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Polymer solution parameter
Extensional viscosity can be measured using rheometers that apply extensional stress. Acoustic rheometer is one example of such devices. Extensional viscosity
Extensional_viscosity
Scientific instrument used to measure fluid flow (rheology)
shear rheometers, whereas rheometers that apply extensional stress or extensional strain are extensional rheometers. Rotational or shear type rheometers
Rheometer
Resistance of a fluid to shear deformation
and viscosity (reaction to rate of deformation). Viscoelastic solids may exhibit both shear viscosity and bulk viscosity. The extensional viscosity is
Viscosity
Experimental physical technique
technique used to assess the extensional rheological response of low viscous fluids. Unlike most shear and extensional rheometers, this technique does
Capillary_breakup_rheometry
similar linear relationship in extensional rheology between extensional stress P, extensional strain S and extensional modulus K: P = − K ⋅ S {\displaystyle
Acoustic_rheometer
Property of materials with both viscous and elastic characteristics under deformation
for the study of the extensional viscoelastic properties of materials such as polymer melts. Three of the most common extensional rheometry instruments
Viscoelasticity
Type of chewing gum
The different values of Hencky strain rates can lead to either extensional viscosity plateaus before sagging (macroscopic failure) or necking (strain
Bubble_gum
Topics referred to by the same term
stress or extensional stress. Viscosity can also refer to: A cognitive dimension for the design of notations measuring resistance to change. Viscosity (programming)
Viscosity_(disambiguation)
Gradual loss of flux intensity through a medium
for extensional rheology measurement. There are acoustic rheometers that employ Stokes' law for measuring extensional viscosity and volume viscosity. Wave
Attenuation
Scientific instrument used to measure viscosity
determine apparent extensional viscosity. The Krebs viscometer uses a digital graph and a small sidearm spindle to measure the viscosity of a fluid. It is
Viscometer
Type of fluid
not follow Newton's law of viscosity; that is, it has variable viscosity dependent on stress. In particular, the viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids can
Non-Newtonian_fluid
Solution to partial differential equation
In mathematics, the viscosity solution concept was introduced in the early 1980s by Pierre-Louis Lions and Michael G. Crandall as a generalization of
Viscosity_solution
Mathematical models for calculating viscosity
The shear viscosity (or "viscosity" for short) of a fluid is a material property that describes the friction between internal neighboring fluid surfaces
Viscosity_models_for_mixtures
acoustic rheometers, the raw data are converted into extensional viscosity or volume viscosity. Instruments that employ ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy
Ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy
Ultrasound_attenuation_spectroscopy
Study of the flow of matter, primarily in a fluid state
called shear rheometry (or shear rheology). The study of extensional flows is called extensional rheology. Shear flows are much easier to study and thus
Rheology
Model of viscoelastic fluids
viscoelastic fluids in shear flow, it has an unphysical singularity in extensional flow, where the dumbbells are infinitely stretched. This is, however
Oldroyd-B_model
Vegetable gum from the guar bean, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba
loss of viscosity and alkalis in strong concentration also tend to reduce viscosity. It is insoluble in most hydrocarbon solvents. The viscosity attained
Guar_gum
Ease of flow of polymer melt
inversely proportional to viscosity of the melt at the conditions of the test, though it should be borne in mind that the viscosity for any such material
Melt_flow_index
Martian volcano, highest point on Mars
composed of basalts and other mafic rocks, which would have erupted as low viscosity lava flows and hence lead to the low gradients on the surface of the planet
Olympus_Mons
Caustic soda, with formula NaOH
characteristic viscosity, 78 mPa·s, that is much greater than that of water (1.0 mPa·s) and near that of olive oil (85 mPa·s) at room temperature. The viscosity of
Sodium_hydroxide
Equations of motion for viscous fluids
stress tensor σ {\textstyle {\boldsymbol {\sigma }}} to be the sum of a viscosity term τ {\textstyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}} (the deviatoric stress) and
Navier–Stokes_equations
rifting or extensional tectonics in the region, and the shape of the dome or magma flow field is determined by the chemistry and viscosity of the magma
Surface_features_of_Venus
Atmospheric model
static atmospheric model of how the pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity of the Earth's atmosphere change over a wide range of altitudes or elevations
International Standard Atmosphere
International_Standard_Atmosphere
Sweet and viscous substance made by bees
content generally has a viscosity around 400 poise, while a honey containing 20% water has a viscosity around 20 poise. Viscosity increases very slowly
Honey
1919 accident in Massachusetts, United States
delivered a fresh load of molasses, which had been warmed to decrease its viscosity for transfer. Possibly due to the thermal expansion of the older, colder
Great_Molasses_Flood
absorption fine structure Extended periodic table Extended supersymmetry Extensional viscosity Exterior covariant derivative External ballistics External combustion
Index_of_physics_articles_(E)
Highly viscous, ductile, and mechanically weak region of Earth's mantle
heat transfer is mainly convective; a rheological boundary, where the viscosity drops below about 1021 Pa⋅s; and a chemical boundary layer, above which
Asthenosphere
Static atmospheric model
static atmospheric model of how the pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity of the Earth's atmosphere change over a wide range of altitudes or elevations
U.S._Standard_Atmosphere
State of matter
conclusion. Compared to the other states of matter, gases have low density and viscosity. Pressure and temperature influence the particles within a certain volume
Gas
Fluid which flows without losing kinetic energy
Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy. When stirred, a
Superfluidity
Fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats
resource-constrained periods such as World War II. However, challenges such as high viscosity and resultant engine deposits were significant hurdles. The modern form
Biodiesel
Method of hydrodynamics simulation
diffusion have been proposed. Artificial viscosity Introduced by Monaghan and Gingold the artificial viscosity was used to deal with high Mach number fluid
Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics
Smoothed-particle_hydrodynamics
Statistical mechanics framework
expressions for various transport coefficients such as thermal conductivity and viscosity are obtained in terms of molecular parameters. Thus, Chapman–Enskog theory
Chapman–Enskog_theory
Understanding of gas properties in terms of molecular motion
volume, pressure, and temperature, as well as transport properties such as viscosity, thermal conductivity and mass diffusivity. The basic version of the model
Kinetic_theory_of_gases
English fermented condiment
Agricultural Standard defines Worcester-type sauces by viscosity, with Worcester sauce proper having a viscosity of less than 0.2 poiseuille, 0.2–2.0 poiseuille
Worcestershire_sauce
Problem in continuous-time finance
analysis of the problem via the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation and its viscosity solutions. When there are fixed transaction costs the problem was addressed
Merton's_portfolio_problem
Relative deformation of a physical body
to calculate. The stretch ratio or extension ratio (symbol λ) is an alternative measure related to the extensional or normal strain of an axially loaded
Strain_(mechanics)
Professor of geology
forces, followed by extensional collapse. This process may have been crucial to the formation of these geological features. Extensional structures in anisotropic
John_P._Platt
Lake in Nagqu, Tibet, China
61(2):1-13. DOI:10.1007/s10933-018-0054-8 Yong, Qu. Shelincuo and Bangecuo extensional lake basins in the northern pa rt of Tibet and present chasmic activities
Bangecuo
Optimality condition in optimal control theory
which is not guaranteed in most situations. Instead, the notion of a viscosity solution is required, in which conventional derivatives are replaced by
Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation
Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman_equation
Growth faults are syndepositional or syn-sedimentary extensional faults that initiate and evolve at the margins of continental plates. They extend parallel
Growth_fault
Experimental techniques used to study fluid flow (rheology)
flows like steady shear flow, small amplitude oscillatory shear, and extensional flow. The choice of the adequate experimental technique depends on the
Rheometry
Seventh letter in the Greek alphabet
η represents absolute atmospheric vorticity. Rheology, η represents viscosity. Oceanography, η is the measurement (usually in metres) of sea-level height
Eta
Class of units of measurement
poise (P) is a unit of dynamic viscosity equal to 1 Ba⋅s (100 mPa⋅s). The stokes (St) is a unit of kinematic viscosity equal to 1 cm2⋅s−1 (100 mm2⋅s−1)
List_of_metric_units
Form of petroleum primarily used in road construction
occurring bitumen is sometimes specified by the term crude bitumen. Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses while the material obtained from the
Bitumen
Magnesium- and iron-rich extrusive igneous rock
(fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the
Basalt
Japanese rice cake
amylopectin content plays a major role in the defined characteristic of viscosity in glutinous rice, factors such as heat also play a very important role
Mochi
Hot semifluid material found beneath the surface of Earth
470 °F). For comparison, water has a viscosity of about 1 cP (0.001 Pa⋅s). Because of this very high viscosity, felsic lavas usually erupt explosively
Magma
Twelfth letter of the Greek alphabet
electromagnetism The magnetic dipole moment of a current-carrying coil Dynamic viscosity in fluid mechanics The amplification factor or voltage gain of a triode
Mu_(letter)
Geological processes that underlie the formation of mountains
volcanoes. A shield volcano has a gently sloping cone because of the low viscosity of the emitted material, primarily basalt. Mauna Loa is the classic example
Mountain_formation
Geological rock movement process
levels) by crustal thickening (see compared also tectonic uplift) and/or extensional tectonics and are subsequently exposed by erosion. Often exhumation involves
Exhumation_(geology)
Physical quantity that expresses internal forces in a continuous material
Molecular origin of shear stresses in fluids is given in the article on viscosity. The same for normal viscous stresses can be found in Sharma (2019). The
Stress_(mechanics)
Thirteenth letter in the Greek alphabet
The p-adic valuation or p-adic order of a number. Physics: Kinematic viscosity in fluid mechanics. The frequency of a wave in physics and other fields;
Nu_(Greek)
German chemical engineer
general biaxial extension of polymer melts, with J. Schaeffer Journal of Rheology, 36:1–26(1992)" "A constitutive analysis of extensional flows of polyisobutylene
Manfred_Wagner
Relation of flow speed to wall distance
u^{+}} is improved for y + < 20 {\displaystyle y^{+}<20} with an eddy viscosity formulation based on a near-wall turbulent kinetic energy κ + {\displaystyle
Law_of_the_wall
Model of rubber elasticity
{I}}}+{\cfrac {\mu J_{m}}{J_{m}-I_{1}+3}}~{\boldsymbol {B}}} For uniaxial extension in the n 1 {\displaystyle \mathbf {n} _{1}} -direction, the principal
Gent_hyperelastic_model
Relation between friction factor and Reynolds number
\rho } is the density of fluid, μ {\displaystyle \mu } is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid, v s {\displaystyle v_{s}} is the superficial velocity (i
Ergun_equation
Skewers of glazed fruit
high temperatures required to melt sugar, as well as liquid sugar’s high viscosity can potentially lead to prolonged skin contact and cause deep skin burns
Tanghulu
Polymer with rubber-like elastic properties
An elastomer is a polymer with viscoelasticity (i.e. both viscosity and elasticity) and with weak intermolecular forces, generally low Young's modulus
Elastomer
Laboratory flask with a flat bottom
transfer, and power input. Main factor for out-of-phase operation is the viscosity of the culture medium, but also the vessel diameter, low filling levels
Erlenmeyer_flask
Mathematical method
Riemann problem at each cell interface, at the expense of adding artificial viscosity. Consider a one-dimensional, linear hyperbolic partial differential equation
Lax–Friedrichs_method
Yogurt from the Caucasus
the same type of yogurt as matzoon, but a comparison of microbiota and viscosity found that the two are entirely different. Georgian matsoni has been a
Matzoon
Polymer
properties are susceptible to changes in blow-up ratios. In melt extension, LLDPE has lower viscosity at all strain rates. This means it will not strain harden
Linear low-density polyethylene
Linear_low-density_polyethylene
Layer of silicate rock
tendency to larger viscosity at greater depth, this relation is far from linear and shows layers with dramatically decreased viscosity, in particular in
Earth's_mantle
Equation of statistical mechanics
One may also derive other properties characteristic to fluids such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity (by treating the charge
Boltzmann_equation
Variety of grape
and distillation. The pulp of the grape is characterized by its high viscosity levels, which can create some difficulties in winemaking, to produce a
Graisse
Chemical element with atomic number 2 (He)
to 100 nm it has no measurable viscosity. However, when measurements were done between two moving discs, a viscosity comparable to that of gaseous helium
Helium
Natural conduit through which lava flows beneath the solid surface
drains out, it will leave an empty cave. Lava tubes are common in low-viscosity volcanic systems. Lava tubes transport molten lava much further away from
Lava_tube
Physical property that measures stiffness of material
stress over shear strain. The shear modulus is part of the derivation of viscosity. The bulk modulus (K) describes volumetric elasticity, or the tendency
Elastic_modulus
Partial collapse of a lung causing reduced gas exchange
acetylcysteine (NAC) is used. This nebulized treatment works by reducing mucous viscosity and elasticity by breaking disulfide bonds in mucoproteins within the
Atelectasis
Largest moon of Saturn
sufficient time for simple life to spawn on Earth, though the higher viscosity of ammonia-water solutions coupled with low temperatures would cause chemical
Titan_(moon)
Oil extracted from jojoba seeds
Alternative field crops manual (Report). University of Wisconsin-Extension, Cooperative Extension. Gentry HS (1 January 1958). "The Natural History of Jojoba
Jojoba_oil
Change of shape of geological salt bodies submitted to stress
compared with other rocks. Instability of rock salt is also given by its low viscosity, which allows rock salt to flow as a fluid. As the rock salt flows, a
Salt_deformation
Equation describing the flow of a fluid through a porous medium
linked to the permeability k {\displaystyle k} of the medium, the dynamic viscosity of the fluid μ {\displaystyle \mu } , the given distance L {\displaystyle
Darcy's_law
Stress imposed on soil or rock by overlying material
and intermediate stress. In tectonically stable regions, or under an extensional tectonic regime, the major axis of this ellipsoid is oriented vertically
Overburden_pressure
Precipitation that forms when supercooled droplets of water freeze on a falling snowflake
resembles small beads of polystyrene. The combination of density and low viscosity makes fresh layers of graupel unstable on slopes, and layers of 20–30 cm
Graupel
Fluid fully characterized by its density and isotropic pressure
possibilities are ignored. Specifically, perfect fluids have no shear stresses, viscosity, or heat conduction. A quark–gluon plasma and graphene are examples of
Perfect_fluid
Number, approximately 3.14
spherical objects of radius R, moving with velocity v in a fluid with dynamic viscosity η: F = 6 π η R v . {\displaystyle F=6\pi \eta Rv.} In electromagnetics
Pi
Modern form of the metric system
force, the barye for pressure, the poise for dynamic viscosity and the stokes for kinematic viscosity. A French-inspired initiative for international cooperation
International_System_of_Units
Idealised bead–spring model of polymer dynamics
_{s}{\sqrt {N}}\,l}}} , where η s {\displaystyle \eta _{s}} is the solvent viscosity. Rotational relaxation time: τ R = η s ( N l ) 3 3 π k B T {\displaystyle
Rouse_model
Chemical element with atomic number 3 (Li)
used as a flux for processing silica, reducing the melting point and viscosity of the material and leading to glazes with improved physical properties
Lithium
Printed circuit board solder process
board and stencil, high temperature or humidity, or low solder paste viscosity. A typical misalignment print is usually caused by the vision system not
Stencil_printing
Structural carbohydrate in the cell walls of land plants and some algae
orange pulp fibre pectin. The mechanism appears to be an increase of viscosity in the intestinal tract, leading to a reduced absorption of cholesterol
Pectin
Outflow channel on Mars
Elysium and Tharsis Rises, likely through the effects of extensional faulting. If extensional stresses built up gradually in the vicinity of Cerberus Fossae
Athabasca_Valles
Domain of organisms
(1993). "Cytoskeleton in the archaebacterium Thermoplasma acidophilum? Viscosity increase in soluble extracts". Bio Systems. 29 (2–3): 151–60. Bibcode:1993BiSys
Archaea
Relation in aerospace engineering
{\displaystyle \rho } is the air density, μ {\displaystyle \mu } is the dynamic viscosity, and ( d u e / d x ) s {\displaystyle (du_{e}/dx)_{s}} is the velocity
Fay-Riddell_equation
Chemical compound
formulations in the field of bioprinting. The glycerol content acts to add viscosity to the bio-ink without adding large protein, saccharide, or glycoprotein
Glycerol
Circular steel spring
viscosity. "Compression Spring – Stress and Spring Set". springipedia.com. Archived from the original on 2018-07-04. Retrieved 2018-06-27. "Extension
Garter_spring
Crescent-shaped viennoiserie pastry
glutenin network, thus imparting fluidity to the dough’s viscosity. Starch also affects the viscosity of predough. At room temperature and in a sufficient
Croissant
Naturally occurring combustible liquid
related to fuels for combustion engines are Lubricants, greases, and viscosity stabilizers. Many pharmaceuticals are derived from petroleum, albeit via
Petroleum
Imprint of mouth tissue
com/watch?v=-keGMbCHC2A "Wash impression" – this is a very thin layer of low viscosity impression material which is used to record fine details. Usually it is
Dental_impression
Measure of the ability of a solution containing electrolytes to conduct electricity
the ions and the dielectric constant and viscosity of the solvent. As the name suggests, this is an extension of the Debye–Hückel theory, due to Onsager
Conductivity_(electrolytic)
exist, among which the Kaliske–Rothert extension has been found to be reasonably accurate. With that extension, the Arruda-Boyce strain energy density
Arruda–Boyce_model
Entropy production in Newtonian fluids
} is the thermal conductivity, μ {\displaystyle \mu } is the dynamic viscosity, ζ {\displaystyle \zeta } is the second Lamé parameter, v {\displaystyle
General equation of heat transfer
General_equation_of_heat_transfer
Gradual movement of the planet's mantle
convection occurring in low viscosity regions beneath the lithosphere, and slower in the lowermost mantle where viscosities are larger. A single shallow
Mantle_convection
Planet outside of the Solar System
created under terrestrial conditions. Compounds may form with greater viscosities and high melting temperatures, which could prevent the interiors from
Exoplanet
Type of strong coffee
Espresso is generally thicker than coffee brewed by other methods, with a viscosity similar to that of warm honey. This is due to the higher concentration
Espresso
Writing and drawing implement
and made of brass, steel, or tungsten carbide. The ink, due to its high viscosity, does not permeate through paper and does not leave the tip of the pen
Pen
Porous form of silicon dioxide
conditioning agent, chill proofing agent, filter aid, emulsifying agent, viscosity control agent, and anti-settling agent. Silica can be found commonly in
Silica_gel
Strain caused by an external load
principle Navier–Stokes equations Poiseuille equation · Pascal's law Viscosity (Newtonian · non-Newtonian) Buoyancy · Mixing · Pressure Liquids Adhesion
Bending
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