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Why firms pay dividends despite theories predicting investor indifference
The dividend puzzle, as originally framed by Fischer Black, relates to two interrelated questions in corporate finance and financial economics: why do
Dividend_puzzle
Payment made by a corporation to its shareholders
contributions Dividend policy Dividend puzzle Dividend units Dividend yield Employee stock ownership Freedom dividend Liquidating dividend Qualified dividend Social
Dividend
Policies in finance
Dividend policy, in financial management and corporate finance, is concerned with the policies regarding dividends; more specifically paying a cash dividend
Dividend_policy
agreement on its cause. Dividend puzzle: The dividend puzzle is the empirically observed phenomenon that companies that pay dividends tend to be rewarded
List of unsolved problems in economics
List_of_unsolved_problems_in_economics
Academic discipline concerned with the exchange of money
hypothesis, as well as discussion re the observed clientele effect and dividend puzzle. A significant development is the application of Agency theory to the
Financial_economics
Overview of corporate finance and corporate finance-related topics
groups Dividend puzzle – Why firms pay dividends despite theories predicting investor indifference Treasury stock § Buying back shares Dividend tax – Tax
Outline_of_corporate_finance
Canadian economist (born 1948)
in use. Their work offered explanations for such phenomena as the dividend puzzle, investors' disposition to sell winners too early and hold losers too
Hersh_Shefrin
Overview of finance and finance-related topics
groups Dividend puzzle – Why firms pay dividends despite theories predicting investor indifference Treasury stock § Buying back shares Dividend tax – Tax
Outline_of_finance
In finance and investing, the Home bias puzzle is the term given to describe the fact that individuals and institutions in most countries hold only modest
Equity_home_bias_puzzle
Economics concept
The equity premium puzzle refers to the inability of an important class of economic models to explain the average equity risk premium (ERP) provided by
Equity_premium_puzzle
American Lithuanian economist (born 1946)
investors would base stock prices on the expected receipt of future dividends, discounted to a present value. He examined the performance of the U.S
Robert_J._Shiller
Snack food brand specializing in peanuts
(KHC) Announces Completion of Merger; Updates on Next Steps; Announces Dividend". streetinsider.com. July 2, 2015. Retrieved July 11, 2017. Lucas, Amelia
Planters
Review of Financial Studies, 21(3) (2008), 1297-1338. On the Reversal of Dividend and Return Predictability: A Tale of Two Periods, Journal of Financial
Chen_Long_(finance)
Capitalism featuring rent-seeking without wealth creation
yield (cash generated by assets), such as rental properties, shares in dividend-paying companies, or bonds that pay interest. Although the combination
Rentier_capitalism
American economist
theory of discounted cash flow (DCF) based valuation, and in particular, dividend based valuation. Williams studied mathematics and chemistry at Harvard
John_Burr_Williams
American economist (born 1945)
"D-I-V" mnemonic as a guideline: prioritizing dividends, international, and valuation. His research found dividend-paying stocks tend to offer superior long-term
Jeremy_Siegel
Economic paradox
historical parallels with the steam engine and with electricity, where the dividends of a productivity-enhancing disruptive technology were reaped only slowly
Productivity_paradox
American economist (born 1962)
taxation, telecommunications competition, the effects of taxation on wages, dividend taxation, and carbon taxes. In 2003, Hassett was named director of economic
Kevin_Hassett
Economist and an academic
asset pricing puzzles. The Journal of Finance, 59(4), 1481–1509. Bansal, R., Dittmar, R. F., & Lundblad, C. T. (2005). Consumption, dividends, and the cross
Ravi_Bansal
Professionally managed investment fund
underlying investments; the practice of deducting fund expenses before dividends are distributed to investors, which makes the fund's yield lower than
Closed-end_fund
Numeral system using the values -1, 0 and 1
was used in some early computers and has also been used to solve balance puzzles. Different sources use different glyphs to represent the three digits in
Balanced_ternary
How psychological biases shape investor behaviour and financial markets
example of this criticism appears in some explanations of the equity premium puzzle. It is argued that the cause is entry barriers (both practical and psychological)
Behavioural_finance
Property of being an even or odd number
But when the quotient is an integer, it will be even if and only if the dividend has more factors of two than the divisor. The ancient Greeks considered
Parity_(mathematics)
American actress (born 1964)
decision to be more selective in which projects she picks can pay off in dividends". Ocean's 8 had the best debut for the franchise, and ultimately made
Sandra_Bullock
American think tank executive (1968–2020)
advocacy organizations: the Climate Leadership Council, Americans for Carbon Dividends, New America, and Redefining Progress. His areas of expertise included
Ted_Halstead
Small paper coupons given to customers by merchants in loyalty marketing programs
Archived from the original on 2008-04-30. Retrieved 2008-06-19. 1965 Dividend Stamps introduced as an alternative to the traditional methods of paying
Trading_stamp
Mix of funds used to start and sustain a business
attract new external funds on reasonable terms, and maintaining a stable dividend policy and good earnings record. Once management has decided how much debt
Capital_structure
1994 book by Jeremy Siegel
historical relationships among real stock returns, P/Es, earnings growth, and dividend yields and an awareness of the biases justify a future P/E of 20 to 25
Stocks_for_the_Long_Run
1983 basketball championship series
forwards Clemon Johnson and rookie Marc Iavaroni. Malone's acquisition paid dividends, as the 76ers won 65 games in the 1982–83 NBA season. Prior to the playoffs
1983_NBA_Finals
American financier, banker, and art collector (1837–1913)
loans. Most of his work involved collecting and transmitting interest and dividend payments, executing orders on the New York Stock Exchange, and conducting
J._P._Morgan
Economic theory that asset prices fully reflect all available information
that the price of a stock is the discounted value of its future price and dividend: P t = E t [ M t + 1 ( P t + 1 + D t + 1 ) ] {\displaystyle
Efficient-market_hypothesis
Financial concept
and French, K. "Testing Tradeoff and Pecking Order Predictions about Dividends and Debt," Review of Financial Studies 15 (Spring 2002), 1-37, Welch,
Trade-off theory of capital structure
Trade-off_theory_of_capital_structure
Place where stocks are traded
money used to directly purchase stock is subject to taxation as are any dividends or capital gains they generate for the holder. In this way, the current
Stock_market
American businessman (born 1940)
as WisdomTree Investments. He is chairman of WisdomTree, which offers dividend and earnings-based index funds rather than traditional index funds based
Michael_Steinhardt
American economist (born 1960)
Quamrul Ashraf and Joshua Wilde, which estimates the size of the Demographic Dividend which could accrue to countries moving from high to low fertility regimes
David_N._Weil
Firm responsible for publishing the Little Golden Books
between 1929 and 1933, Western introduced new products: The Whitman jigsaw puzzle became very popular during this period as did a new series of books called
Western_Publishing
unit of income. dividends Payments by a corporation of all or part of its profit to its stockholders (the corporate owners). dividend imputation A corporate
Glossary_of_economics
Daily newspaper in Ireland
"president for life" of the trust that runs the paper; he was paid a large dividend. The Irish Times launched an online edition of its newspaper in 1994. The
The_Irish_Times
his investment. However, Superman discovers that Rocksell is being paid dividends with his own money and Gates is perilously close to gaining the power
List_of_Superman_enemies
Russian private military company
the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 26 August 2024. "Diplomacy and Dividends: Who Really Controls the Wagner Group? – Foreign Policy Research Institute"
Wagner_Group
Esports tournament
Takyun "Laff" Pack; Daniel "Quest" Kwon (7 November 2021). "Hard work pays dividends: EDG's mid laner Scout wins Worlds 2021 finals MVP". Inven Global. Archived
League of Legends World Championship
League_of_Legends_World_Championship
Major League Baseball franchise in Detroit, Michigan
376 innings and completing 29 of his 45 starts. Coleman paid immediate dividends for Detroit, winning 20 games, while McLain went 10–22 for the Senators
Detroit_Tigers
English-born philosopher and author (1737–1809)
American proposal for an old-age pension and basic income or citizen's dividend. Per Agrarian Justice: In advocating the case of the persons thus dispossessed
Thomas_Paine
Type of debt security issued by an underwriting bank or special-purpose entity
capital gains tax. With ETNs, in contrast, there is no interest payment or dividend distribution, which means there is no annual tax. Capital gain (or loss)
Exchange-traded_note
Deliberately incorrect entry in a reference work
encouraged to guess which one. Games (a magazine devoted to games and puzzles) used to include a fake advertisement in each issue as one of the magazine's
Fictitious_entry
March 17, 2024 (2024-03-17) 4LBW06 0.48 The town receives their annual oil dividend checks, which Judy abhors due to the oil industry's environmental record
List of The Great North episodes
List_of_The_Great_North_episodes
2016 documentary film by Adam Curtis
anything about besides acting was exercise. The profits go in regular dividends to the organization. They do not go to any political campaigns – that's
HyperNormalisation
General attitude of investors to market price development
when negative sentiment is high." Dividend premium (the difference between the average book-to-market ratios of dividend paying and not paying stocks) potentially
Market_sentiment
Series of payments made at equal intervals
transfer, and longevity-risk transfer markets. Research on the annuity puzzle has linked low voluntary annuitisation to factors such as existing pension
Annuity
Mansion in San Jose, California
she owned a total of 777 shares valuing $77,700, which paid average dividends of $7,770 annually between 1880 and 1885. Myths around her decision to
Winchester_Mystery_House
Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001
2013. Retrieved August 14, 2013. Mitra, Subrata K. (January 13, 2006). The puzzle of India's governance: culture, context and comparative theory. Routledge
Al_Gore
Former British bank
million (equivalent to £820 million at 2025 prices), and it declared a 12% dividend. On 2 October, however, the directors announced the bank's closure. An
City_of_Glasgow_Bank
Episodes of a UK television series
comes to police work rub the team the wrong way, his methods soon pay dividends. This episode sees the first appearance of Denis Lawson as Steve McAndrew
List_of_New_Tricks_episodes
entire union", and dubbed the equity negotiation "Comrade Swift's special dividend". Yang opined that it demonstrated "the full weight of Swift's power: In
Cultural impact of Taylor Swift
Cultural_impact_of_Taylor_Swift
American public health researcher
PMC 3953799. PMID 23678929. "Enhanced Early Childhood Education Pays Long-term Dividends in Better Health". Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
Peter_Muennig
Literary award
September 1990, p28. Retrieved 26 December 2023. "Case of crime paying dividends". The Age, 12 September 1991, p15. ProQuest 2521549387. Retrieved 27 April
Victorian Premier's Prize for Nonfiction
Victorian_Premier's_Prize_for_Nonfiction
American sci-fi television series
pilots a shuttle to rescue Oliver and August. On Earth, Erik discovers a puzzle hidden in the music echoed by the alien artifact. As the crew hold an informal
Another_Life_(2019_TV_series)
Swedish-German economist and economic historian
2015-09-11. Retrieved 2019-12-18. "World Development Report 2016: Digital Dividends". World Bank. Retrieved 2020-01-31. "Automation: Last Week Tonight with
Carl_Benedikt_Frey
providing exterior views from within". The design pays environmental dividends, too: Viñoly's highly effective exploitation of daylighting maximizes
List of works by Rafael Viñoly
List_of_works_by_Rafael_Viñoly
public sector dividends, etc., while the non-tax revenues of the States are grants from the central government, interest receipts, dividends and income from
Government_of_India
Australian economist
insolvent and as a result Lowe and the Federal Treasurer agreed to halt all dividends to Australian tax payers until the Reserve Bank returned to positive equity
Philip_Lowe
Processes through which companies combine or transfer ownership
target receives from the sell-off is paid back to its shareholders by dividend or through liquidation. This type of transaction leaves the target company
Mergers_and_acquisitions
American politician (born 1943)
tax reform commission that made several recommendations including that dividends, interest, and capital gains should be untaxed. Among the first pieces
Newt_Gingrich
South African businessman (1961–2024)
reached a peak in March 2016, favouring their strategy of paying for dividends and acquisitions by sales of stock. Following a dispute with business
Markus_Jooste
Disputed equity valuation model
following assumptions: That all earnings are paid as a dividend (i.e. D=E); and That the dividend growth rate is equal to zero; and That the equity risk
Fed_model
Japanese video game company
instead of using the extra funds for investments or stock buybacks and dividends, a policy set in place by Hiroshi Yamauchi. As of September 2025, the
Nintendo
2001–2009 U.S. presidential administration
over 10 years. That law also lowered the capital gains tax and taxes on dividends. Collectively, the Bush tax cuts reduced federal individual tax rates
Presidency_of_George_W._Bush
American multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology corporation
2017). "GlaxoSmithKline eyes Pfizer's OTC unit. But will a buy imperil its dividend?". Fierce Pharma. Questex. Staines, Richard (March 26, 2020). "Pharma giants
Pfizer
Actions to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions to limit climate change
change in high-income nations alone can lead to substantial double climate dividend". Nature Food. 3 (1): 29–37. doi:10.1038/s43016-021-00431-5. ISSN 2662-1355
Climate_change_mitigation
Era of murder mystery novels
(1923) Michael Shayne, created by Brett Halliday, first appearing in Dividend on Death (1939) Miss Marple, created by Agatha Christie, first appearing
Golden Age of Detective Fiction
Golden_Age_of_Detective_Fiction
American financial economist
of Finance, 49(3), 985–1014. Agrawal, A., & Jayaraman, N. (1994). The dividend policies of all-equity firms: A direct test of the free cash flow theory
Anup_Agrawal
Fundraising event
Retrieved 2023-01-27. Jacobs, Deborah L. (2008-11-11). "Donations With Dividends, Like Cruises and Puppies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved
Charity_auction
American multinational toy and entertainment company
financial situation poor, Hasbro's bankers made the company temporarily stop dividend payments in early 1979. The toy division's losses increased Harold Hassenfeld's
Hasbro
Measure of rate of return on equity
Attributable to Common Shareholders is the profit after taxes and preferred dividends. Average Tangible Common Equity is typically calculated as the average
Return_on_tangible_equity
Irish professional wrestler and actor (born 1978)
Tag Team Titles". WWE. Retrieved 17 October 2018. "Big Show pays giant dividends for The Bar". WWE. Retrieved 13 September 2022. Melok, Bobby. "Raw Tag
Sheamus
Employee reward
flexibility in when to choose to exercise the SAR. Phantom stock may pay dividends; SARs would not. When the payout is made, it is taxed as ordinary income
Stock_appreciation_right
Rapidly rotating storm system
squaring the dividend of the storm's wind speed and a climatological value (33 m/s or 74 mph), and then multiplying that quantity by the dividend of the radius
Tropical_cyclone
Implied volatility patterns that arise in pricing financial options
Volatility risk Excess volatility puzzle Put-call doesn't necessarily hold in all cases due to early exercise, dividends, non-zero cost to borrow of the
Volatility_smile
October 2021). "Star Citizen financial report outlines over £1M in paid dividends to investors as of last year | Massively Overpowered". Retrieved 7 December
List of video game crowdfunding projects
List_of_video_game_crowdfunding_projects
Bride (1949), Edward Streeter Father of the Bride (1950) Father's Little Dividend (1951) Father of the Bride (1991) Father of the Bride Part II (1995) Father
List of fiction works made into feature films (D–J)
List_of_fiction_works_made_into_feature_films_(D–J)
Armed conflict in the Gaza Strip
Israeli blockade remains in place and the population has so far seen few dividends from the ceasefire." Hamas was careful to maintain the ceasefire. Despite
Gaza_War_(2008–2009)
Board game
collected from operational lines; and, at the company director's discretion, dividends are distributed to shareholders. The player with the most shares in a
1829_(board_game)
Work by Plato
Socrates concludes, while that of a non-lover offers only cheap, human dividends, and tosses the soul about on earth for 9,000 years. He apologizes to
Phaedrus_(dialogue)
2011 American film
January 22, 2011. Kelly, Brendan (June 22, 2009). "Tax credit paying dividends". The Montreal Gazette. Retrieved June 23, 2009. [dead link] Anabelle
Beastly_(film)
Retired Indian cricketer (born 1978)
England ODI series, was moved to middle order—a strategy that reaped dividends for India in 2002 in ODI matches. In the England series and the preceding
Virender_Sehwag
2020 American superhero television series
janitor", which Zalben said was more of "a fun Easter egg that will pay dividends down the road"; and Courtney finding a newspaper article about Starman
Stargirl_(TV_series)
Concept in human demographics
were in the past advantages to high fertility rates, that "demographic dividend" has now largely disappeared. The effects of a declining population can
Population_decline
Policies aiming to increase inclusion of people from marginalized groups
focus on structural determinants of disadvantage yields broad diversity dividends. In civil service employment, Israeli citizens who are women, Arabs, Blacks
Affirmative_action
Type of business activity
useful in their operations: Framing managerial anomalies: an anomaly is a puzzle or a perplexing situation that the market research report is meant to solve
Market_research
Investment strategy
"traditional" asset classes are stocks, bonds, and cash: Stocks: value, dividend, growth, or sector-specific (or a "blend" of any two or more of the preceding);
Asset_allocation
British railway company (1833–1947)
1908 as "The Holiday Line through a series of posters, postcards, jigsaw puzzles, and books. These included Holiday Haunts, describing the attraction of
Great_Western_Railway
Streets. Retrieved 10 January 2026. "Egypt Stocks Rally, Saudi Aramco's Dividend, Biden Warns Israel". 11 March 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2025. "France's
Economy_of_Egypt
Australian rugby league football club
Irvine, Coach Shane Flanagan. The recruitment by Mooney and Flanagan paid dividends with new recruits Jeff Robson, Andrew Fifita, Todd Carney, Ben Ross, Isaac
Cronulla-Sutherland_Sharks
American national bank (1791–1811)
"Hamilton's financial system had then passed. It had two objects; 1st, like a puzzle, to exclude popular understanding and inquiry; 2nd, as a machine for the
First Bank of the United States
First_Bank_of_the_United_States
Total number of live births per 1,000 divided by time period
(2009). "Fertility, female labor force participation, and the demographic dividend". Journal of Economic Growth. 14 (2): 79–101. doi:10.1007/s10887-009-9039-9
Birth_rate
Natural capability to produce offspring
(2009). "Fertility, female labor force participation, and the demographic dividend". Journal of Economic Growth. 14 (2): 79–101. doi:10.1007/s10887-009-9039-9
Fertility
South African political party
entity be established to take stakes in key industries in the country, the dividends from which would be divided among the people and paid out using a similar
Patriotic_Alliance
Irish economist and academic (1954–2018)
Economy 1, 347–364. Kearney, C. (1996) 'Wage Bargaining and the Efficiency Dividend in Public Enterprises', Economic and Labour Relations Review 7, 213–223
Colm_Kearney
Company founded to support the performance of operas by Händel in London
the Earl of Lincoln. In 1723 the Academy paid a dividend of seven percent. It was the only dividend they ever paid. John Vanbrugh and Colonel John Blathwayt
Royal Academy of Music (company)
Royal_Academy_of_Music_(company)
Multi-year debt crisis in multiple EU countries, 2009–2010
Times noted that some, at least, European banks were maintaining high dividend payout rates and none were getting capital injections from their governments
Euro_area_crisis
DIVIDEND PUZZLE
DIVIDEND PUZZLE
Boy/Male
Indian
Divided, Lovely
Biblical
divided
Boy/Male
Arabic
Divided.
Boy/Male
Afghan, Arabic, German, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Muslim, Pashtun, Sindhi
Divider; One who Divides; Distributor
Girl/Female
Biblical
Divided.
Boy/Male
Arabic
Divided.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Divider.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Divided, Lovely
Boy/Male
English
Divided in Two
Boy/Male
Australian, Biblical, German, Hebrew, Portuguese
Divided; Breach; Breakthrough
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim
Divided
Boy/Male
Indian
Divided, Lovely
Boy/Male
Arabic Muslim
Divides.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Divided, Lovely
Boy/Male
African, Arabic, German, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Swahili, Tamil
Divided; Just; Lovely
Boy/Male
Biblical
Divided.
Boy/Male
Indian
Divider
Biblical
divided
Boy/Male
German
Divides.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Dividing
DIVIDEND PUZZLE
DIVIDEND PUZZLE
DIVIDEND PUZZLE
DIVIDEND PUZZLE
DIVIDEND PUZZLE
DIVIDEND PUZZLE
DIVIDEND PUZZLE