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Exploratory thought is an academic term used in the field of psychology to describe reasoning that neutrally considers multiple points of view and tries
Exploratory_thought
German philosopher (1724–1804)
scholarly research. In 1749, he published his first philosophical work, Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces (written in 1745–1747). During
Immanuel_Kant
Ancient Greek philosopher (c. 428-347 BC)
philosophy. There are also some epigrams attributed to Plato, but these are now thought by some scholars to be spurious. In his youth, Plato first encountered
Plato
Interpretation of sensory information
accurately identify three-dimensional objects by touch. This involves exploratory procedures, such as moving the fingers over the outer surface of the
Perception
Italian Dominican friar and philosopher (1225–1274)
Catholic theology and Western philosophy. He is the father of a school of thought (encompassing both theology and philosophy) known as Thomism. A proponent
Thomas_Aquinas
Awareness of facts
be needed to complement it. Influential in this regard was a series of thought experiments by Edmund Gettier. They present concrete cases of justified
Declarative_knowledge
Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath (384–322 BC)
10–18 Aristotle made substantial contributions to economic thought, especially to thought in the Middle Ages. In Politics, Aristotle addresses the city
Aristotle
Bias confirming existing attitudes
Philip Tetlock distinguish two different kinds of thinking process. Exploratory thought neutrally considers multiple points of view and tries to anticipate
Confirmation_bias
Two types of knowledge, justification, or argument
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
A_priori_and_a_posteriori
Software testing approach
experience and creativity generates new good tests to run. Exploratory testing is often thought of as a black box testing technique. Instead, those who have
Exploratory_testing
Disorder of thought form, content or stream
A thought disorder (TD) is a multifaceted construct that reflects abnormalities in thinking, language, and communication. Thought disorders encompass
Thought_disorder
French philosopher (1925–1995)
he calls a transformation of "the image of thought". According to Deleuze, the traditional image of thought, found in philosophers such as Aristotle, René
Gilles_Deleuze
Awareness of facts, or competency
intensified in the latter half of the 20th century due to a series of thought experiments called Gettier cases that provoked alternative definitions
Knowledge
English philosopher and physician (1632–1704)
'internal sense.' Locke's Some Thoughts Concerning Education is an outline on how to educate this mind. Drawing on thoughts expressed in letters written
John_Locke
Philosophical principle
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Fallibilism
Subjective attitude that something is true
Boris (23 November 2022). "Witchcraft beliefs around the world: An exploratory analysis". PLOS ONE. 17 (11) e0276872. Bibcode:2022PLoSO..1776872G. doi:10
Belief
Empiricist philosophical theory
positivist approach has been a recurrent theme in the history of Western thought, modern positivism was first articulated in the early 19th century by Auguste
Positivism
Christian philosopher and theologian (354–430)
Latin Church Fathers, along with Ambrose, Jerome, and Pope Gregory I. His thoughts profoundly influenced the Medieval worldview, and he was the most cited
Augustine_of_Hippo
French polymath (1596–1650)
méthode (Discourse on the Method). In it, Descartes lays out four rules of thought, meant to ensure that our knowledge rests upon a firm foundation: The first
René_Descartes
Study of the origins of knowledge
learning in Piaget's theory (Gruber and Voneche, 1995). In other words, thought is fit directly to experience. Piaget also called his view constructivism
Genetic_epistemology
German polymath (1646–1716)
and by a species of calculus. Complex thoughts would be represented by combining characters for simpler thoughts. Leibniz saw that the uniqueness of prime
Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz
2000 philosophical book by Timothy Williamson
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Knowledge_and_Its_Limits
Scottish philosopher, historian, economist and essayist (1711–1776)
Hume made a philosophical discovery that opened up to him "a new Scene of Thought", inspiring him "to throw up every other Pleasure or Business to apply
David_Hume
Question of whether inductive reasoning leads to definitive knowledge
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Problem_of_induction
Danish philosopher and theologian (1813–1855)
other major European languages. By the middle of the 20th century, his thought exerted a substantial influence on philosophy, theology, and Western culture
Søren_Kierkegaard
Various techniques typically used by philosophers in the analytic tradition
"male" as its components. Thus, the definition or analysis of "bachelor" is thought to be an unmarried male. But one might worry that these so-called necessary
Philosophical_analysis
Philosophical view that events are determined by prior events
prior events. Nomological determinism is sometimes illustrated by the thought experiment of Laplace's demon. Laplace posited that an omniscient observer
Determinism
Conformity to reality
Discussions of truth arose in antiquity in Hindu, Jain, Buddhist, and Greek thought. In the medieval period, Christian and Islamic philosophers explored the
Truth
Study of ignorance
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Agnoiology
Philosophical study of knowledge
thought in epistemology Knowledge falsification – Deliberate misrepresentation of knowledge Reformed epistemology – School of philosophical thought Theory
Epistemology
Notion of reality based on consensus view
method to "systematize confusion thanks to a paranoia and active process of thought and so assist in discrediting completely the world of reality". Brute fact
Consensus_reality
Austrian philosopher and logician (1889–1951)
Gedanke. The logical picture of the facts is the thought. Der Gedanke ist der sinnvolle Satz. The thought is the significant proposition. Der Satz ist eine
Ludwig_Wittgenstein
Doubtful attitude toward knowledge claims
form, comprehending all things within himself, is the absolute mind and thought, therefore is intelligent, and moves all things, but bears no resemblance
Skepticism
American political philosopher (1938–2002)
became somewhat less 'hardcore'". Nozick was sometimes admired for the exploratory style of his philosophizing, often content to raise tantalizing philosophical
Robert_Nozick
Theory of positive emotions
that positive emotions broaden one's awareness and encourage novel, exploratory thoughts and actions. Over time, this broadened behavioral repertoire builds
Broaden-and-build
Semantic distinction in philosophy
priori propositions, and that we know them. That they are synthetic, he thought, is obvious: the concept "equal to 12" is not contained within the concept
Analytic–synthetic distinction
Analytic–synthetic_distinction
English philosopher (1873–1958)
unlike his colleague and admirer Bertrand Russell, who for some years thought Moore fulfilled his "ideal of genius", he is mostly unknown presently except
G._E._Moore
English philosopher and logician (1872–1970)
significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought". He was also the recipient of the De Morgan Medal (1932), Sylvester Medal
Bertrand_Russell
Basic distinction in philosophy
within this area of study have to do with moving from subjective thoughts to objective thoughts with many different methods employed to get from one to the
Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)
Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)
How one process influences another
metaphysics. Influential 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant thought that time and space were notions prior to human understanding of the progress
Causality
Theory of knowledge by Plato
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Platonic_epistemology
Tendency not to side in a conflict
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Neutrality_(philosophy)
Philosophical problem articulated by David Hume
all possible worlds – Concept in metaphysics Big Book (thought experiment) – Ethical thought experiment from Ludwig Wittgenstein Buridan's ass – Philosophical
Is–ought_problem
Conscious event, perception or practical knowledge
perception, bodily awareness, memory, imagination, emotion, desire, action and thought. It usually refers to the experience a particular individual has, but it
Experience
Type of knowledge
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Explicit_knowledge
Epistemological problem
is, that does not reasonably guarantee that someone has the presence of thought occurring within them as when oneself engages in behavior. Phenomenology
Problem_of_other_minds
State of being simple
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Simplicity
British philosopher (1900–1976)
rectify the logical geography of the knowledge we already possess. Ryle thought it no longer possible to believe that a philosopher's task is to study
Gilbert_Ryle
Philosophical system founded by Immanuel Kant
"Transcendental Logic", concerns itself with the manner in which objects are thought. Arthur Schopenhauer takes Kant's transcendental idealism as the starting
Transcendental_idealism
Injustice related to knowledge
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Epistemic_injustice
Problem in epistemology that any proposition can be endlessly questioned
justification, and the boor, who accepts or rejects ideals without much thought: The philosopher's logical tranquillity is thus in essence no other than
Regress argument (epistemology)
Regress_argument_(epistemology)
Philosophical view explaining systems in terms of smaller parts
the way in practice'. The role of reduction in computer science can be thought as a precise and unambiguous mathematical formalization of the philosophical
Reductionism
Principle in epistemology
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Epistemic_closure
Philosophical problem about what constitutes knowledge
Maximilian (2016). A Systematic Review of Studies Using Gettier-Type Thought Experiments (Thesis). University of Denver. Retrieved 2020-12-25. One use
Gettier_problem
Theory that beliefs are justified when from reliable processes
argument against philosophical skepticism, such as the brain in a vat thought experiment. Process reliabilism is a form of epistemic externalism. A broadly
Reliabilism
Knowledge derived from familiarity
"that P" only when one has the thought "that P" and one is acquainted with both the fact that P is the case, the thought "that P", and the relation of
Knowledge_by_acquaintance
American philosopher and logician (1908–2000)
dubious ones; sentences like "no bachelor is married." Previously it was thought that if you can prove that there is synonymity between "unmarried man"
Willard_Van_Orman_Quine
Epistemological theory
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Foundationalism
Concept in epistemology
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Justification_(epistemology)
Distinction between what is and what ought to be
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Fact–value_distinction
Epistemological view centered on reason
that reason is the source of morality. His thought continues to hold a major influence in contemporary thought, especially in fields such as metaphysics
Rationalism
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
List_of_epistemologists
Group promoting conversion therapy
organization that advocates gender exploratory therapy, a form of conversion therapy. Originally named the Gender Exploratory Therapy Association, Therapy First
Therapy_First
Knowledge of how to perform a task
procedural form (production rules), which is called the adaptive control of thought—rational (ACT-R) theory. However, on certain occasions, procedural and
Procedural_knowledge
Concept in philosophy
hubris laziness obtuseness passion (irrational) prejudice superficiality of thought superstition willful naïveté anti-intellectualism apathy Note that, in
Epistemic_virtue
Metaphysical view that physical objects only exist as sensory stimuli
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Phenomenalism
Theory of knowledge
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Hierarchical_epistemology
Quality related to inquisitive thinking
consider the difference between perceptual curiosity, as the innate exploratory behavior that is present in all animals, and epistemic curiosity, as
Curiosity
American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer (1859–1952)
the University of Chicago resulted in four essays collectively entitled Thought and its Subject-Matter, which was published with collected works from his
John_Dewey
View in the epistemology of disagreement
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Conciliationism
American philosophy professor
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Duncan_Pritchard
American philosopher and theologian (born 1932)
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Alvin_Plantinga
Idea that knowledge comes only/mainly from sensory experience
according to which the human mind is "blank" at birth and develops its thoughts only through later experience. Empiricism in the philosophy of science
Empiricism
Philosophical view that knowledge may be justified by an infinite chain of reasons
number of thoughts. It is rather that there are an infinite number of propositions such that each one of them would be consciously thought were the appropriate
Infinitism
British philosopher (born 1955)
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Timothy_Williamson
Belief that the human mind is born with knowledge
Kant synthesized these two early modern traditions in his philosophical thought. Plato argues that if there are certain concepts that we know to be true
Innatism
Idea that the senses provide us with direct awareness of objects as they really are
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Naïve_realism
English philosopher (1910–1989)
analysis, and this sort of philosophy an unfortunate strain in modern thought. He considered Heidegger the worst example of such philosophy, which Ayer
A._J._Ayer
American philosopher (1938–2024)
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Alvin_Goldman
Ambiguous term applied to several concepts
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Evolutionary_epistemology
American philosopher (born 1932)
Jellema, Henry Stob, and Henry Zylstra, who introduced him to schools of thought that have dominated his mature thinking: Reformed theology and common sense
Nicholas_Wolterstorff
Socratic dialogue by Plato concerning the nature of knowledge
can tell when a young man is in the throes of trying to give birth to a thought. Socrates considers his philosophical work as midwifery (Maieutics). This
Theaetetus_(dialogue)
Idea which departs from accepted scholarship in the field
established scholarship. Rejected ideas may help to refine mainstream thought, but most outside theories are simply incorrect and have no wider impact
Fringe_theory
Debate in the philosophy of mind
the sphere are arranged.) Primary qualities cannot be removed by either thought or physical action, and include mass, movement, and, controversially, solidity
Direct_and_indirect_realism
Epistemological theory that faith is independent of reason
"Wittgensteinian Fideism", Kai Nielsen argues that certain aspects of Wittgenstein's thought have been interpreted by Wittgensteinians in a "fideistic" manner. According
Fideism
Philosophical approach
person's natural cognitive faculties as well as her acquired habits of thought.... So long as such habits are both stable and successful, they make up
Virtue_epistemology
Philosophical concept
philosophical concept that certain knowledge, such as knowledge of one's own thoughts, can be apprehended directly by a given person and not by others. This
Epistemic_privilege
Overview of and topical guide to epistemology
und Wirklichkeit: Versuch einer Erneuerung der kritischen Philosophie (Thought and Reality: Attempt at a Renewal of Critical Philosophy), (Second Edition)
Outline_of_epistemology
American philosopher (1906–1998)
determining what constitutes law-like statements is far greater than previously thought, and that once again we find ourselves facing the initial dilemma that
Nelson_Goodman
American philosopher (1941–2001)
breakthroughs. Lewis frequented Australia throughout his life. Many of his thought experiments draw upon Australia, such as his favourite counterfactual to
David_Lewis_(philosopher)
Property of a statement that can be logically contradicted
truth or falsity. No consensus emerged about how to achieve that, but the thought expressed by Mach's dictum that "where neither confirmation nor refutation
Falsifiability
Type of epistemology
BonJour, Keith Lehrer, and Paul Thagard. Otto Neurath is also sometimes thought to be an epistemic coherentist. Both coherence and foundationalist theories
Coherentism
Basic level of knowledge and judgement shared by nearly all people
aísthēsis, but also such terms as koinós noûs (κοινός νοῦς, 'common mind/thought/reason'), koinḗ énnoia (κοινή ἔννοιᾰ), and koinonoēmosúnē, all of which
Common_sense
Subject of inquiry in philosophy and linguistics
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Contextualism
American philosopher (1927–2021)
"Bertrand Russell's theories of belief, and their effect on contemporary thought." While at Pittsburgh, he met a young Bas C. Van Fraasen and published
Edmund_Gettier
Hypothetical megastructure around a star
structure or series of structures to encompass a star have been proposed in exploratory engineering or described in science fiction, often under the name "Dyson
Dyson_sphere
American mathematician and philosopher (1926–2016)
of meaning, introducing the notion of semantic externalism based on a thought experiment called Twin Earth. In philosophy of mathematics, Putnam and
Hilary_Putnam
Assumption that natural laws are constant through time and space
distinction Belief Certainty Common sense Descriptive knowledge Exploratory thought Epistemic injustice Epistemic virtue Gettier problem Induction Internalism
Uniformitarianism
Thoughts, ideas, or ruminations about attempting suicide
Suicidal ideation, or suicidal thoughts, is the thought process of having ideas or ruminations about the possibility of dying by suicide. It is not a diagnosis
Suicidal_ideation
Sufficient evidence/argument for truth
One nevertheless can still have clear proof of the existence of one's thought, even if belief in the external world lacks the certainty of demonstration
Proof_(truth)
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