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Quantities describing probability of absorption or emission of light
the Einstein coefficients are quantities describing the probability of absorption or emission of a photon by an atom or molecule. The Einstein A coefficients
Einstein_coefficients
Spectral density of light emitted by a black body
above, can be expressed in terms of the Einstein coefficients. The relationships between the Einstein coefficients will yield the expression of Kirchhoff's
Planck's_law
Release of a photon triggered by another
introduced spontaneous and stimulated emission, as well as the Einstein coefficients. Einstein's theory of radiation was ahead of its time and prefigures the
Stimulated_emission
German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955)
Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist best known for developing the theory of relativity. Einstein also
Albert_Einstein
Observatory
The Einstein Tower (German: Einsteinturm) is an astrophysical observatory in the Albert Einstein Science Park in Potsdam, Germany. The Tower was built
Einstein_Tower
Feature seen when light is gravitationally lensed by an object
An Einstein ring, also known as an Einstein–Chwolson ring or Chwolson ring (named for Orest Chwolson), is created when light from a galaxy or star passes
Einstein_ring
Shorthand notation for tensor operations
physics and differential geometry, Einstein notation (also known as the Einstein summation convention or Einstein summation notation) is a notational
Einstein_notation
United States historic place
The Albert Einstein House at 112 Mercer Street in Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States, was the home of Albert Einstein from 1935 until
Albert_Einstein_House
In 1918, Einstein developed a general theory of the process by which atoms emit and absorb electromagnetic radiation (the Einstein coefficients), which
List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein
List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein
Formula for radiative heat transfer
the absorption and emission of radiation are controlled by the Einstein coefficients for absorption, emission and stimulated emission of a photon (B12
Schwarzschild's equation for radiative transfer
Schwarzschild's_equation_for_radiative_transfer
Einstein notation Einstein coefficients Einstein's cosmological constant Einstein relation (kinetic theory) Planck–Einstein relation Einstein–Brillouin–Keller
List of things named after Albert Einstein
List_of_things_named_after_Albert_Einstein
Quantum mechanical state change
the phenomenon of stimulated emission and introduced the Einstein Coefficients. Einstein's quantum theory of radiation anticipated ideas later expressed
Spontaneous_emission
Dimensionless quantity in spectroscopy
spectral line Sum rule in quantum mechanics Electronic band structure Einstein coefficients W. Demtröder (2003). Laser Spectroscopy: Basic Concepts and Instrumentation
Oscillator_strength
Process in quantum computing
control, it remains coupled to its environment through nonzero Einstein coefficients. When the environment is cooled to its vacuum state, this coupling
Quantum_error_correction
Research institute in Germany
Albert Einstein Science Park is located on the Telegrafenberg hill in Potsdam, Germany. The park was named after the physicist Albert Einstein. The best
Albert_Einstein_Science_Park
Elementary particle or quantum of light
the Einstein coefficients. Einstein could not fully justify his rate equations, but claimed that it should be possible to calculate the coefficients A i
Photon
Theoretical physicist (1879–1955)
outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Albert Einstein: Albert Einstein – German-born theoretical physicist. He developed the theory of
Outline_of_Albert_Einstein
Description of the behaviour of bosons
In quantum statistics, Bose–Einstein statistics (B–E statistics) describes one of two possible ways in which a collection of non-interacting identical
Bose–Einstein_statistics
Equation in Brownian motion
Einstein relation is a previously unexpected[clarification needed] connection revealed independently by William Sutherland in 1904, Albert Einstein in
Einstein relation (kinetic theory)
Einstein_relation_(kinetic_theory)
Tendency of matter to change volume in response to a change in temperature
constant pressure, such that lower coefficients describe lower propensity for change in size. Several types of coefficients have been developed: volumetric
Thermal_expansion
Law of physics
increases. Albert Einstein used this property in his 1917 quantum theory of radiation to establish a relationship between the coefficients that give the rates
Wien_approximation
Measure of linear correlation
without changing the correlation coefficient. (This holds for both the population and sample Pearson correlation coefficients.) More general linear transformations
Pearson correlation coefficient
Pearson_correlation_coefficient
l_{2}}A_{u_{2}\rightarrow l_{2}}}}} The transition frequencies and the Einstein coefficients of transitions are well known and listed in various tables as in
Spectral_line_ratios
Spectroscopic techniques that measure the absorption of radiation
absorption spectrum can be calculated from the emission spectrum using Einstein coefficients. The scattering and reflection spectra of a material are influenced
Absorption_spectroscopy
Emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light
"Franck–Condon Factors, r-Centroids, Electronic Transition Moments, and Einstein Coefficients for Many Nitrogen and Oxygen Band Systems". Journal of Physical
Fluorescence
Principle in kinetic systems
Metropolis–Hastings algorithm Atomic spectral line (deduction of the Einstein coefficients) Random walks on graphs Boltzmann, L. (1964), Lectures on gas theory
Detailed_balance
Force resisting sliding motion
Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. Coefficients of Friction – tables of coefficients, plus many links Physclips: Mechanics with animations
Friction
2003 play by Vern Thiessen
Einstein's Gift is a 2003 play written by Canadian playwright Vern Thiessen and published in 2003 by Playwrights Canada Press. Through the recollections
Einstein's_Gift
Device that emits light via optical amplification
Planck's law of radiation, conceptually based upon probability coefficients (Einstein coefficients) for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated
Laser
Type of uncertainty of meaning where several interpretations are possible
their value (and sometimes even dimension, as in the case of the Einstein coefficients) depends on the system of notations. Many terms are ambiguous. Each
Ambiguity
Array of numbers describing a metric connection
otherwise noted. Einstein summation convention is used in this article, with vectors indicated by bold font. The connection coefficients of the Levi-Civita
Christoffel_symbols
Play written by Ed Metzger
Albert Einstein: The Practical Bohemian is a stage play that is the only show officially endorsed by the Einstein family. A quote from Albert Einstein's first
Albert Einstein: The Practical Bohemian
Albert_Einstein:_The_Practical_Bohemian
Frequencies of light emitted by atoms or chemical compounds
monochromatic emission coefficient relating to its temperature and total power radiation. This is sometimes called the second Einstein coefficient, and can be deduced
Emission_spectrum
Topics referred to by the same term
theory), diffusion coefficient Speed of light in vacuum This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Einstein's constant. If an internal
Einstein's_constant
Molecule composed of any two atoms
"Franck-Condon Factors, r-Centroids, Electronic Transition Moments, and Einstein Coefficients for Many Nitrogen and Oxygen Band Systems". Journal of Physical
Diatomic_molecule
Obsolete postulated medium for the propagation of light
aether. This was further elaborated by Einstein in some semi-popular articles (1918, 1920, 1924, 1930). In 1918, Einstein publicly alluded to that new definition
Luminiferous_aether
Value representing energy density of space
letter lambda: Λ), alternatively called Einstein's cosmological constant, is a coefficient that Albert Einstein initially added to his field equations
Cosmological_constant
Quantum effect of uncertainty
approximation, and semi-classical model of a two level atom). The Einstein coefficients and the laser rate equations are adequate if one is interested in
Quantum_noise
Einstein's committee of atomic scientists
Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists (ECAS) was founded by Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd in May, 1946, primarily as a fundraising and policy-making
Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists
Emergency_Committee_of_Atomic_Scientists
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
symbols (sometimes called the affine connection coefficients or Levi-Civita connection coefficients) which is symmetric in the two lower indices. Greek
General_relativity
Special mathematical function
Fermi–Dirac distribution and the Bose–Einstein distribution, and is also known as the Fermi–Dirac integral or the Bose–Einstein integral. In quantum electrodynamics
Polylogarithm
British physicist (1902–1984)
one of the greatest physicists of this or any century ... No man except Einstein has had such a decisive influence, in so short a time, on the course of
Paul_Dirac
Barrier permeable to heat but not matter
one-way radiation. These things are important for the study of the Einstein coefficients, which relies partly on the notion of thermodynamic equilibrium
Diathermal_wall
Mathematical theory of the geometry of space and time
appearance of the metric coefficients alone does not determine whether a space is intrinsically curved. Complicated coefficients may arise merely from the
Curved_spacetime
Proportionality constant in some physical laws
approximate dependence of the diffusion coefficient on temperature in liquids can often be found using Stokes–Einstein equation, which predicts that D T 1
Mass_diffusivity
Random motion of particles suspended in a fluid
expression to Einstein's formula for the diffusion coefficient was also found by Walther Nernst in 1888 in which he expressed the diffusion coefficient as the
Brownian_motion
Theory of interwoven space and time by Albert Einstein
scientific theory of the relationship between space and time. In Albert Einstein's 1905 paper, "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", the theory is presented
Special_relativity
Notebook of Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein's notebooks, from his time in Zürich. It contains much of Einstein's foundational work on general relativity. John D. Norton. "Einstein's Zurich
Zurich_Notebook
just spontaneous emission, and its rate is determined with the Einstein Coefficients. For the most of laser systems, the effects of decoherence determine
Optical_decay
constant coefficients necessary to preserve the constancy of the speed of light in the primed system of coordinates. In his popular book Einstein derived
Derivations of the Lorentz transformations
Derivations_of_the_Lorentz_transformations
Concept in Quantum mechanics
phases are of real physical importance, and that in consequence the Einstein coefficients are inadequate to describe the phenomena except in special cases
Ensemble_interpretation
Continuous probability distribution
Kamel; Tribeche, Mouloud (2014-06-24). "Planck radiation law and Einstein coefficients reexamined in Kaniadakis κ statistics". Physical Review E. 89 (6)
Kaniadakis_distribution
transport coefficient γ {\displaystyle \gamma } measures how rapidly a perturbed system returns to equilibrium. The transport coefficients occur in transport
Transport_coefficient
Transport of dissolved species from the highest to the lowest concentration region
multicomponent diffusion must be non-linear. The Einstein relation (kinetic theory) connects the diffusion coefficient and the mobility (the ratio of the particle's
Diffusion
Notation in general relativity
equations connecting spin coefficients, Weyl-NP and Ricci-NP scalars (recall that in an orthogonal tetrad, Ricci rotation coefficients would respect Cartan's
Newman–Penrose_formalism
Probability distribution
Ourabah, Kamel; Tribeche, Mouloud (2014). "Planck radiation law and Einstein coefficients reexamined in Kaniadakis κ statistics". Physical Review E. 89 (6)
Kaniadakis exponential distribution
Kaniadakis_exponential_distribution
Coefficients of an algebra over a field
mathematics, the structure constants or structure coefficients of an algebra over a field are the coefficients of the basis expansion (into linear combination
Structure_constants
Hamiltonian formulation of general relativity
The absolute value of the determinant of the matrix of metric tensor coefficients is represented by g {\displaystyle g} (with no indices). Other tensor
ADM_formalism
Mathematical approximation of a function
}}\right)x^{4}+\cdots \end{aligned}}} Comparing the coefficients of g(x) cos x with the coefficients of ex, c 0 = 1 , c 1 = 1 , c 2 − 1 2 c 0 =
Taylor_series
Experiment measuring the speed of light in moving water
measurement was developed with the advent of Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity. Einstein later pointed out the importance of the experiment
Fizeau_experiment
Branch of physics
antiferromagnetic phases of spins on crystal lattices of atoms, the Bose–Einstein condensates found in ultracold atomic systems, and liquid crystals. Condensed
Condensed_matter_physics
Exact solution for the Einstein field equations
quasispherical event horizon. The Kerr metric is an exact solution of the Einstein field equations of general relativity; these equations are highly non-linear
Kerr_metric
Indian theoretical physicist (1894–1974)
early 1920s, in developing the foundation for Bose–Einstein statistics, and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate. A Fellow of the Royal Society, he was
Satyendra_Nath_Bose
Dutch-American physical chemist (1884–1966)
which Max Planck agreed was simpler than his own. In 1911, when Albert Einstein took an appointment as a professor at Prague, Bohemia, Debye took his old
Peter_Debye
Mathematical descriptions of molecular diffusion
particles according to the Stokes–Einstein relation. The modeling and prediction of Fick's diffusion coefficients is difficult. They can be estimated
Fick's_laws_of_diffusion
Nontraditional laser theory of Fabry-Perot semiconductor lasers
derivations have been made: Einstein’s spectral coefficient in a semiconductor laser and, accordingly, Einstein’s coefficient; formula for the saturation
Nonlinear theory of semiconductor lasers
Nonlinear_theory_of_semiconductor_lasers
connection coefficients are not the components of a tensor. Generally speaking, there are D 3 {\displaystyle D^{3}} independent connection coefficients at each
Mathematics of general relativity
Mathematics_of_general_relativity
Algebraic object with geometric applications
the rightmost expression the summation sign was suppressed: this is the Einstein summation convention, which will be used throughout this article. The components
Tensor
3-inch brass medal including Einstein's image and a depiction of a two-level transition including the A and B coefficients. Recipients of the prize include:
Einstein Prize for Laser Science
Einstein_Prize_for_Laser_Science
Mathematical model combining space and time
further development of general relativity, Einstein fully incorporated the spacetime formalism. When Einstein published in 1905, another of his competitors
Spacetime
American theoretical physicist (1911–2008)
introduced the S-matrix—short for scattering matrix—"a unitary matrix of coefficients connecting the asymptotic behavior of an arbitrary particular solution
John_Archibald_Wheeler
Description of physical properties at the atomic and subatomic scale
Einstein's long-running exchanges with Bohr about the meaning and status of quantum mechanics are now known as the Bohr–Einstein debates. Einstein believed
Quantum_mechanics
Ad hoc element introduced into a calculation
misleadingly good match to experimental data. In theoretical physics, when Albert Einstein originally tried to produce a general theory of relativity, he found that
Fudge_factor
Relativistic effect due to rotation
theory of light and also according to Einstein's principle of relativity, however, the value of k [Fresnel's coefficient of the entrainment of aether] for
Sagnac_effect
Series expansion of the equation of state for a many-particle system
Kamerlingh Onnes. The terms A, B, and C represent the virial coefficients. The leading coefficient A is defined as the constant value of 1, which ensures that
Virial_expansion
Coordinate system whose directions vary in space
all points where the derivatives are well-defined, we define the Lamé coefficients (after Gabriel Lamé) by h 1 = | h 1 | ; h 2 = | h 2 | ; h 3 = | h 3 |
Curvilinear_coordinates
Change in energies of a thermodynamic system with respect to particle number
the total sum of the product of chemical potentials and stoichiometric coefficients is zero, as the free energy is at a minimum. In a system in diffusion
Chemical_potential
Reformulation of general relativity
In general relativity, the Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation (HJEE) or Einstein–Hamilton–Jacobi equation (EHJE) is an equation in the Hamiltonian formulation
Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation
Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein_equation
German mathematician (1882–1935)
mathematical physics. Noether was described by Pavel Alexandrov, Albert Einstein, Jean Dieudonné, Hermann Weyl, and Norbert Wiener as the most important
Emmy_Noether
Parameter used to calculate the volume change of a fluid or solid in response to pressure
thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, the compressibility (also known as the coefficient of compressibility or, if the temperature is held constant, the isothermal
Compressibility
Solution method for linear differential equations
approximate solutions to linear differential equations with spatially varying coefficients. It is typically used for a semiclassical calculation in quantum mechanics
WKB_approximation
Early attempt to explain constant speed of light
own aether theory, which banished any form of aether dragging. Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity (1905) excludes aether as a mechanical medium
Aether_drag_hypothesis
Multivariate derivative (mathematics)
{\hat {\mathbf {e} }}^{i}} , using the scale factors (also known as Lamé coefficients) h i = ‖ e i ‖ = g i i = 1 / ‖ e i ‖ {\displaystyle h_{i}=\lVert \mathbf
Gradient
Combination of the diffusion and convection (advection) equations
variable coefficients in the variable c(x): y ′ ( x ) = f ( x ) y ( x ) + g ( x ) . {\displaystyle y'(x)=f(x)y(x)+g(x).} where the coefficients are: f (
Convection–diffusion_equation
Mathematical description of quantum state
September 2008. p. 1. Retrieved 12 February 2023. Einstein 1916, pp. 47–62, and a nearly identical version Einstein 1917, pp. 121–128 translated in ter Haar 1967
Wave_function
Mathematical model of ferromagnetism in statistical mechanics
_{2}}V_{\sigma _{2},\sigma _{3}}\cdots V_{\sigma _{L},\sigma _{1}}.} The coefficients V σ , σ ′ {\displaystyle V_{\sigma ,\sigma '}} can be seen as the entries
Ising_model
Degree of variation of a trading price series over time
uncover the hidden principles underpinning the world around us, as Albert Einstein did with his theory of relativity", we should remember that "models are
Volatility_(finance)
Physical constant for the strength of gravity induced by a mass
effects in Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. It is also known as the universal gravitational
Gravitational_constant
time—was superfluous. (Einstein 1905c) In his paper on mass–energy equivalence (previously considered to be distinct concepts), Einstein deduced from his equations
History of electromagnetic theory
History_of_electromagnetic_theory
Class of exact solutions to Einstein's field equations
Newton's identities, the traces of the powers of the Einstein tensor are related to these coefficients as follows: G a a = t 1 = a 1 {\displaystyle
Fluid_solution
Theory of gravity
cosmological and black hole singularities by adding extra terms to the Einstein–Hilbert action, which weaken gravity at short distances. In 1987, Krasnikov
Infinite_derivative_gravity
Principle of quantum mechanics
{\displaystyle \Psi =c_{1}\Psi _{1}+c_{2}\Psi _{2}} for arbitrary complex coefficients c 1 {\displaystyle c_{1}} and c 2 {\displaystyle c_{2}} . If the wave
Quantum_superposition
Test of gravitational redshift
in the gravitational field of the Earth. The experiment tested Albert Einstein's 1907 and 1911 predictions, based on the equivalence principle, that photons
Pound–Rebka_experiment
Israeli-American mathematician (born 1930)
Mathematics 64: 374–92 doi:10.2307/1969980 1958: (with Joseph Kruskal) The Coefficients in an Allocation Problem, Naval Research Logistics 1960: Acceptable Points
Robert_Aumann
Resistance of a fluid to shear deformation
Enskog theory for Mie fluids: Prediction of diffusion coefficients, thermal diffusion coefficients, viscosities, and thermal conductivities". The Journal
Viscosity
Tensor that describes the 4D geometry of spacetime
constant G {\displaystyle G} will be kept explicit. This article employs the Einstein summation convention, where repeated indices are automatically summed over
Metric tensor (general relativity)
Metric_tensor_(general_relativity)
Effect of general relativity
Frame-dragging is an effect on spacetime, predicted by Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, that is due to non-static stationary distributions
Frame-dragging
Nonlinear form of the Schrödinger equation
optical fibers, planar waveguides and hot rubidium vapors and to Bose–Einstein condensates confined to highly anisotropic, cigar-shaped traps, in the
Nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Nonlinear_Schrödinger_equation
Method in physics
vibrations of the atomic lattice (heat) as phonons in a box in contrast to the Einstein solid model, which treats the solid as many individual, non-interacting
Debye_model
Circulation density in a vector field
with one function as coefficient: a 123 d x ∧ d y ∧ d z . {\displaystyle a_{123}\,dx\wedge dy\wedge dz.} (Here the a-coefficients are real functions of
Curl_(mathematics)
EINSTEIN COEFFICIENTS
EINSTEIN COEFFICIENTS
EINSTEIN COEFFICIENTS
EINSTEIN COEFFICIENTS
EINSTEIN COEFFICIENTS
EINSTEIN COEFFICIENTS
EINSTEIN COEFFICIENTS
EINSTEIN COEFFICIENTS
EINSTEIN COEFFICIENTS