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Classification of quantum processors
In quantum information, fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) is a regime of quantum processors that are both large-scale and that effectively incorporate
Fault tolerant quantum computing
Fault_tolerant_quantum_computing
Process in quantum computing
Quantum error correction (QEC) comprises a set of techniques used in quantum memory and quantum computing to protect quantum information from errors arising
Quantum_error_correction
Experimental technology level
intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computing is characterized by quantum processors containing up to 1,000 qubits which are not advanced enough yet for fault-tolerance
Noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing
Noisy_intermediate-scale_quantum_computing
American quantum computing company
PsiQuantum, Corp. is an American quantum computing company based in Palo Alto, California. It is developing utility-scale, fault tolerant quantum computers
PsiQuantum
Fault in a computer system that presents different symptoms to different observers
Fault Tolerant Computing at the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 1955–85". The Evolution of Fault-Tolerant Computing. Dependable Computing and Fault-Tolerant
Byzantine_fault
Interdisciplinary theory behind quantum computing
investment in quantum computing research and the development of post-quantum cryptography to prepare for the fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) era
Quantum_information_science
Proposed approach to a large-scale quantum computer based on Schrödinger cat states
full error correction and fault tolerant quantum computing. In 2001, a superposition of coherent states was suggested for quantum computation. Cat qubits
Cat_qubit_quantum_computer
Code used in quantum error correction
single physical qubit. As the first quantum error-correcting code to demonstrate fault tolerant quantum computing in principle, the Shor code marked a
Shor_code
Computational benchmark
In quantum computing, quantum supremacy or quantum advantage is the goal of demonstrating that a programmable quantum computer can solve a problem that
Quantum_supremacy
Projected date when quantum computers could break modern encryption
separate preprint (arXiv:2603.28627) sketched leaner methods for fault-tolerant quantum computing, suggesting that there might be a need for less physical qubits
Quantum_Threat
first demonstration of fault tolerant circuits on a quantum computer. BQP In computational complexity theory, bounded-error quantum polynomial time (BQP)
Glossary_of_quantum_computing
Quantum computing company based in Toronto, Canada
of light. In 2020, Xanadu published a blueprint for building a fault-tolerant quantum computer using photonic technology. In June 2022, Xanadu reported
Xanadu_Quantum_Technologies
Computing company founded in 2014
topological qubits whose linking properties can help make quantum computing fault-tolerant. Braiding quasiparticles called non-Abelian anyons creates
Quantinuum
Quantum error correction schemes can suppress the logical error rate arbitrarily low
In quantum computing, the threshold theorem (or quantum fault-tolerance theorem) states that a quantum computer with a physical error rate below a certain
Threshold_theorem
Computer hardware technology that uses quantum mechanics
yet fully fault-tolerant quantum computing remains out of reach as of 2026. According to some researchers, noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) machines
Quantum_computing
Context dependence in quantum measurements
a scheme for quantum computing in which quantum circuits constructed only of Clifford operators, which by themselves are fault-tolerant but efficiently
Quantum_contextuality
density parity check (QLDPC) codes. Current approaches to fault-tolerant quantum computing rely on surface codes which encode a single logical qubit in
Lattice_surgery
Quantum computing algorithm
accurate quantum states from multiple noisy ones, which is important for building fault tolerant quantum computers. It has also been linked to quantum contextuality
Magic_state_distillation
Quantum Computing company
Taking Orders for a Fault Tolerant Quantum Computer with 1K (Physical) / 50 (Logical) Qubits for Delivery Next Year". Quantum Computing Report. 19 November
Atom_Computing
timeline of quantum computing and communication. Erwin Schrödinger publishes a theorem setting the basis for quantum steering and the limits of quantum state
Timeline of quantum computing and communication
Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication
Computing by new or unusual methods
different patterns, making them useful for fault-tolerant applications and parallel computing. Chaos computing has been applied to various fields such as
Unconventional_computing
Method of quantum computing
The one-way quantum computer, also known as measurement-based quantum computer (MBQC), is a method of quantum computing that first prepares an entangled
One-way_quantum_computer
Type of quantum computer
a topological quantum computer may be a promising method of implementing fault-tolerant quantum computation even with a standard quantum information processing
Topological_quantum_computer
Dutch physicist (born 1969)
areas in quantum information theory, including entanglement detection, quantum error correction, fault-tolerant quantum computing and quantum memories
Barbara_Terhal
American physicist
surface code fault-tolerant superconducting quantum computing architecture. His leadership at IBM has led to progress being made in quantum error correction
Jerry_M._Chow
Quantum Computing Division/Software
Microsoft Azure Quantum is a public cloud-based quantum computing platform developed by Microsoft, that offers quantum hardware, software, and solutions
Microsoft_Azure_Quantum
Researchers at Iceberg Quantum publish a study describing the "Pinnacle Architecture", a fault-tolerant quantum computing design based on quantum low-density parity-check
2026_in_science
work on fault-tolerant quantum computing applications. The partnership was announced alongside the opening of PsiDaresbury, a joint STFC–PsiQuantum R&D facility
Hartree_Centre
Planned quantum technology campus in Chicago
million-qubit scale, fault-tolerant quantum computer. Other tenants include the DARPA-Illinois Quantum Proving Ground, IBM, Diraq, Quantum Machines, and Infleqtion
Illinois Quantum and Microelectronics Park
Illinois_Quantum_and_Microelectronics_Park
Topological quantum error correcting code
be fault-tolerantly implemented by unitary operations[clarification needed] and so additional techniques are required to achieve quantum computing. For
Surface_code
Quantum version of the Byzantine agreement protocol
Byzantine fault tolerant protocols are algorithms that are robust to arbitrary types of failures in distributed algorithms. The Byzantine agreement protocol
Quantum_Byzantine_agreement
Information held in the state of a quantum system
to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computation that can deal not only with noise on stored quantum information, but also with faulty quantum gates, faulty
Quantum_information
Australian quantum computing technology company
thresholds are necessary for implementing quantum error correction, a requirement for fault-tolerant quantum computing. The study emphasized reproducibility
Diraq
Kenneth R.; Cetina, Marko; Monroe, Christopher (2020). "Fault-Tolerant Operation of a Quantum Error-Correction Code". arXiv:2009.11482 [quant-ph]. "The
List_of_quantum_processors
Quantum computing implementation
quantum computing is a branch of quantum computing and solid-state physics that implements superconducting electronic circuits as qubits in a quantum
Superconducting quantum computing
Superconducting_quantum_computing
Quantum computing chip by Microsoft
is a quantum computing processor developed by Microsoft. It uses topological superconductors in an attempt to enable topological quantum computing, which
Majorana_1
Superconducting circuit element
History Of Superconducting Qubits: From Josephson Junctions To Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing". Brian D. Colwell. Retrieved 9 January 2026. "Nobel Prize
Josephson_junction
American computer scientist
was Software Tools and Failure Thresholds for Reliable, Scalable, Fault-tolerant Quantum Computation. She joined Microsoft Research in 2006, initially working
Krysta_Svore
Unit of quantum information
Generalizations of Pauli matrices Mutually unbiased bases Quantum computing Radix economy Ternary computing This can be compared with the three rotation operator
Qutrit
Quantum Computing company in Boston, Massachusetts
Performance Computing Center announced a $16 million expansion to its computing campus, planning to build a quantum computing complex. QuEra Computing was announced
QuEra
Australian quantum computing company
Quantum Computing Pty Ltd (SQC) is a Sydney, Australia-based quantum computing company. The company develops quantum computers and analogue quantum devices
Silicon_Quantum_Computing
German physicist
development of fault tolerant quantum computing devices. In 2014 he was awarded €27Million for a research building to establish the Center for Quantum Biosciences
Martin_Bodo_Plenio
Russian-American physicist (born 1963)
contributions to quantum algorithms, quantum complexity classes, and fault-tolerant quantum computation. He introduced the complexity class QMA (Quantum Merlin–Arthur)
Alexei_Kitaev
German physicist (born 1970)
of quantum computing, he has been interested in precisely identifying the potential and limitations of near-term and fault tolerant quantum computing, including
Jens_Eisert
Physical phenomenon
improve the process that include: Quantum teleportation can improve the errors associated with fault tolerant quantum computation via an arrangement of
Quantum_teleportation
Israeli computer scientist
for Non-Cryptographic Fault-Tolerant Distributed Computation" in Proceedings of the 20th ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC), Chicago, Illinois
Michael_Ben-Or
Loss of quantum coherence
the key issues. Quantum computing relies on quantum coherence and is one of the primary practical applications of the concept. In quantum mechanics, a physical
Quantum_decoherence
Quantum computing applied to natural language processing
Quantum natural language processing (QNLP) is the application of quantum computing to natural language processing (NLP). It computes word embeddings as
Quantum natural language processing
Quantum_natural_language_processing
with snapshots support. MFS – TiVo's Media File System, a proprietary fault tolerant format used on TiVo hard drives for real time recording from live TV
List_of_file_systems
Metric for a quantum computer's capabilities
fault tolerant bits are more valuable as a performance measure than a larger number of noisy, error-prone qubits. Generally, the larger the quantum volume
Quantum_volume
Quantum computing chip
prototype within the Noisy intermediate-scale quantum era, still far from delivering the practical, fault‑tolerant performance required for real‑world applications
Willow_processor
Taiwanese-American technology executive
works as Chief Executive Officer of PsiQuantum, an American quantum computing company developing fault-tolerant quantum computers. Peng was also the president
Victor_Peng
Calendar year
the 21st century, and the 6th year of the 2030s decade. A fully fault-tolerant quantum computer is expected. New petrol and diesel cars will be banned
2035
Types of quantum information
In quantum computing, a qubit is a unit of information analogous to a bit (binary digit) in classical computing, but it is affected by quantum mechanical
Physical_and_logical_qubits
Quantum computing company
Lunden, Ingrid (9 Mar 2022). "Alice&Bob, a quantum computing startup, raises $30M to launch its first fault-tolerant 'cat qubit' computers in 2023". TechCrunch
Alice_&_Bob_(company)
Quantum search algorithm
In quantum computing, Grover's algorithm, also known as the quantum search algorithm, is a quantum algorithm for unstructured search that finds with high
Grover's_algorithm
'Editorial: Building Quantum Networks', by Ian A. Walmsley and Joshua Nunn 'Technical Roadmap for Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing' by Amir Fruchtman and
NQIT
Approach to public-key cryptography
curve cryptography by computing discrete logarithms on a sufficiently large fault-tolerant quantum computer. Published quantum resource estimates for
Elliptic-curve_cryptography
Unit of information in a quantum computer
In quantum computing, a qudit (/ˈkjuː/dɪt/) or quantum dit is the generalized unit of quantum information described by a superposition of states, where
Qudit
Quantum error correcting code
space. This simplicity led to the first claim of fault tolerant circuit demonstration on a quantum computer. It is named after Dave Bacon and Peter Shor
Bacon–Shor_code
Concept in computer science
fail or be unreliable in other ways, so consensus protocols must be fault-tolerant or resilient. The processes must put forth their candidate values, communicate
Consensus_(computer_science)
Type of error correction in quantum computing
Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation". arXiv:0904.2557 [quant-ph]. Knill, E.; Laflamme, R.; Martinez, R.; Negrevergne, C. (2001). "Benchmarking Quantum
Five-qubit error correcting code
Five-qubit_error_correcting_code
Superconductor that depends on atomic structure
in the realm of topological quantum computing, where Majorana zero modes can be used to implement fault-tolerant quantum gates via braiding operations
Topological_superconductor
Paradigm of quantum computer
Linear optical quantum computing or linear optics quantum computation (LOQC), also photonic quantum computing (PQC), is a paradigm of quantum computation
Linear optical quantum computing
Linear_optical_quantum_computing
Theorem in quantum computing
addition to investigating fault tolerant quantum computation, the Eastin–Knill theorem is also useful for studying quantum gravity via the AdS/CFT correspondence
Eastin–Knill_theorem
Computer scientist
demonstrating quantum advantage in space-limited scenarios, establishing benchmarks for near-term quantum devices. Low-overhead, fault-tolerant memory - Contributed
Dmitri_Maslov
Indian computer scientist (born 1947)
systems, and parallel computing. He is the co-inventor of the Brooks–Iyengar algorithm, a widely cited method for fault-tolerant distributed sensor fusion
Sundaraja_Sitharama_Iyengar
Family of quantum error correcting codes
In quantum information, the gnu code refers to a particular family of quantum error correcting codes, with the special property of being invariant under
Gnu_code
American engineer and academic
Khodjasteh, K.; Lidar, D. A. (2005). "K. Khodjasteh and D.A. Lidar, "Fault-Tolerant Quantum Dynamical Decoupling", Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 180501 (2005)". Physical
Daniel_Lidar
Definition of quantum circuits
In quantum computing and quantum information theory, the Clifford gates are the elements of the Clifford group, a set of mathematical transformations
Clifford_gate
Cloud computing platform by Microsoft
processors. The Azure Quantum Resource Estimator estimates the resources required to execute a given quantum algorithm on a fault-tolerant quantum computer. It
Microsoft_Azure
Quantum state, of opposed conditions
that this type of approach can be made fault-tolerant. In February 2025, Amazon announced a quantum computing processor prototype, nicknamed "Ocelot"
Cat_state
SEEQC (pronounced "seek") is an American quantum computing company developing digital quantum computing systems based on superconducting integrated circuits
SEEQC
Duplication of critical components to increase reliability of a system
redundancy – Form of resilience with independent backup components fault-tolerant computer system – Resilience of systems to component failures or errorsPages
Redundancy_(engineering)
French, German, and Israeli researcher in quantum computing
Julia Kempe is a French, German, and Israeli researcher in quantum computing. She is currently the Director of the New York University Center for Data
Julia_Kempe
American physicist and academic administrator
topological phenomena, and the development of novel qubit platforms for fault-tolerant quantum computation. He is a recipient of the 2026 Oliver E. Buckley Prize
Michael_Manfra
Pair of related error-correcting codes
Golay code has been shown to be useful for an approach to fault-tolerant quantum computing known as magic state distillation. Berlekamp–van Lint–Seidel
Ternary_Golay_code
single hand-held wireless mobile devices. Quantum computing is an emerging technology in the field of computing. MIT Technology Review reported 10 November
History_of_computing_hardware
Metric for a quantum computer's capabilities
and practical quantum computer". Phys.org. Retrieved 2024-07-01. Lucero, Sam (October 2023). "In Pusuit of Fault-tolerant Quantum Computing" (PDF). Omdia
RQOPS
Making devices resist ionizing radiation
using Triple Modular Redundancy. International IEEE Symposium on Fault Tolerant Computing. Krishnamohan, Srivathsan; Mahapatra, Nihar R. (2005). "Analysis
Radiation_hardening
American mathematical physicist (born 1979)
American physicist and computer scientist working in quantum information theory and quantum computing. He is a professor in the Université du Québec system
Jacob_Biamonte
Type of order at absolute zero
systems such as spin liquids, and the quantum Hall effect, along with potential applications to fault-tolerant quantum computation. Topological insulators
Topological_order
Encryption technique
equals the size of the pad. Quantum key distribution also proposes a solution to this problem, assuming fault-tolerant quantum computers. Distributing very
One-time_pad
American former ISP
communication protocols. The server software for PlayNet ran on Stratus fault-tolerant computers and was written in PL/1. AOL continued to use Stratus computers
PlayNET
Integrated circuit manufacturer
high-volume silicon photonics manufacturing platform to develop scalable, fault-tolerant quantum computers. The companies have co-engineered a unique production
Tower_Semiconductor
Type of two-dimensional quasiparticle
exchanged. These anyonic excitations are promising building blocks of fault-tolerant quantum computers. However, despite extensive efforts, non-Abelian TO and
Anyon
Engineering discipline specializing in the design of computer hardware
design, interference suppression and modulation, design, and analysis of fault-tolerant system, and storage and transmission schemes are all a part of this
Computer_engineering
Academic fields of study or professions
reliability Cryptanalysis Cryptography Fault-tolerant computing Information security Network security Computing in mathematics, natural sciences, engineering
Outline of academic disciplines
Outline_of_academic_disciplines
American computer scientist
written highly cited research papers on fault-tolerant design, reversible computing, and stochastic computing. Hayes became an IEEE Fellow in 1985 "for
John_P._Hayes
Phenomenon in quantum systems
has related the existence of quantum scarring to an algebraic structure known as dynamical symmetries. Fault-tolerant quantum computers are desired, as any
Quantum_scar
Nanoelectronics conference
Semiconductor Solutions “Enabling Full Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing with Silicon-Based VLSI Technologies,” by Maud Vinet, Quantum Hardware Program Manager, CEA-Leti
International Electron Devices Meeting
International_Electron_Devices_Meeting
Japanese applied physicist (born 1950)
computational time in a gate-model fault-tolerant quantum computer and pioneered the development of a novel quantum/classical hybrid computer, called coherent
Yoshihisa Yamamoto (scientist)
Yoshihisa_Yamamoto_(scientist)
Australian theoretical quantum physicist
Australian theoretical quantum physicist who has worked on large-scale Quantum computing architectures, Quantum network systems design, Quantum programming development
Simon_Devitt
Type of extremely powerful computer
various fields including quantum mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling (computing the structures and
Supercomputer
Correspondence between quantum channels and quantum states
In quantum information theory and operator theory, the Choi–Jamiołkowski isomorphism refers to the correspondence between quantum channels (described by
Choi–Jamiołkowski_isomorphism
Control technique for improving qubit coherence in quantum computing
Dynamical decoupling (DD) is an open-loop quantum control technique employed in quantum computing to suppress decoherence by taking advantage of rapid
Dynamical_decoupling
Large and powerful computer
Mainframes also have execution integrity characteristics for fault tolerant computing. For example, z900, z990, System z9, and System z10 servers effectively
Mainframe_computer
Canada Research Chair
research areas include quantum cryptography, quantum communication, measurement-based quantum computation, fault-tolerant quantum computation and error
Debbie_Leung
Japanese physicist
work on quantum computer architecture theory and her contributions to the development of fault-tolerant quantum computers. "Superradiance: Quantum effect
Kae_Nemoto
British American computer scientist
University of Warwick. OCLC 726087468. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.475930. MillWheel: Fault-Tolerant Stream Processing at Internet Scale Pregel: a system for large-scale
Leslie_Valiant
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