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Calculated property of a star or planet
The effective temperature (aka ET) of a body such as a star or planet is the temperature of a black body that would emit the same total energy as electromagnetic
Effective_temperature
Property of light sources related to black-body radiation
unadjusted temperature, derived from comparison to a black-body radiator. The Sun closely approximates a black-body radiator. The effective temperature, defined
Color_temperature
Atmospheric heat retention
radiation has an associated effective radiating temperature or effective temperature. Effective temperature is the temperature that a black body (a perfect
Greenhouse_effect
Idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation
stars and planets is sometimes characterized in terms of an effective temperature, the temperature of a black body that would emit the same total flux of electromagnetic
Black_body
Thermal electromagnetic radiation
fraction of its energy as ultraviolet radiation. The Sun, with an effective temperature of approximately 5800 K, is an approximate black body with an emission
Black-body_radiation
parameters used in calculations, such as stellar luminosity and effective temperature. Often stellar radii can only be expressed as an average or be within
List_of_largest_stars
Physical law on the emissive power of black body
the stellar radius and T is the effective temperature. This formula can then be rearranged to calculate the temperature: T = L 4 π R 2 σ 4 {\displaystyle
Stefan–Boltzmann_law
Satisfaction with the thermal environment
floor temperatures stay in the range of 19–29 °C (66–84 °F) in spaces where occupants will be wearing lightweight shoes. Standard effective temperature (SET)
Thermal_comfort
Temperature of a planet when approximated as radiating as a black body
this concept, such as equivalent blackbody temperature of a planet. The effective radiation emission temperature is a related concept, but focuses on the
Planetary equilibrium temperature
Planetary_equilibrium_temperature
Star in the constellation Scutum
Stefan-Boltzmann law and the star's effective temperature and luminosity, with respect to the solar nominal effective temperature of 5,772 K: ( 5 , 772 3 , 200
Stephenson_2_DFK_1
Red supergiant star in the constellation Orion
angular diameter, can be used to calculate the physical radius and effective temperature; luminosity and isotopic abundances can also be used to estimate
Betelgeuse
In telecommunications, effective input noise temperature is the source noise temperature in a two-port network or amplifier that will result in the same
Effective input noise temperature
Effective_input_noise_temperature
work form, where T 0 {\displaystyle T_{0}} is replaced by some effective temperature. When this is done, it often enlarges the scope of the theorem,
Gouy–Stodola_theorem
Stellar classification
class is V. Such a star has about 0.9 to 1.1 solar masses and an effective temperature between about 5,300 and 6,000 K (5,000 and 5,700 °C; 9,100 and 10
G-type_main-sequence_star
SI unit of temperature
upon their surface temperature, known as effective temperature. The photosphere of the Sun, for instance, has an effective temperature of 5772 K as adopted
Kelvin
X-ray binary in the Whirlpool Galaxy
size of <25 R☉, based on a luminosity of ~260,000 L☉ and a derived effective temperature of approximately 26,000 K. The secondary object, M51-ULS-1 B, is
M51-ULS-1
Temperature for heat exchange
'equivalent temperature" or 'effective temperature' to describe combined effects of convective and radiant heat transfer. In design, operative temperature can
Operative_temperature
Binary star in the constellation Dorado
around 1,730 R☉ for an effective temperature of 3,200 K. In 2009, Levesque et al. (2009) calculated an effective temperature of 3,400±25 K by spectral
WOH_G64
Hypergiant star in Sagittarius
Stefan-Boltzmann law and the star's effective temperature and luminosity, with respect to the solar nominal effective temperature of 5,772 K: ( 5 , 772 11 , 800
Pistol_Star
Binary star in the constellation Scorpius
calculated to be about 12 M☉, or 11 to 14.3 M☉. Comparison of the effective temperature and luminosity of Antares to theoretical evolutionary tracks for
Antares
Red dwarf star in the constellation Camelopardalis
radius of 0.3 solar radii. It is also a cool and quiet star with an effective temperature of 3,340 K and a luminosity of 0.9% solar luminosity. As of 2026
GJ_3378
Concept in condensed matter physics
effective temperature given above, the temperature is used to construct an effective classical model. However, this form of the effective temperature
Thomas–Fermi_screening
Red supergiant star within open cluster RSGC1
Stefan-Boltzmann law and the star's effective temperature and luminosity, with respect to the solar nominal effective temperature of 5,772 K: ( 5 , 772 3 , 550
RSGC1-F01
Dim, low mass stars on the main sequence
Mamajek, Eric (2 March 2021). "A Modern Mean Dwarf Stellar Color and Effective Temperature Sequence". University of Rochester, Department of Physics and Astronomy
Red_dwarf
Star in the constellation Canis Major
source of its hydroxyl maser emission. The effective temperature of this star is uncertain, although its temperature is well below 4,000 K (3,730 °C; 6,740 °F)
VY_Canis_Majoris
Substellar companion to the star GQ Lupi
mass of the Sun, 1.75+0.06 −0.07 times the Sun's radius, and an effective temperature of 4306±35 K. Its estimated age is 2.8+1.8 −1.1 million years, which
GQ_Lupi_b
Stellar classification
E. Mamajek (2022-04-16). "A Modern Mean Dwarf Stellar Color and Effective Temperature Sequence". Retrieved 2022-05-14. Steigerwald, Bill (10 March 2019)
K-type_main-sequence_star
Binary star in the constellation Cepheus
diffuse star orbiting a hot companion. The effective temperature generally quoted for stars is the temperature of a spherical blackbody that approximates
VV_Cephei
Star in the constellation Ophiuchus
star's effective temperature is simply the temperature which would produce its total energy output from a black body, the true effective temperature of 8
Alpha_Ophiuchi
Large self-illuminated object in space
the star's color index. The temperature is normally given in terms of an effective temperature, which is the temperature of an idealized black body that
Star
Super-Earth exoplanet orbiting Gliese 581
calculate Gliese 581c's effective temperature, a.k.a. black body temperature, which probably differs from its surface temperature.[citation needed] According
Gliese_581c
Measurement of radiant electromagnetic power emitted by an object
measure with any certainty. Since the effective temperature is merely a number that represents the temperature of a black body that would reproduce the
Luminosity
J1901). Applying the Stefan–Boltzmann law with a nominal solar effective temperature of 5,772 K: ( 5 , 772 11 , 880 ) 4 ⋅ 10 − 2.88 = 0.00857 R ⊙ {\displaystyle
List_of_smallest_known_stars
Brown dwarf in the constellation Hydra
110913−773444. WISE 0855–0714 is the coldest-known brown dwarf, with an effective temperature of 276 K (3 °C; 37 °F), as estimated from evolutionary models based
WISE_0855−0714
Star's outer shell from which light is radiated
needed] The Sun's photosphere has a temperature between 4,400 and 6,600 K (4,130 and 6,330 °C) (with an effective temperature of 5,772 K (5,499 °C)) meaning
Photosphere
Classification of stars based on spectral properties
a star indicated its surface or photospheric temperature (or more precisely, its effective temperature) was not fully understood until after its development
Stellar_classification
Index of articles associated with the same name
near-surface air temperature and sea surface temperature Surface temperature of a star, often the effective temperature Instrumental temperature record, the
Surface_temperature
Scatter plot of stars showing the relationship of luminosity to stellar classification
magnitudes or luminosities and their stellar classifications or effective temperatures. It is also sometimes called a color magnitude diagram. The diagram
Hertzsprung–Russell_diagram
Stellar core remnant
surface brightness can be estimated from its effective surface temperature, and star's spectrum gives its temperature. If the star's distance is known, its absolute
White_dwarf
American physicist (born 1980)
mentorship of Jean Carlson. Among other findings, she described how effective temperature is an important determinant of material failure and strain localization
M._Lisa_Manning
Stars with distinctly unusual metal abundances
rotators. The effective temperature of these stars is stated to be between 8000 and 15000 K, but the issue of calculating effective temperatures in such peculiar
Chemically_peculiar_star
Physical quantity of hot and cold
In classical thermodynamics and kinetic theory, temperature reflects the average kinetic energy of the particles in a system, providing a quantitative
Temperature
Main-sequence star of spectral type O
Mamajek, Eric (2 March 2021). A Modern Mean Dwarf Stellar Color and Effective Temperature Sequence (Report). Department of Physics and Astronomy. University
O-type_main-sequence_star
Topics referred to by the same term
Atmospheric temperature Thermodynamic temperature, a quantity defined in thermodynamics Color temperature, of a light source Effective temperature, of a body
Temperature_(disambiguation)
Stellar classification distinguished by bright blue luminosity
Mamajek, Eric (2 March 2021). "A Modern Mean Dwarf Stellar Color and Effective Temperature Sequence". University of Rochester, Department of Physics and Astronomy
B-type_main-sequence_star
Stars with a supergiant luminosity class with a spectral type of K or M
Bertrand; Josselin, Eric; Maeder, Andre; Meynet, Georges (2005). "The Effective Temperature Scale of Galactic Red Supergiants: Cool, but Not as Cool as We Thought"
Red_supergiant
Stellar classification
Mamajek, Eric (2 March 2021). "A Modern Mean Dwarf Stellar Color and Effective Temperature Sequence". University of Rochester, Department of Physics and Astronomy
F-type_main-sequence_star
Type of luminous supergiant star
excess and obscures the stars in visible light. After reaching an effective temperature of about 30,000 K, the star is able to ionise its surrounding nebula
Post-AGB_star
Global product design and technology company
30,000 °F (16,600 °C; 16,900 K)", which is about three times the effective temperature of the Sun (9,930 °F [5,499 °C; 5,772 K]) and six times the boiling
SharkNinja
Star system in the constellation Puppis
Stefan-Boltzmann law and the star's effective temperature and luminosity, with respect to the solar nominal effective temperature of 5,772 K: ( 5 , 772 4 , 670
WISPIT_1
Red supergiant star in the constellation Cepheus
one of the most luminous red supergiants in the Milky Way. Its effective temperature of 3,750 K, determined from colour index relations, implies a radius
Mu_Cephei
Terrestrial planet orbiting the star Proxima Centauri
Centauri could have induced an eccentricity of 0.1. The effective temperature is the temperature a black body that emits the same amount of radiation would
Proxima_Centauri_b
Comparison of a wide range of temperatures
Joachim; Pauldrach, A. W. A. (2004). "The Physical Properties and Effective Temperature Scale of O-Type Stars as a Function of Metallicity. I. A Sample
Orders of magnitude (temperature)
Orders_of_magnitude_(temperature)
Star in the constellation Scutum
Scuti. The luminosity is then calculated to be 340,000 L☉ at an effective temperature of 3,365±134 K, giving an initial mass of 25 M☉ (possibly up to
UY_Scuti
Star in the constellation Cygnus
assumptions of the effective temperature of the star, giving a radius of 1,640 R☉ for a temperature of 3,250 K or possibly 2,770 R☉ for a temperature of 2,500 K
NML_Cygni
American building thermal comfort standard
upper air temperature limit at elevated air speeds above 0.20 m/s (39 ft/min). The methodology is based on the SET (Standard Effective Temperature) model
ASHRAE_55
Trace radiation from the early universe
radiation of starlight in the galaxy "... by the formula E = σT4 the effective temperature corresponding to this density is 3.18° absolute ... black body"
Cosmic_microwave_background
Type of star larger than main-sequence but smaller than a giant
convective, and the luminosity increases at approximately the same effective temperature. The star is now on the Red-giant branch. Stars as massive and larger
Subgiant
Subdwarf star in the constellation Pictor
an effective temperature of 3,570 K and is roughly 11 billion years old. In comparison, the Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and has an effective temperature
Kapteyn's_Star
Triple stellar system in the constellation Orion
binary star. The designations “cool” and “hot” refer to the relative effective temperature of the components. They are separated by 4.7×108 kilometres (3.1 AU)
HD_39118
Kinematic prediction of quantum field theory for an accelerating observer
temperature, sometimes called the Davies–Unruh temperature, was derived separately by Paul Davies and William Unruh and is the effective temperature experienced
Unruh_effect
Star whose atmosphere contains more carbon than oxygen
the stars' effective temperatures. The trouble was with all the atmospheric carbon hiding the absorption lines normally used as temperature indicators
Carbon_star
Double star in the constellation Hercules
system has a color contrast due to the difference of each star's effective temperature. The brightest component, called 95 Herculis A, is a white giant
95_Herculis
Theoretical stellar remnant
Adams and Laughlin calculate that proton decay will raise the effective surface temperature of an old one-solar-mass white dwarf to approximately 0.06 K
Black_dwarf
Goldilocks super-Earth orbiting Gliese 667 C
the effective temperature of the Sun (sol), T e f f {\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}{{T}_{\rm {eff}}}\end{smallmatrix}}} the effective temperature of
Gliese_667_Cc
Hypothetical class of star that develops from a red dwarf
blue. Despite their name, blue dwarfs would not necessarily increase in temperature enough to become blue stars. Simulations have been conducted on the future
Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)
Phenomenon in solid-state electronic devices
state. The term "hot" refers to the effective temperature used to model carrier density, not to the overall temperature of the device. Since the charge carriers
Hot-carrier_injection
Star in the constellation Crux
Stefan-Boltzmann law and the star's effective temperature and luminosity, with respect to the solar nominal effective temperature of 5,772 K: ( 5 , 772 10 4.31
Delta_Crucis
Binary star in the constellation Sagittarius
Stefan-Boltzmann law and the star's effective temperature and luminosity, with respect to the solar nominal effective temperature of 5,772 K: ( 5 , 772 5 , 808
Epsilon_Sagittarii
White dwarf in the constellation Taurus
proper motion. It is one of the coolest white dwarfs known, with an effective temperature estimated to be approximately 3,800 K, equivalent to a spectral
WD_0346+247
Number used to evaluate the performance of an amplifier
useful figure of merit for terrestrial systems, where the antenna effective temperature is usually near the standard 290 K. In this case, one receiver with
Noise_figure
Brown dwarf in the constellation Pegasus
models. The excellent fit was achieved with a model that used an effective temperature of 350 K (77 °C; 170 °F) and a surface gravity of 104 cgs. This
WISE_J2209+2711
Brightest star in the constellation of Carina
expanded to 71 times the Sun's radius. Its enlarged photosphere has an effective temperature of around 7400 K. Canopus is undergoing core helium burning and
Canopus
Binary star system in the constellation Vela
Stefan-Boltzmann law and the star's effective temperature and luminosity, with respect to the solar nominal effective temperature of 5,772 K: ( 5 , 772 10 4.26
Kappa_Velorum
Lowest temperature at which a substance spontaneously combusts
temperature (often called self-ignition temperature, spontaneous ignition temperature, minimum ignition temperature, or shortly ignition temperature,
Autoignition_temperature
Star whose brightness fluctuates, as seen from Earth
stars are high temperature analogs of α2 CVn variables, consisting of magnetic chemically peculiar Bp stars with effective temperatures above 10,000 K
Variable_star
Star in the constellation Orion, in the center of the Orion's Belt
came up with a luminosity 275,000 times that of the Sun (L☉), an effective temperature of 27,000 K and a radius 24 times that of the Sun (R☉). Searle and
Alnilam
Type of star that is massive and luminous
convention uses temperature: Supergiants with effective temperatures below 4800 K are deemed red supergiants; those with temperatures between 4800 and
Supergiant
Main sequence star that is more luminous and bluer than expected
Typically identified in a stellar cluster, they have a higher effective temperature than the main sequence turnoff point for the cluster, where ordinary
Blue_straggler
Method for determining noise temperature
noise temperature. In the Y-factor technique, Pout is measured for two different, known values of TR. Pout is then converted to an effective temperature Tout
Y-factor
Luminous Wolf-Rayet star in the Galactic Center
stars ever discovered. It has a spectral type of WN11h with an effective temperature between 39,500 and 44,000 K which would give a radius between 39
G0.238-0.071
Star in the constellation Musca
large radius of 6.9+2.7 −2.9 times that of Jupiter (RJup) and an effective temperature of 932+193 −202 K for the emitting area surrounding the embedded
HD_100546
Astronomical phenomenon
local effective gravity, that is to the gravity reduced by any centrifugal force at that location on the star's surface. Then the effective temperature is
Gravity_darkening
Structure of stars
) = T e f f {\displaystyle T(R)=T_{eff}} , the temperature at the surface is the effective temperature of the star. Although nowadays stellar evolution
Stellar_structure
A-type star in the constellation Taurus
times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 9,400 K. This temperature gives it the white hue typical of an A-type star.
HIP_17453
Electromagnetic radiation from the Big Bang
an effective temperature of 3.2 K. [1] 1930s: Erich Regener calculates that the non-thermal spectrum of cosmic rays in the galaxy has an effective temperature
Cosmic_background_radiation
Star in the constellation Ursa Major
Sun, and with a surface temperature of 4,780 K. Calculated, using the Stefan-Boltzmann law and the star's effective temperature and luminosity, with respect
Phecda
Temperature below which condensation occurs
The dew point is the temperature that air, of a constant absolute humidity and pressure, must be cooled to in order for the relative humidity to rise
Dew_point
Star in the constellation Centaurus
Stefan-Boltzmann law and the star's effective temperature and luminosity, with respect to the solar nominal effective temperature of 5,772 K: ( 5 , 772 9 , 300
Gamma_Centauri
Star in the constellation Centaurus
life. It shines with a bolometric luminosity of about 5.6 L☉ at an effective temperature of 6,131 K. It has a very slow projected rotational velocity for
Przybylski's_Star
Astronomical diagram graphing two colour indices
observation of a stellar spectrum allows determination of its effective temperature. Obtaining complete spectra for stars through spectrometry is much
Color–color_diagram
Optical effect seen in stars
of the opacity of an object or part of an object, combines with effective temperature gradients inside the star to produce limb darkening. The light seen
Limb_darkening
White dwarf located in the constellation Draco
optical absorption or emission features in its atmosphere. It has an effective temperature of 4,700 K (4,430 °C; 8,000 °F), corresponding to an age of approximately
WD_1856+534
Star in the constellation Andromeda
It has a luminosity of almost two times that of the Sun, and has effective temperature of 5,991 K, which gives it a yellow hue. Qatar-3 is also a metal
Qatar-3
Topics referred to by the same term
to another Ethyl group, a functional group in organic chemistry Effective temperature Electromagnetic testing Electron tomography Envelope tracking, a
ET
Argentine-Italian statistical physicist (born 1959)
phase-space landscape (with L. Cugliandolo) Identification of an effective temperature in out-of-equilibrium systems (with L. Cugliandolo and L. Peliti)
Jorge_Kurchan
Class-M stars with a temperature below 2,700 K
ultra-cool dwarf is a stellar or sub-stellar object that has an effective temperature lower than 2,700 K (2,430 °C; 4,400 °F). This category of dwarf
Ultra-cool_dwarf
Star in the constellation Cygnus
described as a cool hypergiant. Its properties are uncertain, but the effective temperature is around 3,500±100 K. A model fit based on K-band infrared brightness
KY_Cygni
Variable star in the constellation Ursa Major
as the Sun, having a size 230 times that of the Sun and a cool effective temperature of 3,200 K, giving it a red hue typical of M-type stars. The high
R_Ursae_Majoris
Star in the constellation Aquila
Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at a higher effective temperature of 11,780 K. This temperature gives Lambda Aquilae the blue-white hue that is a
Lambda_Aquilae
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