flight envelope". Flight International
Boeing_787_Dreamliner
1978 aviation accident in Greece
On August 9, 1978, the flight came close to crashing in downtown Athens. Despite maneuvers near the edge of the flight envelope, none of the 418 passengers
Olympic_Airways_Flight_411
Single-aisle airliner family
control computers and transmitted to flight control surfaces within the flight envelope protection; in the 1980s the computer-controlled dynamic system of
Airbus_A320_family
American medium-size commercial utility helicopter
particularly troubled, being delayed by four years of delays due to flight envelope issues; it was finally certified for operation on 12 October 2012.
Sikorsky_S-76
1997 aviation accident in Michigan
flight envelope while the flaps were retracted. Comair had not established unambiguous minimum airspeed values for flap configurations and for flight
Comair_Flight_3272
American multirole fighter aircraft
will have to recertificate entire F-15SA flight envelope." Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Flight International, 3 April 2013. Tirpak, John
Boeing_F-15EX_Eagle_II
Paris Air Show. Its maiden flight was scheduled for April 2009, but was postponed. In June 2009, the UAV was shipped to a flight-testing facility located
Tactical_Robotics_Cormorant
American rigid airship
purposes. An extension of its allowable flight envelope was made in 2025, resulted in Pathfinder 1 extending its flights to include greater areas around San
Pathfinder_1_(airship)
Single engine general aviation aircraft
similar to ESPs in automobiles) on the Cirrus SR22. It included advanced flight envelope protection that could stabilize the aircraft with the push of a button
Cirrus_SR22
Swedish early warning aircraft
first flight lasted for 1 hour and 46 minutes. By July 2018, the flight test programme was focused on expanding the aircraft's flight envelope. According
GlobalEye
Wide-body jet airliner developed from A330
first logged almost 200h in 58 flights while the second had accumulated nearly 120h in 30 flights. Its flight envelope was fully opened including flutter
Airbus_A330neo
Maximum altitude an aircraft can reach
aircraft can reach under a set of conditions, as determined by its flight envelope. Service ceiling is the density altitude at which the rate of climb
Ceiling_(aeronautics)
Medium utility helicopter
of prototypes reached 500h of flight testing while the third should make its maiden flight, the entire flight envelope had been opened leaving hot weather
Airbus_Helicopters_H160
Small utility helicopter
Category A operations throughout its full flight envelope. The EC135 can be equipped with either a conventional flight deck or the Avionique Novelle glass cockpit
Eurocopter_EC135
Canceled US helicopter program
By March 1968, the AH-56 had established a flight envelope of 170 knots (200 mph; 310 km/h) in forward flight, 25 knots (29 mph; 46 km/h) sidewards, and
Lockheed_AH-56_Cheyenne
aircraft, flight envelope protection in the aircraft flight control system prevents this from happening. The rudder remains effective in slow flight, and yaw
Slow_flight
Twin-engine business jet by Pilatus Aircraft
functions in the development program; P01 is intended for exploring the flight envelope of the type, P02 is mainly for trialling the avionics and autopilot
Pilatus_PC-24
Indian combat aircraft
capable, with general flight envelope expansion, increased angle of attack, higher g-limit of +9 g, updated avionics and flight control software suite
HAL_Tejas
US Air Force hypersonic aircraft concept
higher-speed turbine engine or a scramjet operable within a turbine's slower flight envelope; the DARPA HTV-3X had demonstrated a low-speed ramjet (DMRJ) functional
Lockheed_Martin_SR-72
Twin-engine tiltrotor VTOL aircraft
testing, on 3 June 2005 the prototype resumed flight testing, focusing on the expansion of its flight envelope. On 22 July 2005, the first conversion from
Leonardo_AW609
US$50 million in damage. The Air Force halted F-35 flights on 3 July and resumed them on 15 July with flight envelope restrictions. In June 2015, the USAF Air Education
List of accidents and incidents involving the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_the_Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II
Business jet
production baseline (serial 70240, 70250 and subsequent), incorporated flight envelope expansion from M.925 to M.950, thrust increase of up to 7%, fuel volume
Bombardier_Global_7500
Type of engine issue in aviation
be restarted in flight, provided the aircraft is flying within the portion of its flight envelope defined as the engine relight envelope. Depending on where
Flameout
Flight attitude or airspeed limits exceeded risking loss of control
less than 45°. Airspeed versus maneuver loading within the normal flight envelope. Jet upset was almost unknown in the days of piston-driven propeller
Aircraft_upset
How aircraft are controlled
September 2010. Dual control (aviation) Flight envelope protection Flight with disabled controls Helicopter flight controls HOTAS Kite control systems List
Aircraft flight control system
Aircraft_flight_control_system
American high-speed scout and attack compound helicopter
low-speed regime. This begins a year-long flight test program of about 100 flight-hours to expand the flight envelope to meet Sikorsky's key targets of 220-knot
Sikorsky_S-97_Raider
2004 aviation accident in Missouri
and likely placed the airplane outside of its certified flight envelope. Although the filed flight plan listed a cruising altitude of 33,000 ft (10,000 m)
Pinnacle_Airlines_Flight_3701
Aerodynamic phenomenon
this occurs at the maximum speed at minimum altitude corner of the flight envelope. For a space vehicle launch, this occurs at the crossover point between
Max_q
Topics referred to by the same term
Specific excess power (SEP), aerodynamic concept used in calculating the flight envelope Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy SEP-IRA, a US pension Sęp, Świętokrzyskie
SEP
High-thrust turbofan jet engine
early May, the first flight test phase of two was completed after 18 flights and 110 hours of run time; the GE9X high-altitude envelope was explored and its
General_Electric_GE9X
1959 experimental VTOL aircraft model
In flight testing, the Avrocar proved to have unresolved thrust and stability problems that limited it to a degraded, low-performance flight envelope; subsequently
Avro_Canada_VZ-9_Avrocar
2020 large cargo aircraft
Raumfahrt (DLR) measuring its dynamic behaviour compared to flight envelope theoretical models. The flight-test programme was expected to last 600 hours. The second
Airbus_BelugaXL
Large twin-aisle airliner family
600 flight hours; 600 hours on the first aircraft, MSN59, for the flight envelope, systems and powerplant checks; 500 hours on MSN71 for cold and warm
Airbus_A350
American attack helicopter
four-blade configuration provides improvements in flight characteristics including increased flight envelope, maximum speed, vertical rate of climb, payload
Bell_AH-1Z_Viper
Family of military helicopters
greater autonomy during operations and reduce pilot workload. The flight envelope of the NH90 is capable of all-weather day-and-night operations, ship-borne
NHIndustries_NH90
Classification of post-2020s jet fighters
aircraft. While current engines operate best at a single point in the flight envelope, sixth-generation engines are expected to have a variable cycle to
Sixth-generation_fighter
Machine for continuous flow gas compression
Additionally, due to their performance and operability across the flight envelope (safe operational limits for an aircraft), they are widely used in
Axial_compressor
Rotor blade design
it has been found to, "improve rotor flight-envelope performance, reduce power needs in hover and forward flight, ... decrease airframe and engine vibration
BERP_rotor
Multi-national four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft
trailer. The A400M features a fly-by-wire flight control system with sidestick controllers and flight envelope protection. Like other Airbus aircraft, it
Airbus_A400M_Atlas
British–French supersonic airliner
planform, and, renamed as the BAC 221, used for tests of the high-speed flight envelope; the Handley Page HP.115 also provided valuable information on low-speed
Concorde
Single engine American light aircraft
failures involve operations well beyond the aircraft's intended flight envelope. Subsequent analysis of National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident
Beechcraft_Bonanza
Reusable spacecraft under development by SpaceX
roll control. The delta wing and split flaps were said to expand the flight envelope to allow the ship to land in a variety of atmospheric densities (vacuum
SpaceX_Starship_(spacecraft)
Boeing's aircraft control system involved in fatal accidents
specific portion of the flight envelope (flaps up, high angle of attack, manual flight). MCAS was intended to mimic the flight behavior of the previous
Maneuvering Characteristics Augmentation System
Maneuvering_Characteristics_Augmentation_System
Geared turbofan engine produced beginning 2007
allows improvements in propulsive efficiency across a range of the flight envelope. However, the VAFN has since been dropped from production designs due
Pratt_&_Whitney_PW1000G
American tiltrotor VTOL aircraft
After one year of flight tests, it reached its 280 knots (320 mph; 520 km/h) target by January 2019. More tests expanded its flight envelope: low-speed agility
Bell_MV-75_Cheyenne_II
Facet of ballistics and aeronautics
(CAFC). TVFC can also be used to hold stationary flight in areas of the flight envelope where the main aerodynamic surfaces are stalled. TVFC includes control
Thrust_vectoring
Abrupt reduction in lift due to flow separation
European Airways Flight 548 China Airlines Flight 140 China Airlines Flight 676 Yeti Airlines Flight 691 Air France Flight 447 Colgan Air Flight 3407 Turkish
Stall_(fluid_dynamics)
Experimental compound helicopter
in Spain the tail parts primary structure. The flight demonstration should expand the flight envelope and assess performance, before demonstrating missions
Airbus_RACER
Experimental aircraft engine
planning to conduct 50 hours of flight tests over the upcoming three to four months. The demonstrator covered a flight envelope of up to Mach 0.77 and up to
Pratt & Whitney/Allison 578-DX
Pratt_&_Whitney/Allison_578-DX
Next generation of the Boeing 777
the flight envelope for nearly 100 hours. After the first delivery was pushed back from 2021 to 2022, the third aircraft made its maiden flight on August
Boeing_777X
Dangerous condition in aviation
airspeed for a given Mach number generally decreases with altitude. The flight envelope is a plot of various curves representing the limits of the aircraft's
Coffin_corner_(aerodynamics)
Lifting body prototype
Before powered flights were undertaken, a series of glide flights were conducted. On May 10, 1967, the sixteenth and last glide flight ended in disaster
Northrop_M2-F2
Aircraft control
beyond) the borders of the safe flight envelope. This reduces the risk of pilots entering dangerous states of flight outside the operational borders while
Side-stick
Apollo human lunar landing training vehicle
stationary on the ground, a necessity given the LLRV's low and slow flight envelope. After conceptual planning and meetings with engineers from Bell Aerosystems
Lunar Landing Research Vehicle
Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle
Aviation fuel
engines which have no octane requirement and operate over a much wider flight envelope than piston engines. Kerosene is also used by most diesel piston engines
Avgas
Aircraft configuration in which the fuselage produces significant lift
envelope. However, the vehicle's wings would have to be designed to withstand the dynamic and thermal stresses of both re-entry and hypersonic flight
Lifting_body
Proposed COIN/light reconnaissance aircraft, South Africa
phase, under which the flight envelope was progressively expanded to explore and evaluate its handling, center of gravity, flight performance, airframe
Paramount_Mwari
airline flights that were forced to glide at some point while in the air. "What happens if all the planes engines fail in the air?". FlightDeckFriend
List of airline flights that required gliding
List_of_airline_flights_that_required_gliding
Large twin-aisle airliner family
to previous Boeing models. The fly-by-wire system also incorporates flight envelope protection, a system that guides pilot inputs within a computer-calculated
Boeing_777
Aerial maneuver
post-stall maneuvers, it demonstrates pitch control outside the normal flight envelope wherein pitch control is made possible by having aerodynamic flow over
Kulbit
Single engine general aviation aircraft
which protects the aircraft from operations outside the approved flight envelope. The new TTx model has no traditional instruments and instead employs
Cessna_400
American stealth air superiority fighter
were EMD aircraft in the Block 1.0 configuration for initial flight testing and envelope expansion, while the third was a Block 2.0 aircraft built to
Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor
American heavy strategic bomber
trailing edge; while most surfaces are used throughout the aircraft's flight envelope, the inner elevons are normally only in use at slow speeds, such as
Northrop_B-2_Spirit
Military transport tiltrotor
flight envelope expansion, measuring flight loads, and supporting the EMD redesign. Flight testing with the early V-22s continued into 1997. Flight testing
Bell–Boeing_V-22_Osprey
Single-engine light helicopter
large-scale flight test campaign to trial new noise-minimising (both externally and internally) flight procedures through the typical flight envelope, including
Eurocopter_EC130
aircraft were used to expand the flight envelope of the aircraft and prove that the design calculations for supersonic flight were correct. F-WTSS (production
List_of_Concorde_aircraft
Business jet family
the longest lasting 13 h 5 min, it completed testing for initial flight envelope expansion and flying qualities, flutter, brakes, low speed or stall, loads
Gulfstream_G400/G500/G600
2009 aircraft accident in the Atlantic Ocean
air data systems. At 02:13 UTC, a fault message for the flight management guidance and envelope computer was sent. One of the two final messages transmitted
Air_France_Flight_447
Turbofan engine manufactured by Engine Alliance
and lasted about four hours. Tests were performed on the engines' flight envelope, cruise speed, and handling. A day earlier, the same aircraft performed
Engine_Alliance_GP7000
Afterburning turbofan aircraft engine
Growth Option 1 offers an improvement of 6–10% thrust across the F-35 flight envelope while also getting a 5–6% fuel burn reduction. In June 2018, United
Pratt_&_Whitney_F135
Single-aisle airliner family
console cutout switches to constrain its malfunction. The limited flight envelope protections on the 737 Next Generation series, as well as MCAS on the
Boeing_737_Classic
American experimental tiltrotor aircraft
XV-15 flight testing continued expanding its flight envelope. It was able to successfully operate in both helicopter and normal aircraft flight modes
Bell_XV-15
American military aerial refueling and transport aircraft
aircraft features manual flight controls, ensuring unrestricted maneuverability to evade threats throughout its flight envelope. At the rear of the KC-46
Boeing_KC-46_Pegasus
Series of search-and-rescue helicopters
compartment, increased 9,480 lb (4,300 kg) MTOW, expanded lateral flight envelope and Vehicle and Engine Multifunction Display (VEMD) with First Limit
Eurocopter_MH-65_Dolphin
South Korean fighter aircraft
sixth prototypes starting flight tests in the first half of 2023, all six prototypes will continue expanding the flight envelope and verifying aircraft performance
KAI_KF-21_Boramae
Engineering situation
about by physical analogy with "edge case" as an extension of the "flight envelope" metaphor to a set of testing conditions whose boundaries are determined
Corner_case
Experimental rocket-powered aircraft
three more test flights. The Army Air Force was unhappy with the cautious pace of flight envelope expansion and Bell Aircraft's flight test contract for
Bell_X-1
British twin-engine heavy fighter
ratio of about 19%) for strength reasons. Compressibility caused the flight envelope (flyable speed range) between high-incidence stall and shock-stall
Westland_Welkin
Type of rotorcraft
gyroplane) and gyrodyne have a free-spinning rotor for all or part of the flight envelope, relying on a separate thrust system to propel the craft forwards,
Helicopter
High-bypass turbofan aircraft engine
the case, controlling its expansion and contraction depending on the flight envelope. The 52 in (130 cm) fan blisk, the first application of such technology
General_Electric_Passport
Carrier-based multi-role fighter aircraft family
attributed to the engine. The TF30 was originally designed for the flight envelope of bomber applications, so in air combat they proved extremely susceptible
Grumman_F-14_Tomcat
Four seat, twin engine, propeller-driven airplane
accident rate in light aircraft. The system is expected to include flight envelope protection, turbulence righting, autoland capabilities, and damage-tolerant
Diamond_DA42_Twin_Star
Aircraft engine
achieved in a wider range of conditions and across larger portions of the flight envelope, while retaining 80% commonality; bypass ratio was slightly reduced
General_Electric_F110
Period of testing of a vehicle
testing is to demonstrate the aircraft can operate safely throughout its flight envelope and that all regulatory requirements of the relevant civil aviation
Shakedown_(testing)
American medium-range air-to-air missile
already-extended range AIM-120C-7) and better guidance over its entire flight envelope yielding an improved kill probability (Pk). Initial production began
AIM-120_AMRAAM
Infrared telescope mounted on a converted Boeing 747 SP (2010–2022)
partially expand the flight envelope and perform post-maintenance checks, the aircraft was moved on May 31, 2007, to NASA's Armstrong Flight Research Center
Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy
Stratospheric_Observatory_for_Infrared_Astronomy
Largest Civilian Rotorcraft Manufactured by Airbus Helicopters
system acts to prevent pilot actions from exceeding the established flight envelope; the H225 remains flyable with all automatic systems disabled. From
Eurocopter_EC225_Super_Puma
Helicopter aerodynamic effect
transverse flow effect will be experienced to some extent across the whole flight envelope. In a typical single rotor helicopter, the effect is greatest just
Transverse_flow_effect
Unmanned aerial vehicle
expand the flight envelope, or distance and height limits to which the UAV has flown in real tests. In mid-2007 BAE Systems started a flight campaign to
BAE_Systems_HERTI
Emergency aircraft escape system
which were automatically activated during at least some part of the flight envelope.[citation needed] Drag extraction is the lightest and simplest egress
Ejection_seat
Supersonic atmospheric jet engine
to work effectively. Even above the minimum speed, a wide flight envelope (range of flight conditions), such as low to high speeds and low to high altitudes
Ramjet
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