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Angle in ballistics
In ballistics, the elevation is the angle between the horizontal plane and the axial direction of the barrel of a gun, mortar or heavy artillery. Originally
Elevation_(ballistics)
Coordinates comprising a distance and two angles
Double Fourier sphere method – Mathematical technique Elevation (ballistics) – Angle in ballistics Euler angles – Description of the orientation of a rigid
Spherical_coordinate_system
Behavior of projectiles in flight
External ballistics or exterior ballistics is the part of ballistics that deals with the behavior of a projectile in flight. It deals with projectiles
External_ballistics
Topics referred to by the same term
Elevation may also refer to: Elevation (ballistics), the angle between a weapon barrel and the horizontal plane Elevation (astronomy), one component of
Elevation_(disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
Cant (road/rail), the difference in elevation between two edges of a road or railway track Elevation (ballistics) § Superelevation, the correction for
Superelevation
Rifle cartridge designed by the U.S. Army
500-grain (32 g) bullet. The heavier bullet produced significantly superior ballistics and could reach ranges of 3,350 yd (3,060 m), which were beyond the maximum
.45-70
Motion of launched objects due to gravity
is fundamental to a wide range of applications—from engineering and ballistics to sports science and natural phenomena. Galileo Galilei showed that the
Projectile_motion
British sniper
Harrison required during his record shot. The external ballistics software program by JBM Ballistics predicts that the bullets of British high pressure
Craig Harrison (British Army soldier)
Craig_Harrison_(British_Army_soldier)
Defunct research facility of the United States Army
Ordnance Corps and later the U.S. Army Materiel Command that specialized in ballistics as well as vulnerability and lethality analysis. Situated at Aberdeen
Ballistic_Research_Laboratory
Air resistance on an object
In aerodynamics, firearms ballistics, and automobiles, windage is the effects of some fluid, usually air (e.g., wind) and sometimes liquids, such as oil
Windage
Italian mathematician (1499–1557)
mathematics to the investigation of the paths of cannonballs, known as ballistics, in his Nova Scientia (A New Science, 1537); his work was later partially
Nicolo_Tartaglia
Russian telescopic sight
range estimation and bullet drop and drift compensation (see external ballistics). The top center "chevron" (^) is used as the main aiming mark. The horizontal
PSO-1
NATO standard for vehicle protection
included, elevation 0° 155 mm High Explosive at 10 m Angle: Azimuth 360°; elevation: 0–90° "STANAG Ballistic Standards". CRAIG International Ballistics. Archived
STANAG_4569
Path of a moving object
resistance (drag and aerodynamics). This is the focus of the discipline of ballistics. One of the remarkable achievements of Newtonian mechanics was the derivation
Trajectory
Artillery computers used by the U.S. Army
field-artillery computer. M19: A ballistics computer for M60A2 tanks. M21: A ballistics computer for M60A3 tanks. M23: A mortar ballistics computer. M26: A fire-control
Gun_data_computer
Weapons firing without line of sight on target
accurately than direct fires, resulting in a more unpredictable external ballistics and thus a much more scattered shot grouping. This, coupled with the significant
Indirect_fire
Distance at which a firearm or projectile can be fired directly at its target and hit
point-blank range is principally a function of a cartridge's external ballistics and target size: high-velocity rounds have long point-blank ranges, while
Point-blank_range
Weapon used in Kennedy's assassination
assassination on a dummy that had been specifically designed for ballistics tests, recreating the elevation, wind speed and distance at a California shooting range
John F. Kennedy assassination rifle
John_F._Kennedy_assassination_rifle
Process of aiming an artillery piece or turret
his book New Principles of Gunnery, which revolutionized the science of ballistics, as it provided the first way to accurately measure the velocity of a
Gun_laying
Projectile propelled by a firearm, sling, or air gun
improves external ballistics by streamlining the bullet, allowing it to cut through the air more easily, and improves terminal ballistics by allowing the
Bullet
Self-propelled gun
traverse and elevation should the power fail. The internal ballistics of the FH70 howitzer meet the requirements of the Quadrilateral Ballistics Memorandum
SP70
American assault rifle
February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024. Ingalls, James Monroe (1893). Ballistics (pdf). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 7. Retrieved 11
M16_rifle
1974 Soviet 5.45×39mm assault rifle
19 J (5.30 ft⋅lb) delivered by the 7.62×39mm in the AKM. Early 5.45×39mm ballistics tests demonstrated a pronounced tumbling effect with high speed cameras
AK-74
Horizontal angle from north or other reference cardinal direction
in navigation, astronomy, engineering, mapping, geodesy, mining, and ballistics. The word azimuth originates from medieval Arabic السموت (al-sumūt, pronounced
Azimuth
Comparison of the two most common assault rifles
original (PDF) on 18 February 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2011. "Terminal Ballistics". www.frfrogspad.com. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. "IZHMASH
Comparison of the AK-47 and M16
Comparison_of_the_AK-47_and_M16
Bolt Action rifle
developed a scope sight with corresponding color coding on its elevation turret to match the ballistics of the different cartridges. The stock is available in
Sako_Quad
Device used to measure distances to remote objects
of measuring distance up to 20 km; mounted on a tripod with an angular mount. The resulting system also provides azimuth and elevation measurements.
Rangefinder
Canet and Armstrong. Older and shorter-barreled guns have different ballistics as noted below. These were British QF Mark I and III guns used as coastal
List of 120 mm Italian naval guns
List_of_120_mm_Italian_naval_guns
Anti-tank gun
January 1945 and only 200 were issued to units. One document, "Terminal Ballistics" stipulates production of Panzergranate 40 ceased entirely in 1943.[citation
7.5_cm_Pak_40
Rule of thumb for rifle firing
the distance to target. The slant range is not compatible with standard ballistics tables for estimating bullet drop. The Rifleman's rule provides an estimate
Rifleman's_rule
American engineer and storm chaser (1957-2013)
Flight 800 crash. His research involved high-speed photography, such as on ballistics. He also worked at National Technical Systems and Hyperion Technology
Tim_Samaras
Soviet/Russian 152 mm self-propelled howitzer
howitzer is fitted with a new 2A79 152 mm/L60 ordnance that has improved ballistics. It can fire ammunition with more propellant charges and with a higher
2S19_Msta-S
Optical sighting device for firearms
indications are displayed in the ocular. It memorizes up to 4 different ballistics and 4 different firing tables. So it is possible to use 1 SAM with four
Telescopic_sight
German 155 mm self-propelled howitzer
elements: NABK software = NATO Armaments Ballistic Kernel, a system for ballistics / trajectory calculation, and firing data, based on point-mass model and
RCH_155
Austrian bullpup assault rifle
Australia: Department of Defence. 16 August 2001. p. 3. ISSN 0729-5685. "Ballistics demo unveiled". Army: The Soldiers' Newspaper (1042 ed.). Canberra, Australia:
Steyr_AUG
British lever action rifle
mile) was difficult. It took great skill to assess the correct amount of elevation and windage to drop the 485 grain bullet on target at that range. But
Martini–Henry
Small arms telescopic sight
that are marked with specific distances. The machinegun's projectile ballistics are zeroed to match these specific distances so that users can quickly
C79_optical_sight
Computer that calculates aiming for weapons
system; it passes information to the computer that calculates range and elevation for the guns. Typically, positions on the ship measured range and bearing
Director_(military)
American prototype medium tank developed from 1955 to 1959
and mechanical ballistics computers. The T95 also had an FCS which had an OPTAR optic rangefinder, as well as an electronic ballistics computer. It also
T95_medium_tank
Anti-tank gun
to compete with the Flak 41, a barrel had been produced to prove the ballistics and design. This barrel design was developed, via an intermediate design
8.8_cm_Pak_43
Cold War US heavy towed nuclear howitzer
Pentagon, largely through the intervention of Samuel Feltman, chief of the ballistics section of the ordnance department's research and development division
M65_atomic_cannon
American designated marksman rifle
introduced a tipped version of this bullet which adds a polymer tip to improve ballistics. This new bullet was found exclusively in an upgraded version of the Black
Mk_12_Special_Purpose_Rifle
Dual Purpose Gun
of operation, without dismantling the breech mechanism or other parts. Ballistics Maximum horizontal range with a 55-pound (25 kg) projectile is 18,000
5-inch/38-caliber_gun
Tool used to measure projectile speed
other purposes, London: Bell and Daldy Ingalls, James M. (1886), Exterior Ballistics in the Plane of Fire, New York: D. van Nostrand Bashforth, Francis (1873)
Gun_chronograph
American second generation main battle tank
VA as Project TT2-782/51 using examples of the T95 tank to conduct the ballistics testing. This composite armor provides protection against HEAT, HEP/HESH
M60_tank
Electromechanical fire control computer
required gun azimuth and elevation. Meteorological sensors: Temperature, wind speed, and humidity all have an effect on the ballistics of a projectile. U.S
Rangekeeper
Soviet semi-automatic marksman rifle
containing a void inside of the jacket at the tip which improved terminal ballistics and a bimetal lead and mild steel core. With standard 57-N-323S cartridges
SVD_(rifle)
German tank gun
16 June 2018. Bird, Lorrin Rexford; Livingston, Robert D. (2001). WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery. Overmatch Press. p. 61. Wikimedia Commons has media
8.8_cm_KwK_43
Soviet light anti-tank gun
29 December 2016. Bird, Lorrin; Lingston, Robert (2001). World War II Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery. Albany, NY USA: Overmatch Press. OCLC 71143143. Media
45 mm anti-tank gun M1932 (19-K)
45_mm_anti-tank_gun_M1932_(19-K)
Soviet main battle tank
The T-80U's 1A46 fire control system includes a laser range finder, a ballistics computer, and a more advanced 1G46 gunner's main sights, which greatly
T-80
South Korean self-propelled 155 mm howitzer
artillery replacement program. In May 2016, K9 test fired JBMoU (Joint Ballistics Memorandum of Understanding) compliant HE-ER ammunition in Sweden successfully
K9_Thunder
Anti-tank gun and tank gun
18 June 2013. Bird, Lorrin Rexford; Livingston, Robert D. (2001). WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery. Overmatch Press. Boyd (2009). "17 pounder anti-tank
Ordnance_QF_17-pounder
Brand of polymer-framed semi-automatic pistols
the US. In 1994, SIG and Federal developed the .357 SIG to match the ballistics of typical .357 Magnum loads. This was done by necking down a shortened
Glock
American third-generation main battle tank
Stewart 2005, p. 96-97. Hambling, David (11 October 2001). "Breakthrough ballistics". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 January 2024. Zaloga & Sarson 1993, pp. 9–10:
M1_Abrams
Soviet 7.62×39mm assault rifle
Ronald F. & Zajtchuk, Russ (1990). "The Physics and Biophysics of Wound Ballistics". In Zajtchuk, R. (ed.). Textbook of Military Medicine, Part I: Warfare
AK-47
Short range anti-aircraft rocket, developed for the Royal Navy
By 1935, the Research Department had set up specialist branches in the Ballistics Directorate and the Explosives Directorate to look into the use of rockets
Unrotated_Projectile
Soviet-made field howitzer
and was rejected because of insufficient carriage strength and inferior ballistics. The F-25 project (barrel length 23 calibers, chamber volume 3.7 litres
122_mm_howitzer_M1938_(M-30)
Towed field gun
intended to gradually replace the L31A4 round, retaining the external ballistics of the L31 series but with a shell body optimised for fragmentation. The
L118_light_gun
German tank gun and anti-tank gun
ISBN 0-88740-398-0 Bird, Lorrin Rexford; Livingston, Robert D. (2001). WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery. Overmatch Press. p. 61. Wikimedia Commons has media
7.5_cm_KwK_40
British 155 mm self-propelled howitzer
of AS-90. In 1963 certain NATO nations, including the UK, agreed to a "Ballistics Memorandum of Understanding" for a 155 mm 39 calibre ordnance and a baseline
AS-90
Highly trained shooter
spotting scope and/or a rangefinder, the spotter will predict the external ballistics and read the wind speed using an anemometer or physical indicators like
Sniper
World War II era medium tank
p. 208–210. Bird, Lorrin Rexford; Livingston, Robert D. (2001). WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery. Overmatch Press. pp. 62–63. Zaloga 2008, p. 94-97
M4_Sherman
projectiles. Often broken down into internal ballistics, transitional ballistics, external ballistics and terminal ballistics. bandoleer bandolier bando A pocketed
Glossary_of_firearms_terms
Class of Japanese battleships
deck—200 mm (7.9 in) thick—was composed of a nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy. Ballistics tests at the proving ground at Kamegakubi demonstrated the deck alloy
Yamato-class_battleship
1940 Soviet self-propelled gun prototype
vehicle was a 130 mm B-13 naval cannon, which, thanks to its excellent ballistics, was used to equip cruisers and coastal batteries. A feature of the gun
SU-100Y
German tank gun
success criteria Bird, Lorrin Rexford; Livingston, Robert D. (2001). WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery. Overmatch Press. p. 61. Wikimedia Commons has media
7.5_cm_KwK_37
Angular measurement, thousandth of a radian
distance is known, the drop of the bullet at that range (see external ballistics), converted back into milliradians, can be used to adjust the aiming point
Milliradian
Training facility in North Carolina, U.S.
paramilitary and counter-terrorism courses that involve high explosives and ballistics. The explosives are used to simulate terrorist bombs, and can be heard
Harvey Point Defense Testing Activity
Harvey_Point_Defense_Testing_Activity
Naval gun
man. A specially modified Mark 155 ballistic computer provided 8"/55 ballistics for Hull's Mark 68 gun fire control system. At-sea technical evaluation
8-inch/55-caliber_Mark_71_gun
Autocannon
muzzle velocity of only about 440 m/sec), which did not really have the ballistics needed for proper antiaircraft-use. The reliability of old fuses used
QF_1-pounder_pom-pom
Pre-dreadnought battleship class of the British Royal Navy
and Royal Sovereign classes that preceded the Majestics, in terms of ballistics and strength of the gun itself, and it was significantly lighter. The
Majestic-class_battleship
Anti-aircraft gun
hits penetrate Bird, Lorrin Rexford; Livingston, Robert D. (2001). WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery. Overmatch Press. p. 59. Hogg, Ian (2000). Twentieth-Century
85 mm air defense gun M1939 (52-K)
85_mm_air_defense_gun_M1939_(52-K)
Naval gun
control to a comparable level (although they did have complex mechanical ballistics computers, which had been in use since World War I). Washington was able
16-inch/45-caliber_Mark_6_gun
Indian 155 mm howitzer
developed 76 mm gun confirmed the fundamental idea. Internal and external ballistics were validated by subsequent testing carried out in September 2025 at
ATAGS_(howitzer)
Towed howitzer
artillery such as the 155mm FH70 and M198 howitzer developed under a Joint Ballistics Memorandum of Understanding standard—increasing maximum firing range to
KH178
British/German/Italian 155 mm towed howitzer
vulnerable to damage. The new projectiles conformed to the Quadrilateral Ballistics Agreement between the US, UK, Germany and Italy. In essence, this meant
FH70
US-made towed howitzer
following years, which were designated T1 and T1E1. All of them had the same ballistics (perhaps even the same gun body), with maximal range of 16,390 yards (14
M114_155_mm_howitzer
Heavy gun-howitzer
The ML-20 was eventually replaced by the D-20 152 mm gun with identical ballistics, which entered production in 1956. Smaller production rates toward the
152 mm howitzer-gun M1937 (ML-20)
152_mm_howitzer-gun_M1937_(ML-20)
South Korean main battle tank
early to mid 1990s, South Korea learned internal ballistics, external ballistics, and terminal ballistics for tank guns while license producing the KM256
K2_Black_Panther
Measures to combat enemy aerial forces
which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics
Anti-aircraft_warfare
1947 Soviet bomber aircraft prototype
turret as well as the required amount of target lead and the shell's ballistics. The remote-control system offered several advantages including a smaller
Ilyushin_Il-22
WW1 British field gun
equipment"; the most important were the "weight behind the team", then ballistics, rapidity of fire, weight of shell, provision of shield and number of
QF_18-pounder_gun
Soviet 152 mm towed field gun
Akatsiya. While the 2A36 Giatsint-B and 2S5 Giatsint-S have identical ballistics, they use different types of shells. The 2A36 was exported to Finland
2A36_Giatsint-B
Armament of WWII battleship
their ballistics calculations. The amount of gun elevation needed to project a 5-inch (127 mm) shell 9 nmi (17 km) is different than the elevation needed
Armament of the Iowa-class battleship
Armament_of_the_Iowa-class_battleship
Electromagnetic projectile launcher
S.N.; Cheverton, K.J. (June 1987). A Laboratory Railgun for Terminal Ballistics and Arc Armature Research Studies (PDF) (Report). U.S. Army Ballistic
Railgun
Type of telescopic sight
reticles with pre-calculated markings (typically matched to the external ballistics of a standardized ammunition specification at a number of set distances)
Prism_sight
Tank gun and anti-tank gun
Armour 1939 to 1945. Bird, Lorrin; Livingston, Robert (2001). World War II Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery. Albany, NY: Overmatch Press. p. 60. OCLC 71143143
Ordnance_QF_2-pounder
German tank gun
411-412. [1] Bird, Lorrin Rexford; Livingston, Robert D. (2001). WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery. Overmatch Press. p. 61. Gander, Terry and Chamberlain
7.5_cm_KwK_42
High-velocity Automatic grenade launcher
Further enhancements included rate of fire upgrade and the addition of a ballistics computer, with final qualification testing taking place in 1998, and operational
Denel_Y3_AGL
Location and orientation references
In ballistics and flight dynamics, axes conventions are standardized ways of establishing the location and orientation of coordinate axes for use as a
Axes_conventions
Autocannon
with fire support. The S-60 fires ammunition in 57×348SR caliber, with ballistics (see below) similar to the longer 57×438mm ammunition of Bofors 57 mm
AZP_S-60
Weapon
APFSDS L23A1 shot. British-funded firing trials to demonstrate terminal ballistics have been carried out. British qualification had been scheduled for 2009
Royal_Ordnance_L11
Russian self-propelled coastal defense gun
of the AK-130 naval gun. It uses the same ammunition and has the same ballistics. The gun is mounted on an eight-wheel drive MAZ-543M truck. The battery
A-222 Bereg (artillery system)
A-222_Bereg_(artillery_system)
German anti-aircraft gun
Krupp in parallel to the Flak 36, with which it shared ammunition and ballistics. It was the main armament of the Tiger I heavy tank. At the time that
8.8_cm_Flak_18/36/37/41
Type of analogue fire-control system
major difference between the two computers is their ballistics calculations. The amount of gun elevation needed to project a 5-inch (130 mm) shell 9 nautical
Ship_gun_fire-control_system
German anti-tank gun
Retrieved 2015-05-21. Bird, Lorrin; Livingston, Robert (2001). World War II Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery. Albany, NY USA: Overmatch Press. p. 61. OCLC 71143143
5_cm_Pak_38
Pre-World War II British Army anti-aircraft radar
basic system, GL/EF (Elevation Finder) and GL Mk. II, both of which added the ability to accurately determine bearing and elevation of its targets. The
Radar, Gun Laying, Mk. I and Mk. II
Radar,_Gun_Laying,_Mk._I_and_Mk._II
Smooth-bore, short-barrel naval cannon
concerning shot. The third edition Falkirk, 1779. p 84 J. Guillmartin "Ballistics in the Black Powder era" p 73-98 in ROYAL ARMOURIES CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
Carronade
88 mm tank gun used by the German Army during World War II
org/details/TM9-1985-3. Bird, Lorrin Rexford; Livingston, Robert D. (2001). WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery. Overmatch Press. p. 61. Green Michael, Panzers at
8.8_cm_KwK_36
Drift Parallax between the guns and the rangefinders and radar systems Elevation difference between target and artillery piece The firing tables provide
Mathematical discussion of rangekeeping
Mathematical_discussion_of_rangekeeping
ELEVATION BALLISTICS
ELEVATION BALLISTICS
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian
Elevation
Boy/Male
Indian
Sunrise, Elevation, Increase, Prosperity
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Love for Elevation
Boy/Male
Muslim
Height, Altitude, Elevation
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Elevation; Noble
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Friend of Elevation
Girl/Female
Biblical
Eminences, elevations.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Marathi, Muslim, Telugu, Turkish
Elevating; Elevation
Biblical
height; elevation
Boy/Male
Muslim
Elevation.
Biblical
eminences; elevations
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Height; Altitude; Elevation
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Love for Elevation
Boy/Male
Indian, Punjabi, Sikh
Protector of Elevation
Boy/Male
Indian
Sunrise, Elevation, Increase, Prosperity
Boy/Male
Indian
Elevation
Girl/Female
Biblical
Height, elevation.
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil, Traditional
Elevation
Boy/Male
Biblical
Vanity, elevation, fame, tumult.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Elevation
ELEVATION BALLISTICS
ELEVATION BALLISTICS
ELEVATION BALLISTICS
ELEVATION BALLISTICS
ELEVATION BALLISTICS
ELEVATION BALLISTICS
ELEVATION BALLISTICS