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Equilibrium catalyst usually refers to the catalyst mix use in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), but includes other petrochemical processes that use large
Equilibrium_catalyst
Process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction
describes why a catalyst does not change the chemical equilibrium of a reaction. Suppose there was such a catalyst that shifted an equilibrium. Introducing
Catalysis
Industrial process for ammonia production
pass to maintain a reasonable equilibrium constant. Due to the nature of the (typically multi-promoted magnetite) catalyst used in the ammonia synthesis
Haber_process
Methods for determining rate laws of chemical reactions and to elucidate their mechanisms
pre-equilibrium conditions described above, the catalyst resting state is either entirely or partially (depending on the magnitude of the equilibrium constant)
Reaction progress kinetic analysis
Reaction_progress_kinetic_analysis
State of thermodynamic systems where no net flow of matter or energy occurs
Thermodynamic equilibrium is a notion of thermodynamics with axiomatic status[clarification needed] referring to an internal state of a single thermodynamic
Thermodynamic_equilibrium
Process breaking down complex organic molecules into simpler ones
cracking catalyst is "spent" by reactions which deposit coke on the catalyst and greatly reduce activity and selectivity. The "spent" catalyst (equilibrium catalyst)
Cracking_(chemistry)
When the ratio of reactants to products of a chemical reaction is constant with time
constant. The catalyst will speed up both reactions thereby increasing the speed at which equilibrium is reached. Although the macroscopic equilibrium concentrations
Chemical_equilibrium
Chemical reaction
solvent is the catalyst. The reaction rate is proportional to the concentration of the protonated solvent molecules SH+. The acid catalyst itself (AH) only
Acid_catalysis
Principle to predict effects of a change in conditions on a chemical equilibrium
chemical reaction (for example, when no suitable catalyst is present), yet not in thermodynamic equilibrium, because it is metastable or unstable; then Le
Le_Chatelier's_principle
Catalysts used in industry
catalyst, the copper-catalyst is more active at lower temperatures thereby yielding a lower equilibrium concentration of CO and a higher equilibrium concentration
Industrial_catalysts
Study of the rates of chemical reactions
rate of enzyme mediated reactions. A catalyst does not affect the position of the equilibrium, as the catalyst speeds up the backward and forward reactions
Chemical_kinetics
Branch of thermodynamics
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with physical systems that are not in thermodynamic equilibrium but can be described
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics
Theory in chemistry
and C in equal amounts (50% selectivity) at chemical equilibrium. Under normal static catalyst operation, only product B can be produced at selectivities
Catalytic_resonance_theory
Process that leads to chemical changes
proceeds. A double arrow (⇌) pointing in opposite directions is used for equilibrium reactions. Equations should be balanced according to the stoichiometry
Chemical_reaction
Reaction of carbon monoxide and water vapor
slow at lower temperatures where equilibrium favors hydrogen production, WGS reactors require large amounts of catalysts, which increases their cost and
Water–gas_shift_reaction
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization
variety of chain-end groups The catalyst is the most important component of ATRP because it determines the equilibrium constant between the active and
Atom transfer radical polymerization
Atom_transfer_radical_polymerization
steady state equilibrium between the unbound and bound catalyst complexes. There are three possible catalytic complexes at equilibrium (MLSLR, MLSLS
Non-linear_effects
Microporous, aluminosilicate mineral group
robustness. For some applications, such regenerated zeolites are called equilibrium catalysts. The structures of hundreds of zeolites have been determined. Most
Zeolite
Category of polymers, in which the monomers are joined together by ester links
addition, the use of activating agents is counted as non-equilibrium method. The equilibrium constants for the acyl chloride-based condensation yielding
Polyester
conversions compared to the equilibrium value. This characteristic makes membrane reactors suitable to perform equilibrium-limited endothermic reactions
Membrane_reactor
Non-equilibrium thermodynamic reaction
one of a class of reactions that serve as a classical example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, resulting in the establishment of a nonlinear chemical
Belousov–Zhabotinsky_reaction
Reaction in organic chemistr
1938. In the domain of persistent carbenes the Wanzlick equilibrium describes an equilibrium between a carbene and its alkene. A reoccurring substrate
Carbene_dimerization
Non-equilibrium state of matter
nonthermal plasma, cold plasma or non-equilibrium plasma is a plasma which is not in thermodynamic equilibrium, because the electron temperature is much
Nonthermal_plasma
Minimum energy required for a chemical reaction
catalyst lowers the activation energy, but it does not change the energies of the original reactants or products, and so does not change equilibrium.
Activation_energy
Chemical process for producing nitric acid
and pressure up to 8 standard atmospheres (810 kPa) in the presence of a catalyst such as platinum gauze, alloyed with 10% rhodium to increase its strength
Ostwald_process
Region of uniform physical properties
phases can co-exist in equilibrium. At temperatures and pressures away from the markings, there will be only one phase at equilibrium. In the diagram, the
Phase_(matter)
Chemical compound
NMe2 substituent. Because of its basicity, DMAP is a useful nucleophilic catalyst for a variety of reactions such as esterifications with anhydrides, the
4-Dimethylaminopyridine
Continuous catalytic process used in the refining of cruel oil
isomerization catalyst converts normal pentane (nC5) to isopentane (iC5) and normal hexane (nC6) to 2,2- and 2,3-dimethylbutane. The thermodynamic equilibrium is
Penex
Chain-growth polymerization without the ability to terminate
an anionic coordination polymerization in which the metal center of the catalyst is considered the counter cation for the anionic end of the alkyl chain
Living_polymerization
Organic reaction
acid or carboxylate, and an alcohol. It can be performed with acid as catalyst, or with base as reagent. The mechanism of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of
Ester_hydrolysis
Compound derived from an acid
The equilibrium constant for such reactions is about 5 for typical esters, e.g., ethyl acetate. The reaction is slow in the absence of a catalyst. Sulfuric
Ester
Representation of a chemical process as a single energetic pathway
that a catalyst will not alter the equilibrium concentrations of the products and reactants but will only allow the reaction to reach equilibrium faster
Energy_profile_(chemistry)
Variation of olefin metathesis
onto the catalyst. Due to additional reactivity in strained olefins, an equilibrium distribution of products is observed; however, this equilibrium can be
Ring-closing_metathesis
Subdiscipline of chemistry concerned with chemical equilibrium
Equilibrium chemistry is concerned with systems in chemical equilibrium. The unifying principle is that the free energy of a system at equilibrium is the
Equilibrium_chemistry
Chemical compound
complexes are among the most successful and representative types of Schrock catalysts. They are pivotal organometallic compounds consisting of a molybdenum
Molybdenum imido alkylidene complex
Molybdenum_imido_alkylidene_complex
Chemical compound
H2O → PhC(O)CH3 Alkyne Alkyne trimerisation Bordwell, F.G. (1988). "Equilibrium acidities in dimethyl sulfoxide solution". Acc. Chem. Res. 21: 456–463
Phenylacetylene
Method in organic chemistry
This catalyst works by forming an iminium ion with carbonyl groups of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (enals) and enones in a rapid chemical equilibrium. This
Organocatalysis
Branch of photochemistry
branch of photochemistry that uses single-electron transfer. Photoredox catalysts are generally drawn from three classes of materials: transition-metal
Photoredox_catalysis
Thermal motion of liquid or gas particles at temperatures above absolute zero
still in motion, but an equilibrium has been established, the result of molecular diffusion is called a "dynamic equilibrium". In a phase with uniform
Molecular_diffusion
Disproportionation of CO into CO2 and elemental carbon
(1872–1923), who investigated this equilibrium in 1905. Although the damaging effect of carbon monoxide on catalysts is undesirable, this reaction has
Boudouard_reaction
Chemical compound
boric acid and ethanol in the presence of acid catalyst, where it forms according to the equilibrium reaction: B(OH)3 + 3 C2H5OH ⇌ (C2H5O)3B + 3 H2O
Triethyl_borate
Chemical reaction for synthesizing C–N bonds
[citation needed] Over the course of its development, several 'generations' of catalyst systems have been developed, with each system allowing greater scope in
Buchwald–Hartwig_amination
Acid that is insoluble in the reaction medium
insoluble in the reaction medium. They are often used as heterogeneous catalysts. Many solid acids are zeolites. A variety of techniques are used to quantify
Solid_acid
Type of chemical substance
turn red litmus paper blue). In water, by altering the autoionization equilibrium, bases yield solutions in which the hydrogen ion activity is lower than
Base_(chemistry)
Physical organic complexation catalysis chemistry term
binding contributes to acceleration only if the equilibrium between the unassociated reactant and catalyst and their complex is not completely shifted to
Passive_binding
Method for producing hydrogen and carbon monoxide from hydrocarbon fuels
production of ammonia or methanol. The reaction is represented by this equilibrium: CH 4 + H 2 O ↽ − − ⇀ CO + 3 H 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 + H2O <=> CO
Steam_reforming
Type of chemical reaction
exothermic catalyst reaction, such as when −OCH3 is used as the base. This drives the second step, by removing water, it allows the reactions equilibrium to continually
Aldol_condensation
Chemical reaction which exchanges the R groups of an alcohol and ester
These reactions are often catalyzed by the addition of an acid or base catalyst. Strong acids catalyze the reaction by donating a proton to the carbonyl
Transesterification
Chemical equilibrium between a relatively stable carbene compound and its dimer
The Wanzlick equilibrium is a chemical equilibrium between a relatively stable carbene compound and its dimer. The equilibrium was proposed to apply to
Wanzlick_equilibrium
Chemical catalyst
borate catalyst (R2PH)(C6F4)BH(C6F5)2 (R = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) 1. This type of metal-free hydrogenation has the potential to replace high cost metal catalyst. The
Frustrated_Lewis_pair
Type of chemical reaction
refluxing a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst. The reaction was first described by Emil Fischer and Arthur Speier in
Fischer–Speier_esterification
Chemical compound
peroxide with homogeneous acid catalysts (e.g., sulfuric acid), which facilitate the reaction and achieve equilibrium between the reagents and product:
Peracetic_acid
Field of chemistry
ratio of the desired catalyst to other combinatorial products could then be frozen by terminating the reversibility of the equilibrium by means such as change
Supramolecular_catalysis
Enclosed volume where interconversion of compounds takes place
particles or pellets, usually a solid catalyst. The reactants, in liquid or gas phase, are pumped through the catalyst bed. A chemical reactor may also be
Chemical_reactor
Reduction of ketones and aldehydes to their corresponding alcohols
chemoselectivity and its use of a cheap environmentally friendly metal catalyst. MPV reductions have been described as "obsolete" owing to the development
Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction
Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley_reduction
Chain shuttling polymerization is a dual-catalyst method for producing block copolymers with alternating or variable tacticity. The desired effect of this
Chain shuttling polymerization
Chain_shuttling_polymerization
Organic chemical compound CH3–C(=O)–CH2–C(=O)–CH3
CH3−C(=O)−CH2−C(=O)−CH3. It is classified as a 1,3-diketone. It exists in equilibrium with a tautomer CH3−C(=O)−CH=C(−OH)−CH3. The mixture is a colorless liquid
Acetylacetone
Indian Telugu-language webseries
Clinton 3 July 2025 (2025-07-03) 6 "The Catalyst" Joseph Clinton Joseph Clinton 3 July 2025 (2025-07-03) 7 "Equilibrium" Joseph Clinton Joseph Clinton
AIR:_All_India_Rankers
Methanation process of carbon dioxide with hydrogen
pressures (perhaps 3 megapascals; 440 psi; 30 bar) in the presence of a nickel catalyst. It was discovered by the French chemists Paul Sabatier and Jean-Baptiste
Sabatier_reaction
Chemical compound
quaternary ammonium salt with a bromide commonly used as a phase transfer catalyst. It is used to prepare many other tetrabutylammonium salts by salt metathesis
Tetrabutylammonium_bromide
Reacting chemical mixture in which the concentrations change periodically
class of reactions that serve as an example of non-equilibrium thermodynamics with far-from-equilibrium behavior. The reactions are theoretically important
Chemical_oscillator
Mechanism to grow nano wires
solid and liquid phases of the substrate material. The equilibrium vapor pressure of the catalyst over the liquid alloy must be small so that the droplet
Vapor–liquid–solid_method
Physics applied to chemical systems
than the molecular or atomic structure alone (for example, chemical equilibrium and colloids). Some of the relationships that physical chemistry strives
Physical_chemistry
Chemical reaction where molecules are combined and a small molecule is lost
proceeds in a step-wise fashion to the addition product, usually in equilibrium, and with loss of a water molecule (hence the name condensation). The
Condensation_reaction
Method of synthesizing supramolecular assemblies
shift the equilibrium toward the component that forms the complex of higher stability (thermodynamic template effect). After the new equilibrium is established
Dynamic_covalent_chemistry
Chemical compound
is in equilibrium with calcium carbonate. At room temperature the equilibrium overwhelmingly favors calcium carbonate, because the equilibrium CO2 pressure
Calcium_carbonate
Chemical compound (CH3CH=CH2)
ethylene and 2-butenes. Rhenium and molybdenum catalysts are used: CH 2 = CH 2 + CH 3 CH = CHCH 3 → Re, Mo catalyst 2 CH 2 = CHCH 3 {\displaystyle {\ce
Propylene
reaction of an aldose or ketose with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst. The reaction is named after the German chemist, Emil Fischer, winner of
Fischer_glycosidation
Organic reaction involving the breakup and reassembly of alkene double bonds
academic research. The homogeneous catalysts are often classified as Schrock catalysts and Grubbs catalysts. Schrock catalysts feature molybdenum(VI)- and tungsten(VI)-based
Olefin_metathesis
Electro-chemical device
differences in oxidation/reduction potential drive the reaction until equilibrium. Key features: spontaneous reaction generates electric current current
Electrochemical_cell
Chemical compound
experimental equilibrium constants, is by 7 orders of magnitude higher than the one of structurally analogous triphenylborane. Experimental equilibrium measurements
Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane
Hollow object filled with material that does not fully obstruct fluid flow
specifically designed structured packing. Packed beds may also contain catalyst particles or adsorbents such as zeolite pellets, granular activated carbon
Packed_bed
Chemical reaction
cycloheptatriene derivatives. In the 1980s it was found that dirhodium catalysts provide single cyclopropane isomers in high yields. Buchner's first synthesis
Buchner_ring_expansion
Process of forming and bonding material by heat or pressure
strength of a material while preserving porosity (like in filters or catalysts, where gas adsorption is a priority). During the sintering process, atomic
Sintering
Property of a thermodynamic system
). Beyond the Second Law: Entropy Production & Non-equilibrium Systems. Living Systems as Catalysts. Springer. p. 340. ISBN 978-3-642-40153-4. Retrieved
Entropy
Conversion of a carbonyl to an amine
alkylimino-de-oxo-bisubstitution to form the imine intermediate. The equilibrium between aldehyde/ketone and imine is shifted toward imine formation by
Reductive_amination
Chemical compound (OH–)
produced from water by the self-ionization reaction: H3O+ + OH− ⇌ 2H2O The equilibrium constant for this reaction, defined as Kw = [H+][OH−] has a value close
Hydroxide
French chemist (1850–1936)
predict the effect a changing condition has on a system in chemical equilibrium. Le Chatelier was born on 8 October 1850 in Paris and was the son of
Henry_Louis_Le_Chatelier
Chemical reaction
reaction by the poly-leucine catalyst. The hydroperoxide anion and chalcone assemble in a complex with the poly-leucine catalyst before reacting to form a
Juliá–Colonna_epoxidation
Inorganic compound (KOH)
propanols are also excellent solvents. They participate in an acid-base equilibrium. In the case of methanol the potassium methoxide (methylate) forms: KOH
Potassium_hydroxide
Organic compound (CH3CO2CH2CH3)
CH3CO2CH2CH3 + H2O The reaction can be accelerated by acid catalysts and the equilibrium can be shifted to the right by removal of water. It is also
Ethyl_acetate
Symbolic representation of a chemical reaction
conditions of the temperature and pressure, as well as the presence of catalysts, may be indicated in the same way. The standard notation for chemical
Chemical_equation
Chemical compound
production if accelerated with a catalyst; however, its temperature must be kept below 80–85 °C to avoid an explosion. The catalyst can be nitric, hydrofluoric
Performic_acid
Formula for temperature dependence of rates of chemical reactions
1884 that the Van 't Hoff equation for the temperature dependence of equilibrium constants suggests such a formula for the rates of both forward and reverse
Arrhenius_equation
Class of chemical substance
as catalysts. Like other heterogeneous catalysts, MOFs may allow for easier post-reaction separation and recyclability than homogeneous catalysts. In
Metal–organic_framework
Lowest temperature at which a volatile material's vapors ignite if given a source
non-equilibrial, such as Pensky-Martens, where the vapours above the liquid are not in temperature equilibrium with the liquid, and equilibrial, such
Flash_point
Gas desulfurizing process
Reheating the gas prevents sulfur condensation in the catalyst bed, which fouls the catalyst. Several industrial methods achieve the required bed operating
Claus_process
Modification of use and function of cofactors in an organism's metabolic pathways
human body. An increase in succinate concentration, which is used as a catalyst, may lead to an increase in the speed of the Citric Acid Cycle, and consequently
Cofactor_engineering
Redistribution of alkyne chemical bonds
active. Molybdenum catalyst with aniline-derived ligands are highly effective catalysts. Catalysts for alkyne metathesis "canopy catalysts" Air stable low-valent
Alkyne_metathesis
Electricity-induced chemical reaction
141.86 kJ/g(H2). However, calculations regarding individual electrode equilibrium potentials requires corrections to account for the activity coefficients
Electrolysis_of_water
Large biological molecule that acts as a catalyst
millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Like all catalysts, enzymes do not affect the overall equilibrium of a reaction and are regenerated at the end of
Enzyme
German chemist (1868–1934)
This new method made use of a more refined iron catalyst, instead of the uranium or osmium catalyst that were used prior. By decreasing temperature,
Fritz_Haber
Spin states of hydrogen
lower energy state than orthohydrogen. At room temperature and thermal equilibrium, thermal excitation causes hydrogen to consist of approximately 75% orthohydrogen
Spin_isomers_of_hydrogen
5-membered ring organonitrogen heterocycle
Imidazolidinone catalyst work by forming an iminium ion with carbonyl groups of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (enals) and enones in a rapid chemical equilibrium. This
Imidazolidinone
Type of chemical bonding with metal ions
as contrast agents in MRI scanning, in manufacturing using homogeneous catalysts, in chemical water treatment to assist in the removal of metals, and in
Chelation
and/or poor catalyst stability. The composition of the electrolyte can be decisive. Gas-diffusion electrodes are beneficial. Catalysts can be grouped
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide
Electrochemical_reduction_of_carbon_dioxide
Type of modified wood
hydroxyl groups present in lignin and hemicelluloses, without the need of a catalyst, forming bonds between them. The substances used, such as anhydrides, modify
Acetylated_wood
Chemistry
enantiomers can interconvert throughout the reaction process. At this point the catalyst can selectively lower the transition state energy of a single enantiomer
Dynamic kinetic resolution in asymmetric synthesis
Dynamic_kinetic_resolution_in_asymmetric_synthesis
Chemical compound
methanol with the counterion potassium and is used as a strong base and as a catalyst for transesterification, in particular for the production of biodiesel
Potassium_methoxide
Chemical compound
water molecules of hydration. It is industrially produced for use as a co-catalyst in the Wacker process. Both the anhydrous and the dihydrate forms occur
Copper(II)_chloride
EQUILIBRIUM CATALYST
EQUILIBRIUM CATALYST
EQUILIBRIUM CATALYST
EQUILIBRIUM CATALYST
EQUILIBRIUM CATALYST
EQUILIBRIUM CATALYST
EQUILIBRIUM CATALYST
EQUILIBRIUM CATALYST
EQUILIBRIUM CATALYST